非谓语动词__总复习

1、非谓语动词非谓语动词 找出各句的谓语动词并指出其具体形式找出各句的谓语动词并指出其具体形式1. Dont teach fish to swim. 不要班门弄斧。不要班门弄斧。1哪些是动词的谓语形式？哪些是动词的谓语形式？ dont teach，谓语动词否定式，谓语动词否定式 2. He had a good memory like an elephant. 他以前有很好的记忆力。他以前有很好的记忆力。 3. It would be a waste of money building such a luxurious villa. 建这么豪华的别墅太浪费钱。建这么豪华的别墅太浪费钱。1 had，

2、谓语动词过去式，谓语动词过去式 would be，附加情态动词的动词原形，附加情态动词的动词原形 4. Light travels much faster than sound. 光比声音传播速度快得多。光比声音传播速度快得多。 5. When asked why, please just keep silent. 当问到原因时，就保持沉默。当问到原因时，就保持沉默。1 travels，谓语动词单数形式，谓语动词单数形式 keep，动词原形，动词原形 6. The president was warmly welcomed by the residents. 总统受到了居民的热烈欢迎。总统受到

3、了居民的热烈欢迎。1 was welcomed，动词的被动形式，动词的被动形式1 谓语动词的形式包括主动句各种时态下的谓语谓语动词的形式包括主动句各种时态下的谓语形式和被动句各种时态下的谓语形式以及情态动词形式和被动句各种时态下的谓语形式以及情态动词与动词连用的各种形式。与动词连用的各种形式。2 动名词，现在分词，不定式与过去分词以及它动名词，现在分词，不定式与过去分词以及它们相应时态与语态下的各种形式叫作动词的非谓语们相应时态与语态下的各种形式叫作动词的非谓语形式。换言之，不能作谓语的动词形式叫非谓语动形式。换言之，不能作谓语的动词形式叫非谓语动词。词。三、谓语动词与非谓语动词的区别三、谓语

4、动词与非谓语动词的区别高考题点击：高考题点击：1. “Cant you read?” Mary said _ to the notice. (93 N) A. angrily pointingB. and point angrily C. angrily pointedD. and angrily pointing2. Suddenly, a tall man driving a golden carriage _ the girl and took her away, _ into the woods. （04上海春季）上海春季） A. seizing., disappeared B. se

5、ized., disappeared C. seizing, disappearing D. seized, disappearing 两个动作之间用两个动作之间用 and 连接称为并列谓语，并列谓语需注意两个动词的连接称为并列谓语，并列谓语需注意两个动词的形式的一致性，故形式的一致性，故B、D皆错；不用皆错；不用 and 连接时称之为状语，只能用非连接时称之为状语，只能用非谓语动词作状语，故谓语动词作状语，故C错。错。seized 和和 took 是并列谓语，是并列谓语，disappearing 是伴随状语。此题的关是伴随状语。此题的关键是键是and 的位置，如果的位置，如果 and 在在

6、disappear 前，则三个动词并列。前，则三个动词并列。ADA A B Non-Predicate Verbs（非谓语动词非谓语动词）英语中动词的非谓语动词有三类：英语中动词的非谓语动词有三类：1. 不定式：不定式：infinitive2. 动名词：动名词：gerund3. 分词：分词： participle 现在分词：现在分词： present participle 过去分词：过去分词： past participle 非非谓谓语语不定式不定式表表将来将来和和主动主动动词动词ing:表表进行进行和和主主动动动词动词ed：表表完成完成和和被动被动1.在句子中充当何成分在句子中充当何成分2.

