[2010_06_03] Last in class 南非教育世界倒数 - 专题 Special Reports

1、2010.06.03 Last in class 南非教育世界倒数 - 专题 Special Reports - 经济学人 经济学人|经济学家 - Powered by Discuz!注册成为ECOer 登录 每周选题新手报到公告栏通天塔各地联谊搜索Blog默认blue风格jeansfashionfervorgreenwalluchome2009christmas私人消息 (0)公共消息 (0)系统消息 (0)好友消息 (0)帖子消息 (0)应用通知 (0)应用邀请 (0)经济学人 » 专题 Special Reports » 2010.06.03 Last in clas

2、s 南非教育世界倒数 新手必读TE译文规范 | ECO英语沙龙 ECO 招聘启事 译文奖励计划 “通天塔”TE授权声明 | QQ 第30群 腾讯微博订阅The Economist 返回列表 发帖 cat_autumn 发短消息 加为好友 cat_autumn 当前离线 UID36588 帖子64 主题9 精华0 积分19 积累2 点 现金94 GBP 原创译作17 篇 本周之星0 次 奖励译文0 次 来源南方人物 阅读权限10 在线时间16 小时 注册时间2008-4-2 最后登录2010-6-21 高级士官 帖子64 积分19 原创译作17 篇 注册时间2008-4-2 1楼 跳转到

3、87; 倒序看帖 打印 字体大小: tT 发表于 2010-6-8 22:48 | 只看该作者 2010.06.03 Last in class 南非教育世界倒数 南非, 教育, 倒数, 弊端, 进步 本帖最后由 cat_autumn 于 2010-6-9 18:56 编辑 A special report on South Africa Last in class 南非教育世界倒数 Education needs to take a giant leap 教育需要飞跃式的进步。 Jun 3rd 2010 | From The Economist print edition More snak

4、es than ladders in South Africas schools 南非学校就像掷筛子游戏中蛇比梯子多。 SOUTH AFRICA spends 6.1% of its GDP on education, a bigger chunk than most other countries, yet its results are among the worst. In the World Economic Forums latest Global Competitive Index it ranks bottom (out of 133 countries) in both mat

5、hs and science education. In the 2006 Progress in International Reading and Literacy Study it also came bottom (out of 40 countries), as it did in the 2003 Trends in International Maths and Science Study (out of 48 countries). Humiliated, it withdrew from the next TIMSS in 2007. The difficulty with

6、such studies is that they reflect averages. At the top, South African students do as well as anyone, but the great majority are performing way below their capabilities. 南非把GDP的6.1%投入教育事业，比世界其他大部分国家的比例都大，然而，南非的教育情况仍在教育最差的国家行列。世界经济论坛最新发布的全球竞争力指标中，南非的数学和科学教育（在133个国家中）垫底。2006年的国际阅读素养进展研究中南非（在40个国家中）也名列倒

7、数，这和南非2003年在国际数学和科学趋势研究（TIMSS）中（48个国家中）排名情况相同。因为觉得屈辱，南非没再参加在2007年举行的那届国际数学和科学趋势研究。麻烦在于这些研究体现的是平均水平。要是比尖子生，南非学生的表现一点也不差，但绝大部分学生的表现大大低于他们的能力。 Graeme Bloch of the Development Bank of Southern Africa describes South Africas education system as a “national disaster”. He reckons 80% of schools are “dysfun

8、ctional”. Half of all pupils drop out before taking their final “matric” exams. Barely 11% get a good enough pass to qualify for university. Of those who do, most are found to be functionally illiterate and innumerate when they get there, requiring intensive first-year remedial classes to bring them

9、 up to scratch. A third of students drop out in their first year at university. After five years only one in three has obtained a (three-year) degree. Even then, employers say that many graduates emerge inarticulate, unable to think critically and barely able to read or write. 南非发展银行的格莱姆布洛赫（Graeme B

10、loch）把南非的教育系统描述成“国家的灾难”。他预测80%的学校“不能正常运行”。一半的学生还没到参加高中毕业考试时就辍学了。勉勉强强有11%的学生能取得不错的成绩最终获得上大学的资格。这些获得上大学资格的学生中，大部分在进了大学后要运用知识的时候几乎又成了半文盲，既不会写也不会算，需要一年的强化补习课来为学习大学课程做好准备。1/3的学生在大学一年级辍学回家。五年之后，只有1/3的学生获得（三年制的）学位。即便这样，雇主们还说很多大学毕业生会有表达不清、不能批判地思考的问题，而且阅读和写作也差强人意。 Black South Africans generally do much worse

