跨文化交际名词解释

1、1. Intercultural communication refers to communication between people whose culture perceptions and symbol systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event. 跨文化交际 : 指拥有不同文化认知和符号体系的人文之间进行的交际。2. Culture is a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs, values, and norms, which affe

2、ct the behavior of a relatively large group of people.文化 是习得的一套关于信仰，价值观，规范的公认的解释，这些信仰，价值观，规范对相当大人类 群体的行为产生影响。3. Culture identityrefers to ones sense of belonging to a particular culture or ethnic group.文化身份 ：指有意识地把自己归为某一特定文化或种族群体。4. Subculture are formed by groups of people possessing characteristic

3、 traits that set apart and distinguish them from others within a larger society or dominant culture.亚文化 :具有能在更大的一个社会范围内或主流文化中使自己有别于他人的特点的人类群体所形成 的文化。5. Norms are culturally ingrained principles of correct and incorrect behaviors which, if broken carry a form of overt or covert penalty. 规范指的是正确和不正确行为

4、根深蒂固的文化原则，这种不正确的行为一旦发生，就意味着一种显 性或隐性的处罚。6. 文化震荡 Culture shock refers to the traumatic experience that an individual may encounter when entering a different culture. 人们在进入一种新文化环境时，遭遇的痛苦和难忘的经历。7. 人际交际 interpersonal communication : a small number of individuals who are interacting exclusively with one a

5、nother and who therefore have the ability to adapt their messages specifically for those others and to obtain immediate interpretations from them. 指少数人之间的交往他们既能根据对方调整自己的 信息，又能立即从对方那里获得解释。8. 世界观 worldview :is the belief that we hold explaining the cosmos God, the nature of humanity and n ature.指我们持有的

6、对宇宙，神，人本质及自然的最根本的看法。9. Context : its the information that surrounds an event ,it is in extricably bound up with the meaning of the event .10. 高语境文化 High-context culture :its a kind of culture in which people are very homogeneous with regard to experiences ,information networks ,and the like ,. Chine

7、se ,Japanese11. 低语境文化 Low-context culture :its a kind of culture in which the population is less homogeneous and therefore tends to compartmentalize interpersonal contacts ,. American ,German12. 个人主义 Individualism : broadly speaking ,individualism refers to the doctrine theater the interests of the

8、individual are of ought to be paramount ,and that all values ,rights and duties originate in individual s ,it emphasizes individual initiative ,independence ,individual expression ,and even privacy . 个人利益胜于集 体利益13. 集体主义 Collectivism : it is characterized by a rigid social framework that distinguish

9、between in-groups and out-groups .people expect their in-group to look after them ,and in exchange for that they fell they owe absolute loyalty to the group .collectivism means greater emphasis on (1)the views ,needs ,and goals of the in-groups rather than oneself ; (2)social norms and duty defined

10、by the in-group rather than behavior to get pleasure ; (3)beliefs shared with the in-group; rather than beliefs that distinguish self from in group ; and (4)great readiness to cooperate with in group membership . 个人融入集体。14. 对不确定因素的回避态度： uncertainty avoidance deals with a society s tolerance for unce

11、rtainty and ambiguity ;it ultimately refers to man s search for truth. 是关于一个社会对不确定性和模棱两可的容忍 程度。15. 权利距离 power distance ： 组织或机构里边，没有权力的成员对于权力不均等分配接受和期望的程 度。16. 焦虑 Anxiety occurs because of not knowing what one is expected to do, and focusing on that feeling and not be totally present in the communica

12、tion transaction. 在新环境下人们不知如何应对，过多关注自己 的情绪，不能全身心投入到交际中。17. 假定一致性 ： (1) To assume people know how someone else is thinking based on how they see things is called projected cognitive similarity. 从自己看待事物的角度来判断别人的想法。(2)Assuming similarity instead of difference refers to the assumption that people are mo

13、re similar to you than they actually are or that another persons situation is more similar to you own situation than it in fact is.18. 定势 stereotypes ： refers to negative or positive judgment made about individuals based on any observable or believed group membership. 针对目标群体成员所特有的正面或方面的判断。19. 偏见 Pre

14、judice refers to the irrational dislike, suspicion, or hatred of a particular group, race, religion, or sexual orientation.偏见 是指对于某一特定群体，种类，宗教或性取向的无端的憎恶和怀疑。20. 言语交际 Verbal intercultural communications happens when people from different cultural backgrounds communicate with each other by using langua

15、ge. 当来自不同文化背景的人们用语言进行交 流时 言语交际 就发生了。21. 禁忌语 ： Taboo refers to some words or actions that are avoided by a particular group of people ， or in certain for religious or social reasons. 在特定文化中出于宗教或社会原因被一特定群体所避免使用的 一些词语或行为。22. 委婉语 ： Euphemism means the act of substituting a mild,indirect,or vague term fo

16、r one considered harsh,blunt,or offensive. 指用温和的，间接的方式来代替严厉的，生硬的或冒犯的言语。23. 非言语信号 ：(狭义) noverbal communicate refers to intertional use of nonspoken symbol to communicate a specific message . 运用非言语符号传达特定信息的交际行为。(广义) refers to elementsof the en vir onment that commu ni cate by virtue of people人们S交际时运用e

17、的环境因素。24. 副语言： Paralanguage refers to the rate ,pitch and volume qualities of the voice,which interrupt ortemporarily take the place of speech and affect the meaning of a message 是与口语交际有关，指说的速 度，音高，和质量，这些要素会打断或临时取代语言并影响信息的语意表达.25. 时间行为： Chronemics is the study of how people perceive and use time. 是指

18、研究人们如何看待和使 用时间。26. 时空行为： proxemics refers to the perception and use of space including territoriality and personal space. 指对空间的认知和使用时空进行沟通，包括地盘性和个人空间。27. 目光语： The study of communications sent by the eyes is termed oculesics. 研究目光传递的交流信息。28. 气味行为 Olfactics ：The study of communication via smell is cal

19、led Olfactics 对通过味道进行交流的研 究。29. 触觉行为 Haptics :refers to communicating through the use of bodily context . 通过身体接触来进行交 流。30. 身势语行为 Kinesics ： is the term used for communicating through various types of body movements including facial expressions,gestures,posture and stance ,and other mannerisms that m

20、ay accompany or replace oral messages. 指交际时所使用的不同类型的动作，包括表情，手势，姿势，和其他代替语言传达信息的行为举 止。31. Sex refers to the biological differences between males and females.32. Gender concerns the psychological, social and cultural differences between males and females.33. Gender identity - perception of self as a woman or man, masculine or feminine34. 良好的交际 Competent communicat