7、只跟不定式做宾语的动词只跟不定式做宾语的动词3.什么情况下需用不定式做定语什么情况下需用不定式做定语4.不定式省略不定式省略to的情况的情况5.不定式的复合结构不定式的复合结构6.不定式主动表被动的情况不定式主动表被动的情况动名词动名词现在分词现在分词2.动名词与不定式做主语，宾动名词与不定式做主语，宾语的区别语的区别3.begin和和start后跟不定式而不后跟不定式而不跟动名词的情况跟动名词的情况1.不定式和现在分词作结果状语的不定式和现在分词作结果状语的区别区别1.只跟动名词做宾语的动词只跟动名词做宾语的动词现在分词跟过去分词作状语现在分词跟过去分词作状语 非谓语动词非谓语动词是语法填空

8、的必考考点，是语法填空的必考考点，每年高考至少有每年高考至少有1道题。不仅如此，掌道题。不仅如此，掌握非谓语动词的基本用法，握非谓语动词的基本用法，对增强书面对增强书面表达的文采和提高阅读理解能力都有明表达的文采和提高阅读理解能力都有明显的作用。显的作用。首先，我们回顾一下非谓语动词的语首先，我们回顾一下非谓语动词的语法功能法功能(在句中充当何种成分在句中充当何种成分)：1. 不定式：不定式：infinitive Form Usage Omission of “ to” to do(not to do) 一般式（否定）一般式（否定）to be doing 进行式进行式 主动主动 to have

9、 done 完成式完成式to have been doing 完成进行式完成进行式to be done 一般式一般式 被动被动to have been done 完成式完成式 一般式：一般式： 不定式表示的动作与谓语动词表示不定式表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，或者在谓语动词的动作同时发生，或者在谓语动词表示的动作之后发生。表示的动作之后发生。 1. Im glad to see you. (同时发生同时发生) 2. They invited us to come to a party.（不（不 定式动作后发生）定式动作后发生） 3. The computer to be produc

10、ed is of a new type. (被动被动) 4.You must promise never to do that again.进行式进行式： 谓语动词表示的动作发生时，不定式谓语动词表示的动作发生时，不定式表示的动作正在进行。表示的动作正在进行。1. They are said to be building another bridge over the river. 据说他们正在这条河上修另一座大桥。据说他们正在这条河上修另一座大桥。2. I d rather read than watch television; the program seem_ all the time.

11、(1997.1) a. to get worse b. to be getting worse 我宁愿看书也不愿意看电视，电视节目好像越我宁愿看书也不愿意看电视，电视节目好像越来越差了。来越差了。 完成式：完成式：不定式表示的动作发生不定式表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前在谓语动词表示的动作之前1. The bank is reported in the local newspaper_in broad daylight yesterday.(2001.1)a. robbed b. to have been robbedc. being robbed d. having been rob

12、bed2. They were reported to have discovered anthor ancient tomb in this area.完成进行式完成进行式： 在谓语动词表示的动作发生前，在谓语动词表示的动作发生前，不定式表示的动作一直在进行。不定式表示的动作一直在进行。 1. They are said to have been collecting folk songs there.(= It is said that they have been collecting folk songs there.) 2. The struggle was know to have

13、 been going on for over twenty years.Usage1 subject（主语）（主语）2 predicative（表语）（表语）3 object（宾语）（宾语）4 attribute（定语）（定语）5 adverbial（状语）（状语）6 complement（补足语）（补足语）1.不定式（短语）作主语不定式（短语）作主语通常转化成通常转化成 “It + is/was + adj./n. + 不不定式（短语）定式（短语）”, 其中其中it 是形式主语是形式主语(form subject)，真正的主语是后，真正的主语是后面的不定式（短语）。面的不定式（短语）。To

14、 master a foreign language is not easy. Its not easy to master a foreign language. It takes sb. some time 不定式不定式 It costs sb. money不定式不定式2. 复合结构：复合结构：for sb. to do sth.It is + adj./n. + for/of sb. to do sth.当形容词为表示当形容词为表示“性格特征或行为表性格特征或行为表现现”的形容词时，介词用的形容词时，介词用of，如，如kind, wrong, polite, wise as predic