11、 than whites. Almost 13% of black adults are functionally illiterate, compared with 0.4% of whites. Fewer than 2% of black adults have a degree, compared with 17% of whites (which is still low by international standards). Barely a third of black pupils pass their matric, whereas almost all whites do

12、. And only around one in 20 black students ends up with a degree, compared with almost one in two whites. It is not that the blacks are any less bright; some perform brilliantly. They are just massively disadvantaged. 南非黑人表现整体比白人差。将近13%的成年黑人是半文盲，而白人只有0.4%。不到2%的成年黑人有学位，而白人却有17%（这也还是低于国际水平）。仅1/3的黑人学生通

13、过高中毕业考试，而大部分白人学生都能通过。只有大约5%的黑人学生最终拿到学位，而大约50%的白人学生能拿到。这并不是说黑人学生不够聪明；一些黑人学生表现得非常棒。只不过是整体表现差而已。 Under apartheid blacks were deliberately kept down, given a vastly inferior education and banned from most skilled jobs. Explaining the governments new Bantu (black) education policies to the Senate in 1954

14、, Hendrik Verwoerd, then minister for native affairs, famously asked: “What is the use of teaching a Bantu child mathematics when it cannot use it in practice?” By the end of Verwoerds decade as prime minister in 1968 the government was spending 16 times more on the education of a white child than a

15、 black one. 以前，种族隔离制度让黑人受到刻意压制，受到的教育普遍较次，也禁止黑人从事大多数有技能要求的工作。1954年，亨德里克维尔沃尔德（Hendrik Verwoerd），当时的土著人事务部部长，在向参议员解释新的班图语（黑人）教育政策，有一个问题非常有名，即“给一个班图小孩教数学，可却不能在生活中应用，那教数学还有什么用呢？”1968年，维尔沃尔德担任总理的十年任期结束的时候，政府用于白人小孩的教育经费是用于黑人小孩的16倍多。 Spending per pupil is now the same for black and white, yet black children

16、 generally continue to fare worse than whites because most of them continue to attend vastly inferior schools. Although public education was desegregated in 1994, most former black schools remain overwhelmingly black because they are generally in deprived black areas, whereas the former white school

17、s tend to have a good racial mix because middle-class blacks have moved into their catchment areas. Catering for just 10% of all pupils, the former white schools are usually much better endowed, better run and far more disciplined than former black schools. 如今，黑人小孩和白人小孩的教育经费投入一样多，然而，与白人小孩相比，黑人小孩的表现普

18、遍较差，因为大部分黑人小孩所上的学校仍然很次。尽管1994年废除了公共教育隔离制度，大部分以前的黑人学校中绝大多数学生仍然是黑人，因为这些学校通常都在教育资源匮乏的黑人区，而原先的白人学校种族混合情况较好，因为中产阶级的黑人搬到了能够去指定学校就学的区域。由于只为学生总数的10%提供教育机会，所以原先的白人学校得到更好的赞助，更好的管理，纪律也比原先的黑人学校强很多。 Angie Motshekga, the schools minister, admits that black schools are “in crisis”. Fewer than 10% have libraries or

19、 laboratories. Very few offer extracurricular activities. Most of their teachers are not properly qualified. Black schools tend to lack leadership and are often plagued by drugs, alcohol and sex abuse (by teachers as well as older boys). Their pupils generally come from poor, often broken homes. And

20、, unlike white pupils, they are usually taught in a language (English) that is not their own, by teachers who themselves cannot speak it properly. 南非基础教育部长安吉莫彩卡（Angie Motshekga）承认黑人学校正“处于危机中”。只有不到10%的学校有图书馆或者实验室。开展课外活动的学校就更少了。学校的大部分教师并不具备应有的资格。黑人学校还缺乏领导管理，吸毒、酗酒、性侵犯（有老师也有大些的男生实施的）等事件时有发生。学校的学生通常都来自贫穷

21、的家庭，不少来自破裂家庭。而且，与白人学生不同，黑人小孩的老师通常不用黑人的语言教孩子们，而是用老师们自己都说不好的英语。 It often seems a miracle that black pupils make it to university at all. Most of those who do will probably have been either to one of the top 10% of black schools that do perform well, or to a former white school, or to one of the burgeo

22、ning private schools. Fees for day pupils range between 5,000 and 80,000 rand a year. But with class sizes generally half those in state schools and an average matric pass rate of 97%, compared with just 30% at state schools, even some relatively poor parents think they are worth paying for. Under a

