策略2 Learning Motivation

1、第2讲 学习动机与时间管理Learning Motivation and Time Management1. A questionnaire on learning motivation and time management2. Questioning about learning motivation1) What do you learn English for? Why do you learn English?2) What certificates do you want to get in the university?3) What do you think of Englis

2、h learning?4) How do you learn English after class?5) How much time do you spend on English learning6) Do you make any preparations before new lessons?3. Learning motivation3. 1 Definition of LMWhat is learning motivation? Learning motivation is students intent to learn. It is the key to all learnin

3、g. Behavioral problems in the classroom always seem to be linked to the lack of motivation, and lack of motivation is perhaps the biggest obstacle in learning. Intelligent students are often out-performed by less bright students because they have higher motivation. If a student is motivated enough,

4、he/she can accomplish learning of any scale. So we can say, in the learning situation, it is motivation that pushes the individual to overcome the barrier and achieve the goal.3. 2 Classification of LMIn the past 30 years, motivation has chiefly been a hot point in foreign language learning. The fav

5、orable classification is that it falls into integrative motivation and instrumental motivation. By integrative motivation, we mean that learning the language to take part in the culture of its people. In other words, those who want to go abroad and become immigrants have integrative motivation. By i

6、nstrumental motivation, we mean that learning language for a career reason or other practical reason. For example, if someone wants to pass the tests of TOFEL and GRE or IELTS and further study abroad, and then find better jobs after graduation, he or she may have instrumental motivation. Both integ

7、rative and instrumental motivations may lead to success, but lack of them will cause problems.3. 3 Functions and factorsMotivation has two functions. First, it produces a state of internal tension, which leads to success; second, it helps develop ones personality.Motivation consists of two factors.

8、One is attitude towards learning (teachers and the course), the other integrativeness. Success depends on motivation and aptitude（习性、天资、颖悟）; Motivation depends on integrativeness and attitudes; integrativeness and attitude lead to motivation; motivation and aptitude lead to success；Each causes the o

9、ther.3. 4 How to improve learning motivationAccording to psychological researches, motivation is not genetic, it is learned. In other words, motivation is learnable and teachable. There are some factors that affect ones motivation, such as family, neighbors, prior teachers, learning conditions and s

10、o on. They are beyond our control. However, there are some ways that can change your learning habits and establish your motivation. Here are suggestions.1) Raise ones level of concern. Proper level of concern can activate ones effort to learn. Learners should take care about what to lean and learnin

11、g results, and have a right attitude toward learning. Suppose learners show indifference or unconcern to their learning, they will make no or little progress in learning. So we can say no learning without concern.2) Set learning goals. Setting a goal demonstrates an intention to achieve and activate

12、s learning from one day to the next. It also directs learners activities toward the goal and offers an opportunity to experience success.3) Acquire the sense of success. Success is more motivating than failure. How to gain success? Normally, the material must be relevant, and learners can choose pro

13、per activities rather than those that are difficult (little likelihood of success) or easy (high probability of success). Passing a test or getting a reward is a success. Every minor success is the progress toward goals. The more you get successes, the more satisfied you are, and the harder you lear

14、n. This is the emotional experience.4) Show ones interest to learning. Interest is the best teacher. Two methods can be used. First, try to find interesting learning materials (different people, different topics); second, try to connect your learning to realistic life (speaking, writing, application

15、).These methods will help you produce sustained motivation in learning.4. Time management4. 1 Why to manage ones time?The answer is quite simple, because time is very limited, it is not regenerative, nor storage and continuous. The general statistics on our time is very interesting. There are 24 hou

16、rs everyday. How many hours of time in your lifetime? Suppose you will live to a great age (80 years old), you may have about 700,000 hours in your life. But you should spend 400,000 on your childhood, retirement and rest (sleeping), 100,000 hours on your formal education (10-22). So you have only 2

17、00,000 hours for your work and learning after graduation. Time is a special resource and the treasure of our social development. No wonder, people often compare time to life, money, treasure and power (examples).4. 2 How to manage ones time?It has been showed that strategies of the TM can be improve

18、d through training. A training course about it was offered in an American university, which aimed to help Ss control time and become effective learners. As a result, most Ss formed the good habit of the TM, and their learning achievement improved. Here I will show you some strategies of time managem