15、ativeHer wish is to be a teacher.She seems to be happy. as objectHe loved to listen to music.I find it difficult to speak English fluently. 下列动词要求不定式作宾语：下列动词要求不定式作宾语： afford, agree, aim, appear, arrange, care, choose, decide, desire, demand, determine, help, hope, intend, learn, manage, mean, offer,

16、 plan, pretend, promise, refuse, seem, strive, tend, wish, 特殊疑问词特殊疑问词+不定式不定式 介词介词+特殊疑问词特殊疑问词+不定式不定式Where to stay has not been decided yet. （S.）She doesnt know what to do.（O. of v.）He had no idea of how to do.（O. of prep.）疑问词包括疑问词包括how, what, where, when, whether, whom, why等等I ask him where to get th

17、is book.（O.C.）The question is which to choose.（P.） 能一以这种结构作宾语的动词有：能一以这种结构作宾语的动词有：know, see, show,tell, teach, wonder, imagine, understand,explain等等 as attribute 不定式通常作后置定语，不定式通常作后置定语， 而而且且vi.后要加介词后要加介词.There is a lot of work to do.He is the best man to consult with. as adverbialA adverbial of purpos

18、eB adverbial of causeC adverbial of resultas adverbial of purposeI started early (so as) / (in order) to get there before dark.so as to 和和 in order to 是不定式是不定式的强调形式的强调形式so as (not) to用在句中用在句中in order (not) to 用在句中或句首用在句中或句首as adverbial of causeWe are proud to be members of this team.We jumped with j

19、oy to hear of the good news.as adverbial of resultHe is too young to go to school.I hurried to the railway station only to find that the train had left.He behaved so foolishly as to be laughed by his friends. His story is so sad as to arouse our sympathy.as complementA object complementB subject com

20、plementAs object complementChina expects everyone to do his duty.I could make them understand me.要求不定式作宾补的动词：要求不定式作宾补的动词： ask, tell, want, expect, invite, allow, forbid, force, oblige, urge, advise, persuade(sb. to do sth.) 要求省要求省to不定式作宾补的动词：不定式作宾补的动词：make / have / let (sb. do sth.)help sb. to do st

21、h. 主语不直接参主语不直接参与动作与动作help sb. do sth. 主语直接参与主语直接参与动作动作This kind of soap will help us to wash the clothes more easily.They always help me do my homework.As subject complementWe were made to pay the money.A man was seen to enter the house.注：主被动语态转换注：主被动语态转换S. ask sb. to do sth. sb. be asked to do sth.

22、S. make sb. do sth. sb. be made to do sth.S. saw a man enter the house. A man was seen to enter the house.S. saw a man entering the house. A man was seen entering the house.omission of “to”1 set phrase2 set structure3 sentence with special conjunction or preposition 4 as predicative set phrase1 had

23、better/ had best (not) do2 had rather/ had sooner do sth. than do sth.3 would rather/ would sooner do sth. than do sth.4 would just as soon do sth. as do（宁愿（宁愿也不愿也不愿 ）5 may /might (just) as well do（还是（还是好好;还不如还不如;不妨不妨）6 can not but do (不能不；不得不不能不；不得不)7 cannot choose but （只得）（只得）8 cannot help but （不得

24、不）（不得不） cannot help + doing 9 can but = can only （只得，充其量不过）（只得，充其量不过）egI would just as soon stay as go with him.We may as well begin at once.You may as well tell the truth.We might just as well stay at home.I can not but admire his courage.I cannot but laugh.I cannot choose but stay.I cannot help bu

25、t grieve.set structure 感官动词或使役动词感官动词或使役动词+宾语宾语+动词原动词原形宾补形宾补make / have / let / bid / leave + sb. / sth. + do常见感官动词：常见感官动词： see, hear, watch, notice, observe, listen to, look at, feel perceive etc.He made her do so.Bid him go home. （叫他回家）（叫他回家）We will have the boy mail this letter.Let there be no mis