23、partheid few white parents bothered to send their children to private school because the state schools for whites were of such high standard. Now nearly 400,000 pupils (3% of the total) attend private schools, more than double the number in 1995. Six out of ten of them are black. 黑人学生如果成功考进大学，常常会被看做

24、完全是奇迹。考上大学的大部分黑人学生很可能曾经到确实不错的在黑人学校中排名前10%的学校或者原先是白人学校或者是迅速发展的私人学校中的一所上过学。走读生所交的费用从一年5000到800000兰特（南非货币单位）不等。但是，由于班级规模通常只有公立学校的一半大小，而平均高中毕业考试通过率达97%，远高于公立学校的30%，一些相对贫穷的家长们也认为交走读费也值。以前，种族隔离制度存在的时候，极少有白人家长愿意折腾着把子女送到私人学校去上学，因为白人公立学校的教学质量已经相当高了。现在，上私立学校的学生有40万（即学生总数的3%），是1995年上私立学校人数的两倍还多。其中，60%是黑人学生。 Po

25、sitive discrimination 积极的区别对待 At university level black students have made similar strides. In 1994 half of South Africas 528,000 university students were black; now two-thirds out of 800,000 are; a quarter are white. But university standards vary hugely. Jonathan Jansen, the first non-white vice-ch

26、ancellor of the University of the Free State, says that at least three-quarters of South Africas 23 higher-education establishments are “fraudulent and bad, not really universities at all”. He cites exam standards being lowered to cut failure rates; students who “regularly trade their bodies” to pas

27、s their exams; others who blame their poor marks on “racist” teachers; and those who blatantly cheat and threaten to secure that piece of paper. 大学里，黑人学生也取得了几乎同样的进步。1994年，南非52.8万大学生中一半为黑人；现在，80万大学生中2/3是黑人；1/4是白人。但大学的水平相差悬殊。乔纳森詹森（Jonathan Jansen）是南非自由邦大学首位非白人副校长。他说南非23所高等教育机构里至少有3/4是“骗人的，办学非常糟糕，根本就算不

28、上是真正的大学”。他举例来说明这一点，有的大学降低考试标准以提高通过率；有的学生“定期出卖身体做交易”以通过考试；还有的成绩低了就责备老师是“种族主义者”；也有学生明目张胆地作弊和威胁（老师）以通过考试。 According to Mr Jansen, South Africa has no “great” universities, only six or seven “good” ones. One of them is the University of Cape Town, the only African university to be ranked among the world

29、s top 200 by the Times Higher Education Supplement. Under the leadership of Max Price, UCT has introduced a controversial new entrance scheme that makes it easier for non-whites to get in. This can mean that white students have to get a matric mark some 20-30 percentage points higher than their blac

30、k peers. Mr Price, who is white, admits that the system is not perfect, but at least it takes account of the huge handicap suffered by most black applicants. 根据詹森（Jansen）先生的看法，南非没有一所“优秀的”大学，只有六、七个“不错”的大学。其中之一就是开普敦大学，非洲唯一一所跻身世界排名前2 00的大学，自泰晤士报高等教育增刊。在马克思普莱斯（Max Price）的领导下，开普敦大学引进了一种新的备受争议的录取政策，这样非白人被

31、录取就更容易了。这可能意味着白人学生要被录取，大学入学考试成绩就必须比他们的黑人同龄人高出20%-30%。白人普莱斯（Price）先生承认这个制度不完美，但至少它考虑到了大部分黑人考生遭受的巨大障碍。 Mr Zuma has vowed to make education his governments “priority number one”. In speech after speech he insists that teachers and pupils must be “in school, in class, on time, learning and teaching for

32、seven hours a day”. It might seem obvious enough, but in South Africa it will require a small revolution to achieve. Mr Zuma also plans to bring back the apartheid-eras hated schools inspectors, but in future they will be called “assessors” and required to support teachers as well as criticise them.

