心理健康问题往往是导致疾病的原因

1、Model Test EightI. Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic How to Keep Psychologically Healthy? You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below in Chinese:1 心理健康问题往往是导致疾病的原因。2 分析人们产生心理健康问题的原因(可从失业、压力过重、缺少支持、缺乏人际关系等 方面加以分析)3 你认为人

2、们如何保持心理健康。II. Reading comprehension (skimming and scanning ) (15 minutes) Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions. For questions 1-7, markY(for YES) if the statement agrees with the information given in the passage; N(for NO) if the

3、statement contradicts the information given in the passage; NG(for NOT GIVEN) if the information is not given in the passage. For questions 8-10 ,complete the sentences with the information given in the passage.HighwayA goverment study recommended a national highway systerm of 33,920 miles, and cong

4、ress passed the Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1944, which called for strict, central controlled desert criteria.The interstate highway system was finally launched in 1956 and has been hailed as one of the greatest public works projects of the century. To bulid its 44,000-mile web of highways, bridge an

5、d tunnels, hundreds of unique engineering designs and solutions had to be worked out. Consider the many geographic, features of the country: mountains, steep grades, wetlands, rivers, deserts and plains. Variables included the slope of the land, the ability of the pavement to support the load. Innov

6、ative designs of roadways, tunnels, bridges, overpasses, and interchanges that could run through or bypass urban areas soon began to weave their way across the country, forever altering the face of American.Long-span,segmented-concrete, cable-stayed bridges such as Hale Boggs in Louisiana and the Su

7、nshine Skyway in Florida, and remarkable tunnels like Fort Mchenry in Maryland and Mr. Bakerin Washington developed under the nation's physical challenges, Traffic control systems and methods of construction developed uder the interstate program soon influenced highway construction around the wo

8、rld, and were invaluable in improving the condition of urban streets and traffic patterns.Today, the interstate system links every major city in the U.S, and the U.S with Canada and Mexico, Built with safety in mind, the highways have wide lanes and shoulders, dividing medians, or barriers, long ent

9、ry and exit lanes, ourves engineered for safe turns, and limited access. The death rate on highways is half that of all other U.S roads (0.86 deaths per 100 million passenger miles compared to 1.99 deaths per 100 million on all other roads).By opening the North American continent, highways have enab

10、led consumer goods and services to reach people in remote and rural areas of jobs, access to the growth options in terms of jobs access to cutural progreams health care ,and other benefits. Above all, the interstate system provides individuals with what they enerish most: personal freedom of mobilit

11、y.The interstate system has been an essential element of the nation's economic growth in terms of shipping and job creation: more than 75 percent of the nation's freight deliveries arrive by truck.and most products that arrive by rail or air use interstates for the last leg of the journey by

12、 vehiole.Not only has the highway system affected the American economy by providing shipping routes, it has led to the growth of spin-off industries like service stations, motels, restaurants, and shopping centres. It has allower the rwlocation of manufacturing plants and other industries from urban

13、 areas to rural.By the end of the century there was an immense network of paved roads ,residential streets,expressways,and freeways built to support millions of vehicles,The high way system was officially renamed for Eisenhower to honor his vison and leadership.The year construction began he said:&q

14、uot;Together,the united forces of our communication and transportation systems are dynamic elements in the very name we bear -United States.Without them ,we would be a mere alliance of many sepaeate parts."1. National standards for paved roads were in place by 1921.2. General Eisenhower felt th

15、at the broad German motorways made more sense than the two-land highways of American.3. It was in the 1950s that American government finally took action ato build a national highway system.4. Many of the problems presented by the country ' s geographical features found solutions in innovative en

16、gineering projects.5. In spite of safety ocnsiderations, the death rate n interstate highways is still higher than that on the other American roads.6. The interstate highway system provides access between major military installations in American.7. Service stations, motels and restaurants promoted t

17、he development of the interstate highway system.8. The greatest benefit brought about by the interstate system was9. Trucks using the interstate highways deliver more than10. The interterstate systerm was renamed afterEisenhower in recognitionIII. Reading comprehension(reading in depth) (III&IV2