26、take about it. （这（这事可别出错）事可别出错）Leave him go. （放他走）（放他走）Look at that horse jump.I heard them talk about that film.连词连词 (than, as) 或介词或介词 (except, but, besides , save) 前有前有 do 的某的某种形式省种形式省 to; 反之则不省反之则不省I did no more than make a beginning.I have no choice but to accept the fact.I did nothing but / exc

27、ept repair the farm-tools.My dog does everything except speak.What do you like to do besides swim?作表语的不定式作表语的不定式: :若主语中有若主语中有dodo的某种形式，可省的某种形式，可省toto也可不省也可不省. .All I did was (to) hit him on the head.The only thing we can do is (to) encourage him to try again.The only thing to do is (to) encourage hi

28、m to try again.What Ill do is (to) tell her the truth.不定式运用口诀不定式运用口诀 本领最多不定式，本领最多不定式，主、表、宾、补、定和状。主、表、宾、补、定和状。 样样成分都能干，只有谓语它不敢。样样成分都能干，只有谓语它不敢。 大家千万要当心，有时它把句型改，大家千万要当心，有时它把句型改， 作主宾时用作主宾时用“it”, 自己在后把身藏。自己在后把身藏。 六个感官三使役，六个感官三使役， 宾补要把宾补要把to甩开；甩开； 疑问词后接上它，宾语从句可充当；疑问词后接上它，宾语从句可充当； 逻辑主语不定式，不定式前逻辑主语不定式，不定式前

29、for/of sb. to前前not是否定，是否定， 各种用法区别开。各种用法区别开。不定式的句法功能，除了谓语外，不定式可以担当句子的任不定式的句法功能，除了谓语外，不定式可以担当句子的任何成分。何成分。 To see is to believe. 眼见为实。眼见为实。 (作主语作主语和和表语表语) To save time is to lengthen life. (不定式短语不定式短语作主语作主语)You should continue to learn as long as you live. 要活到老学到老。要活到老学到老。(不定式短语不定式短语作宾语作宾语)She usually

30、has a lot of meetings to attend in the evenings. 她晚上经常有很多会要开。她晚上经常有很多会要开。(不定式短语不定式短语作定语作定语)To /In order to do a good job, we must have the right tools. 要干好活工具得用对。要干好活工具得用对。(不定式短语不定式短语作目的状语作目的状语)He got up early in order to/ so as to catch the first bus. (不定式短语不定式短语作目的状语作目的状语)I didnt expect you to arr

31、ive so early. 我没想到你来得那么早。我没想到你来得那么早。(不定式短语不定式短语作宾语补足语作宾语补足语)不定式的省略不定式的省略 两个并列的不定式由两个并列的不定式由and或或or连接时，省略后面的不定式中连接时，省略后面的不定式中的的to。如：如：I want to finish my homework and go home. Im really puzzled what to think or say. 特例：特例：To be or not to be，that is a question. He is better to laugh than to cry. (表示对比

32、表示对比) 句中含有动词句中含有动词do时，时，but，except，besides等后面的不带等后面的不带to。即。即“前有前有do，后省，后省to”。如：。如：He didnt do anything but complain. 在在 cannot but, cannot choose but, cannot help but , could not but ,could not help but 的后面不带的后面不带to , 它们的意思都是它们的意思都是“只好，只有只好，只有” ,如：如： He could not but walk home. / Its raining hard, I

33、 cannot help but stay at home./ I cannot but admire his courage. 不定式的复合结构不定式的复合结构 It is brave of you to do that. It is easy for you to do that. 当下列表示人物特征的形容词同当下列表示人物特征的形容词同of 后的名词或代词关系密切，有意后的名词或代词关系密切，有意义上的主表关系时，常与义上的主表关系时，常与o f 搭配。搭配。brave, careful, careless, clever, foolish, good, honest, kind, ni

34、ce, right, wrong ,rude, stupid, silly, wise, thoughtful, etc It was very kind of you to come to help me.= You were very kind to come to help me.下列表示事物性质的形容词同下列表示事物性质的形容词同for后的名词或代词关系不密切，没有后的名词或代词关系不密切，没有意义上的主表关系，但与句中的不定式结构关系密切，有意义上的意义上的主表关系，但与句中的不定式结构关系密切，有意义上的主表关系，常与主表关系，常与 for 搭配。搭配。easy, hard, he