33、 Independently monitored tests are being introduced for pupils aged nine, 12 and 15, doubtless as much to spot the incompetent teachers as the failing pupils. 总统祖马已立誓要让教育成为政府的“第一要务”。他在一次次演讲中反复提到老师们和学生们必须“在学校-按时-上课-每天完成7小时的教学”。这可能看起来已经足够明白了，但在南非，要达到这个目标还需要小小的变革。祖马总统也计划恢复种族隔离制度时期大家深恶痛绝的学校监察员制度，但未来，将称他

34、们为“顾问”，而且他们的工作既包括批评也包括支持老师的工作。也给9岁、12岁和15岁的学生们引进了独立监控的考试形式，这无疑将揪出较差的学生，同样也揪出不称职的教师。 附件: 您需要登录才可以下载或查看附件。没有帐号？注册成为ECOer 本主题由 mzviolet1987 于 2010-6-10 16:23 限时高亮收藏 分享 denis2587 发短消息 加为好友 denis2587 当前离线 UID72408 帖子430 主题126 精华1 积分262 积累23 点 现金1220 GBP 原创译作231 篇 本周之星3 次 奖励译文1 次 来源网站链接 阅读权限100 性别男 在线时间28

35、5 小时 注册时间2009-8-27 最后登录2010-6-22 版主 帖子430 积分262 原创译作231 篇 注册时间2009-8-27 2楼 发表于 2010-6-8 23:18 | 只看该作者 University of the Free State.南非自由邦大學 as one member of the planet, i like to read the site. TOP cat_autumn 发短消息 加为好友 cat_autumn 当前离线 UID36588 帖子64 主题9 精华0 积分19 积累2 点 现金94 GBP 原创译作17 篇 本周之星0 次 奖励译文0 次

36、 来源南方人物 阅读权限10 在线时间16 小时 注册时间2008-4-2 最后登录2010-6-21 高级士官 帖子64 积分19 原创译作17 篇 注册时间2008-4-2 3楼 发表于 2010-6-8 23:35 | 只看该作者 回复 2# denis2587 谢谢 翻得时候也觉得很怪，但就是没查出来时南非的自由邦。修改了呵 恩，了解的不多，查词功夫也还不够 TOP skittos 发短消息 加为好友 skittos 当前离线 UID8211 帖子1498 主题112 精华5 积分128 积累21 点 现金3738 GBP 原创译作58 篇 本周之星1 次 奖励译文0 次 来源朋友推荐

37、 阅读权限80 在线时间586 小时 注册时间2007-2-14 最后登录2010-6-13 ECO TEAM 中级译员 帖子1498 积分128 原创译作58 篇 注册时间2007-2-14 4楼 发表于 2010-6-8 23:57 | 只看该作者 matric 指的应该是高中毕业考试 文中提到：Half of all pupils drop out before taking their final “matric” exams. 另外 查wiki 信息： South Africa Main article: Matriculation (South Africa) In South A

38、frica, "matriculation" (usually shortened to "matric") is a term commonly used to refer to the final year of high school and the qualification received on graduating from high school, although strictly speaking it refers to the minimum university entrance requirements. TOP skitto

39、s 发短消息 加为好友 skittos 当前离线 UID8211 帖子1498 主题112 精华5 积分128 积累21 点 现金3738 GBP 原创译作58 篇 本周之星1 次 奖励译文0 次 来源朋友推荐 阅读权限80 在线时间586 小时 注册时间2007-2-14 最后登录2010-6-13 ECO TEAM 中级译员 帖子1498 积分128 原创译作58 篇 注册时间2007-2-14 5楼 发表于 2010-6-9 00:08 | 只看该作者 本帖最后由 skittos 于 2010-6-9 00:12 编辑 and those who blatantly cheat and

40、threaten to secure that piece of paper. 也有学生明目张胆地作弊还威胁老师以保证小纸条不被没收。 - that piece of paper 指 考试卷 cheat and threaten 作弊和威胁 试改：也有学生明目张胆地以作弊和威胁（老师）来通过考试。 TOP cat_autumn 发短消息 加为好友 cat_autumn 当前离线 UID36588 帖子64 主题9 精华0 积分19 积累2 点 现金94 GBP 原创译作17 篇 本周之星0 次 奖励译文0 次 来源南方人物 阅读权限10 在线时间16 小时 注册时间2008-4-2 最后登录2

41、010-6-21 高级士官 帖子64 积分19 原创译作17 篇 注册时间2008-4-2 6楼 发表于 2010-6-9 18:45 | 只看该作者 回复 4# skittos 谢谢你！ 我查得不够仔细，没有去搜维基百科的解释。以后注意 已修改 TOP cat_autumn 发短消息 加为好友 cat_autumn 当前离线 UID36588 帖子64 主题9 精华0 积分19 积累2 点 现金94 GBP 原创译作17 篇 本周之星0 次 奖励译文0 次 来源南方人物 阅读权限10 在线时间16 小时 注册时间2008-4-2 最后登录2010-6-21 高级士官 帖子64 积分19 原创译作17 篇 注册时间2008-4-2 7