18、5minutes)Direction : In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in bank is identified by a letter

19、. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the center. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.There is nothing more fatiguing than not succeeding-being blocked, not moving ahead. It is a _1_ circle. Failure breeds fatigue, a

20、nd the fatigue makes it harder to get to work, which tends to _2_ the failure. We experience this tiredness in two main ways: as start-up fatigue and performance fatigue. In the former case, we keep putting off a _3_ that we are forced to take up. Either because it is too _4_ or because it is too di

21、fficult, we avoid it. And the longer we _5_ it, the more tired we feel.Such start-up fatigue is very real, even if not _6_ physical, not something in our muscles and bon es. The remedy is obvious, though perhaps not _7_ to apply: an exert ion of will power. The moment I find myself turning away from

22、 a job, or putting it under a pile of other things I have to do, I clear my desk of everyth ing else and attach the object ion able item first. To _8_ start-up fatigue, always tackle the most difficult job first.Performa nee fatigue is more difficult to han dle. Here we are not _9_ to get started bu

23、t we cannot seem to do the job right. Its difficulties appear insurmountable and however hard we work, we fail again and again. The mounting experienee of failure carries with it an ever-increasing burde n of men tal fatigue. In such a _10_, I work as hard as I can the n let the uncon scious take ov

24、er.A) questi onF)easyK) tediousB) relucta ntG) taskL) situati onC) con siste ntlyH) postp oneM) acceptD) viciousI) n ecessaryN) breakthroughE) compo undJ) actuallyO) preve ntIV. Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfini shed stateme nts. F

25、or each of them are four choices marked A), B), C) and D).You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter with a single line through the centre.Passage OneLead deposits, which accumulated in soil and snow during the 1960's and 70's, were primarily the result of leaded

26、gasoline emissions originating in the United States. In the twenty years that the Clea n Air Act has man dated uni eaded gas use in the Un ited States, the lead accumulation world-wide has decreased significantly.A study published recen tly in the jour nal Nature shows that air-bor ne leaded gas emi

27、ssi ons from the United States were the leading contributor to the high concentration of lead in the snow in Gree nland. The new study is a result of the continued research led by Dr. Charles Boutr on, an expert on the impact of heavy metals on the environment at the National Center for Scientific R

28、esearch in France. A study by Dr. Boutron published in 1991 showed that lead levels in arctic( 北 极的)snow were declining.In his new study, Dr. Boutr on found the ratios of the differe nt forms of lead in the leaded gasoline used in the United States were different from the ratios of European, Asian a

29、nd Canadian gasolines and thus enabled scientists to differentiate (分区)the lead sources. The dominant leadratio found in Gree nland snow matched that found in gasoli ne from the Un ited States.In a study published in the journal Ambio, scientists found that lead levels in soil in the North-easter n

30、Un ited States had decreased markedly since the in troduct ion of uni eaded gasoli ne.Many scie ntists had believed that the lead would stay in soil and snow for a Ion ger period.The authors of the Ambio study exam ined samples of the upper layers of soil take n from the same sites of 30 forest floo

31、rs in New En gla nd, New York and Penn sylva nia in 1980 and in 1990.The forest environment processed and redistributed the lead faster than the scientists had expected.Scie ntists say both studies dem on strate that certain parts of the ecosystem (生态系统 ) resp ond rapidly to reduct ions in atmospher

32、ic polluti on, but that these findings should not be used as a lice nse to pollute.1. The study published in the journal Nature indicates thatA) the Clean Air Act has not produced the desired resultsB) lead deposits in arctic snow are on the increaseC) lead will stay in soil and snow longer than exp

33、ectedD) the US is the major source of lead pollution in arctic snow2. Lead accumulation worldwide decreased significantly after the use of unleaded gas in the USA) was discouragedB) was enforced by lawC) was prohibited by lawD) was introduced3. How did scientists discover the source of lead pollutio

34、n in Greenland?A) By analyzing the data published in journals like Nature and Ambio.B) By observing the lead accumulations in different parts of the arctic area.C) By studying the chemical elements of soil and snow in Northeastern America.D) By comparing the chemical compositions of leaded gasoline