35、avy, necessary, impossible, possible, important, difficult, etc. Its hard for him to get rid of his bad habits .= For him to get rid of his bad habits is hard.不定式主动表被动的情况不定式主动表被动的情况1. 不定式作定语与被修饰的名词构成动宾关系，不定式作定语与被修饰的名词构成动宾关系，且与句中的另一名词或代词有主谓关系时。且与句中的另一名词或代词有主谓关系时。Ill give you a book to read.Please len

36、d me a pen to write with.2. be+adj.+to doThe question is not easy to answer.3.不定式与疑问代词连用时不定式与疑问代词连用时School uniforms are not cool enough, so students dont know what to expect.4.某些动词不定式与某些动词不定式与be连用时连用时be to blame, be to seek, be to letThe house is to let.5. There be结构中不定式修饰主语时，主动结构中不定式修饰主语时，主动式和被动式皆可

37、。式和被动式皆可。There is a lot of work to do/ to be done.如果不定式有逻辑主语，只用主动式。如果不定式有逻辑主语，只用主动式。There is nothing for me to do today.2. GerundForm Usage Testing StructureForms:v-ing (主动主动)一般式一般式no v-ing / not doing 否定式否定式having done 主动完成式主动完成式 being done 被动一般式被动一般式 having been done 被动完成式被动完成式 ones doing 复合结构复合结构

38、Usage1 subject2 predicative3 object 4 attribute as S.There is no denying this.Its no use / no good / useless crying over the spilt milk. as P.His hobby is collecting ancient gold coins. as O.I have finished reading the book.She is very fond of dancing.Do you find staying here interesting? Do you fin

39、d it interesting staying here? as Attr.动名词作定语，说明人或物的性能动名词作定语，说明人或物的性能or用途用途现在分词作定语，表明动作进行，现在分词作定语，表明动作进行，是主谓关系是主谓关系sleeping pillsa sleeping childTesting Structure:否定式否定式 no v-ing / not v-ing复合结构复合结构: ones v-ing名词所有格或物主代词名词所有格或物主代词+动名词动名词名词通格或代词宾格名词通格或代词宾格+动名词（非动名词（非正式文体或口语中）正式文体或口语中）Its no use buyin

40、g books but not reading them.His / Him going there wont help much.Johns /John coming here will get us out of trouble.I dont remember his / him giving me back that dictionary.I heard of Miss Marys /Mary coming back.有些动词或短语后需接动名词有些动词或短语后需接动名词作宾语：作宾语： anticipate, involve, remember, forget, forgive, for

41、bid, imagine, keep, mind, regret, avoid, consider, discuss, deny, encourage, finish, like, love, resist, delay, admit，risk, resume, suggest, advise,allow, permit, dislike, favor, fancy, endure, enjoy, escape, excuse, leave off, overlook, miss, pardon, postpone, practice, put off, prevent, prohibit,

42、quit, recommend, require, resent, recall, tolerate, appreciate, stop, approach to doing, be busy doing, object to doing, feel like doing, cant help doing, prefer doing A to doing B, 动名词具有动词和名词的特点，有一般式和完动名词具有动词和名词的特点，有一般式和完成式，有主动式和被动式之分，在句中可以作主语、成式，有主动式和被动式之分，在句中可以作主语、宾语、表语和定语。宾语、表语和定语。动名词和现在分词一样也是由动

43、名词和现在分词一样也是由动词动词+ing 构成，在句构成，在句中起名词的作用，可作中起名词的作用，可作 主语、宾语、表语和定语。主语、宾语、表语和定语。否否定形式也是定形式也是not+ 动名词动名词，有，有四种四种时态和语态形式，使时态和语态形式，使用时注意如下内容即可。用时注意如下内容即可。 时态时态 语态语态 主动主动 被动被动一般一般 teaching being taught完成完成 having taught having been taught巧记跟动名词的口诀：巧记跟动名词的口诀： 避免错过少延期，避免错过少延期， 建议完成多练建议完成多练习，习， 喜欢想象禁不住，承认否定与妒忌