19、ent.1) Set up personal goalssuccessful learners always have their goals, as goal can arouse ones learning motivation. How to set up goals? Good goals should be characterized by (1) a clear aim (e.g. a goal of improving ones English); (2) feasibility (It may be challenge, but not too high to reach. E

20、.g. a univ student wants to be Bill Gash. Is it possible? Graduatego abroadmaster degree or PhDfind an undertaking); (3) dating (时限性) (Goals can be divided into short, intermediate and long ones. But each goal may have the date of achievement. Dating will promote one to reach his goal.); (4) flexibi

21、lity (Goals cannot be set up once and for all. They may be changed or regulated to meet ones need.).2) Plan ones personal timeThere are 3 kinds of PTrest time; extracurricular hours and time for other demands, like making friends, entertainment, and social activities. How to manage personal time? In

22、 my opinion, one should have enough time to rest on ones biological clock, spend much time on extracurricular learning, and follow 4D principles for the third time: do something yourself, drop something, delay something, and delegate something. Attention, you should make a plan for your personal tim

23、e everyday. It is said that the most valuable time is the time to make a plan. So try to spare a few minutes for making a learning plan everyday!3) Follow the principle of priorityPriority refers to choice. It means one has many things to do on hand but he or she must decide which thing should be do

24、ne first. In this case, the cardinal principle can be followed: to do the vital task, and the importance is prior to urgency. If one doesn't know whether things are important or not, he is poor at the TM. Imagine, without priority or choice, one will be busy with trivial matters and has no time

25、to do serious matters.4) Increase efficiency to save timeThis is about the theory of operations (运筹学), which aims to use manpower and material resources economically and effectively. According to the theory, time can be managed in different ways. (1) Focus operation (重点运筹法). This means that one shou

26、ld spend his best time (excitant period) on vital and difficult tasks to achieve the best result. For example, one may do reading comprehension or write a composition in his best time, and when he is feeling tired, he may write a letter to his friend or do some mechanical tasks.(2) Double operation

27、(复线运筹法). This method refers to doing two or more things at the same time. Psychologically, it is possible for one to distribute his attention to two or more than two tasks. For instance, taking notes in class, reading and thinking, reciting words while walking etc. Darwin was noted for this method.

28、He would think over serious matters while walking everyday. In this way he solved lot of academic problems.(3) Cross operation (交错运筹法). It means keeping a proper balance between ones work and rest (劳逸结合) and change tasks in learning. This can prevent ones mind getting tired, because changing activit

29、ies from one to another is a kind of rest. For example, practice reading after listening, and integrate speaking with writing.(4) Cut ones time into shorter span. Suppose you have one hour to learn new words, you may cut it into 2 or 3 spans. This can increase your learning speed and effect at the f

30、ixed time. In China it is called careful calculation and strict budgeting (精打细算).5) Find scattered timeLu Xun had a famous saying about finding ones scattered time. What? How? Two methods can be used. (1) Occupy ones rest time. Sometimes one needs to occupy his rest time in order to finish tasks in

31、time. T. Edison spent much longer time working than any others. In his opinion, to prolong working hours meant to prolong ones life. He said his working age was much longer than his real age. On his 79 year-old birthday, he claimed, “I am 135 years old now!” (2) Use every bit of time (见缝插针). How? An

32、cient Chinese scholars set us good examples. 东汉时期董遇有“三余”之说，利用冬天、雨天、晚上等业余时间。宋代文学家欧阳修经常利用“三上”，（枕上、厕上和马上）的零散时间构思和打腹稿。We can do so, too. For example, do some reading while traveling, do some reading while waiting, and do some reading before sleeping.6) Remove interferencesThere are 2 kinds of individual

33、 interferences: outer ones and inner ones. Interferences from other people belong to outer ones, which often waste ones time; negative emotion like stress and anxiety belongs to inner interferences, which tend to reduce ones learning effect. The best way to deal with interferences is to analyze caus

34、es of interferences and remove them.For example, to cut off outer interferences by moving your telephone calls aside and turning off your BP call and mobile phones; arrange your silent time so as to do difficult tasks without any interference. Inner interferences like worry, anxiety and stress can be removed by establishing your self-confidence and motivation. 4.3 ConclusionAs time is limited, we cannot introduce many other ways. I am sure some of you may have g