35、used in various countries.4. The authors of the Ambio study have found thatA) forests get rid of lead pollution faster than expectedB) lead accumulations in forests are more difficult to deal withC) lead deposits are widely distributed in the forests of the USD) the upper layers of soil in forests a

36、re easily polluted by lead emissions5. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that scientistsA) are puzzled by the mystery of forest pollutionB) feel relieved by the use of unleaded gasolineC) still consider lead pollution a problemD) lack sufficient means to combat lead pollutionPassage TwoExer

37、cise is one of the few factors with a positive role in long-term maintenance of body weight.Unfortunately, that message has not gotten through to the average American, who would rather try switching to "light" beer and low-calorie bread than increase physical exertion. The Centers for Dise

38、ase Control, for example, found that fewer than one-fourth of overweight adults who were trying to shed pounds said they were combining exercise with their diet.In rejecting exercise, some people may be discouraged too much by caloric-expenditure charts;for example, one would have to briskly walk th

39、ree miles just to work off the 275 calories in one delicious Danish pastry ( 小甜饼 ). Even exercise professionals concede half a point here. "Exercise by itself is a very tough way to lose weight," says York Onnen, program director of the President's Council on Physical Fitness and Sport

40、s.Still, exercise's supporting role in weight reduction is vital. A study at the Boston University Medical Center of overweight police officers and other public employees confirmed that those who dieted without exercise regained almost all their old weight, while those who worked exercise into t

41、heir daily routine maintained their new weight.If you have been sedentary (极少活动的 ) and decide to start walking one mile a day, the added exercise could burn an extra 100 calories daily. In a year's time, assuming no increase infood intake, you could lose ten pounds. By increasing the distance of

42、 your walks gradually and making other dietary adjustments, you may lose even more weight.6. What is said about the average American in the passage?A) They tend to exaggerate the healthful effect of "light" beer.B) They usually ignore the effect of exercise on losing weight.C) They prefer

43、"light" beer and low-calorie bread to other drinks and food.D) They know the factors that play a positive role in keeping down body weight.7. Some people dislike exercise becauseA) they think it is physically exhaustingB) they find it hard to exercise while on a dietC) they don't think

44、 it possible to walk 3 miles every dayD) they find consulting caloric-expenditure charts troublesome8. "Even exercise professionals concede half a point here" (Line 3, Para. 2) means "TheyA) agree that the calories in a small piece of pastry can be difficult to work off by exerciseB)

45、partially believe diet plays a supporting role in weight reductionC) are not fully convinced that dieting can help maintain one's new weightD) are not sufficiently informed of the positive role of exercise in losing weight9. What was confirmed by the Boston University Medical Center's study?

46、A) Controlling one's calorie intake is more important than doing exercise.B) Even occasional exercise can help reduce weight.C) Weight reduction is impossible without exercise.D) One could lose ten pounds in a year's time if there's no increase in food intake.10. What is the author's

47、 purpose in writing this article?A) To justify the study of the Boston University Medical Center.B) To stress the importance of maintaining proper weight.C) To support the statement made by York Onnen.D) To show the most effective way to lose weight.Part V Cloze (15 minutes)Directions:There are 20 b

48、lanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D) on the right side of the paper. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.One day a police office

49、r manager to get some fresh mushrooms.He was so (1)what he had bought that he offered to (2) the mushrooms with his brother officers.When their breakfast arrived the next day, each officer found some mushrooms on his plate. “ Let the dog (3 ) a piece first, ” suggested one ( 4 ) officer who was afra

50、id that the mushrooms might be poisonous.The dog seemed to (5) his mushrooms, and the officers then began to eat their meal saying that the mushrooms had a very strang (6) quite pleasant taste. An hour (7) , however, they were all astonished when the gardener rushed on and said ( 8 ) the dog was dead. ( 9 ) , the officers jumpedsintostheir cars and rushedsintosthe nearest hospital.Pumps ( 泵 ) were used and the officers had a very (10 ) time getting rid of the mushrooms that (11) in their stom