44、，喜欢想象禁不住，承认否定与妒忌， 逃脱冒险莫原谅，忍受保持不在意。逃脱冒险莫原谅，忍受保持不在意。 avoid,miss,delay; suggest,finish,practice; enjoy,imagine,resist(cant help); admit,deny envy; escape,risk,pardon; stand, keep,mind3. ParticipleForm UsageTesting Structure Present Participlev-ing (主动主动)一般式一般式 not v-ing 否定式否定式 having done 主动完成式主动完成式 be

45、ing done 被动一般式被动一般式 having been done 被动完成式被动完成式 Past Participle v-ed (被动被动)一般式一般式 not v-ed 否定式否定式Usage1 Predicative2 Attribute3 Adverbial4 Complementas predicativeMy pencil was broken. (过去分词作表语过去分词作表语主语状态主语状态)Her speech was quite stirring. (现在分词作表语现在分词作表语主语性质主语性质)as attributeA lost opportunity never

46、 returns.The woman sitting at the desk is his secretary.The material used is cement.注注:分词分词(短语短语)作定语可以转化作定语可以转化成定语从句成定语从句as adverbial I stood watching her, not knowing what to do. He was reliable, judged by ordinary standards. 分词分词(短语短语)作状语作状语,其逻辑主语必须其逻辑主语必须与句子主语一致与句子主语一致. Seeing the professor, the

47、students smiled and said good morning to him. Seen from the hill, the city looks beautiful. Adverbial of time Seeing the professor, the students smiled and said good morning to him. Seen from the hill, the city looks beautiful. Adverbial of cause Being ill, he stayed at home. Convinced of the accura

48、cy of the data, I stuck to my opinion. Adverbial of condition Working hard, youll succeed. United, we stand; divided, we fall. Adverbial of concession Working very hard, he did not feel a little tired. Though beaten by the opposite team, the players did not lose confidence. (连词连词though加强语气加强语气) Adve

49、rbial of result A letter has just come, relieving her from anxiety. New machines were installed, thus / thereby resulting in an increase in production. (thus/thereby加强语气加强语气) Adverbial of manner Traveling by car, the students visited many places. Armed with Marxism-Leninism, the Party solved the pro

50、blems one after another. Adverbial of accompaniment The teacher, followed by some students, went into the classroom. They stayed at home all day, giving the house a thorough cleaning.as complementa O.C. I am sorry Ive kept you waiting.I have my hair cut once a month. (谓语谓语 v.多为使役多为使役 v.和感官和感官 v.)b S

51、.C. She was seen going up stairs.The work was left half done.Testing Structure1 Participle as Adverbial 2 Absolute Structure 现在分词与过去分词作状语的区别现在分词与过去分词作状语的区别:Please fill in this form, giving your name, address, etc.He stood there, surrounded by his three daughters.一般来说一般来说 现在分词表示主动的意思现在分词表示主动的意思; 过去分词

52、表示被动的意思过去分词表示被动的意思. 分词作状语时的时态分词作状语时的时态1 一般式：一般式：分词表示的动作与谓分词表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作同时或几乎同语动词表示的动作同时或几乎同时发生时发生Seeing nobody at home, she decided to leave a note.= As she saw nobody at home, she decided to leave a note.2 完成式：完成式：分词表示的动作发生分词表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前在谓语动词表示的动作之前Having cleaned the rooms, we began to we

53、ed the garden.= After we had cleaned the rooms, we began to weed the garden. 分词短语作状语的强调结构分词短语作状语的强调结构: 分词短语前加连词分词短语前加连词(加强语气加强语气)Be careful when crossing the street.Though beaten by the opposite team, the players did not lose confidence. 独立主格结构是分词作状语的独立主格结构是分词作状语的一种特殊形式一种特殊形式: 分词分词(短语短语)作状语时作状语时,无论是

54、现在无论是现在分词还是过去分词，是一般式还分词还是过去分词，是一般式还是完成式，其逻辑主语必须与句是完成式，其逻辑主语必须与句子的主语保持一致。否则，分词子的主语保持一致。否则，分词前必需有自己的主语，即用独立前必需有自己的主语，即用独立主格结构。主格结构。独立主格结构的特点：独立主格结构的特点：独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。它独立存在。独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。 The moon appearing, they decided to go on with their journey. Hi

55、s mother being ill, he had to stay home to look after her.with 独立主格独立主格:He stared at his friend with his mouth wide openWith you to lead us, our group is sure to succeed 2 have之后的非谓语动词之后的非谓语动词have sb. do sth. 叫某人做某事叫某人做某事have sth. done 使某事被使某事被(他人他人)做做have sb. done 使某人被他人做某事使某人被他人做某事have sb. doing s

56、th. 听任某人做某事听任某人做某事Ill have him do it.I have my hair cut every month.You ought to have her examined by the doctor.I wont have you saying that.非谓语动词的区别非谓语动词的区别不定式不定式: 具有具有n. adj. adv. 特征，特征，在句中担任除谓语外任何成分；在句中担任除谓语外任何成分；动名词动名词: 具有具有n. 特征，在句中可特征，在句中可作主语、宾语、定语、表语；作主语、宾语、定语、表语；分词分词: 具有具有adj. adv. 特征特征,在句中在

57、句中可作主语、表语、宾补、状语；可作主语、表语、宾补、状语；difference动名词动名词名词；习惯性动作名词；习惯性动作不定式不定式将来；一次性动作将来；一次性动作现在分词现在分词: 动作正在进行；表主动动作正在进行；表主动过去分词过去分词: 动作已经完成；表被动动作已经完成；表被动1.不定式和现在分词作不定式和现在分词作结果状语结果状语的区别的区别不定式：出乎意料的结果不定式：出乎意料的结果I woke up in the morning, to find the outside world greatly changed.现在分词：往往与主句有因果关系现在分词：往往与主句有因果关系Sh

58、e fell off the bike, breaking her left leg.2. begin和和start后跟不定式而不跟动后跟不定式而不跟动名词的情况名词的情况 当主语是无生命之物时当主语是无生命之物时 Snow began to melt. 2. begin和和start用于进行时态时用于进行时态时 He is beginning to study English. 3. begin和和start后面的动词是表示心理后面的动词是表示心理状态的词（状态的词（know, understand, believe, wonder等）等） I began to believe his st

59、ory.分词短语做定语时，分词的选定依据分词与被其修饰的分词短语做定语时，分词的选定依据分词与被其修饰的名词的关系而定。如果名词是分词动作的执行者，用现名词的关系而定。如果名词是分词动作的执行者，用现在分词；如果名词是分词动作的承受者，用过去分词。在分词；如果名词是分词动作的承受者，用过去分词。分词短语做状语分词短语做状语时，则要看时，则要看分词与句子主语的关系分词与句子主语的关系。如。如果句子的果句子的主语是分词动作的执行者，用现在分词主语是分词动作的执行者，用现在分词；如果；如果主语是分词动作的承受者，用过去分词主语是分词动作的承受者，用过去分词。(1)Seen from the moun

60、tain，the city looks beautiful.(2)Seeing from the mountain，we can see the river running through the city.现在分词跟过去分词作状语现在分词跟过去分词作状语3. 关于分词选定的原则关于分词选定的原则 现在分词的完成式一般不作定语，若要表达现在分词的完成式一般不作定语，若要表达完成意义最好用定语从句。完成意义最好用定语从句。 The girl who has won the race is my deskmate.2. done, to be done, being done作定语的作定语的区别区