科技英语写作-关于动名词和分词

1、现在分词和动名的用法和判别一、-ing的基本用法.“be+-ing+”构成现在、过去、将来进行时主动态：1. The liquid is flowing down the tower under the force of gravity. （现在进行时主动态）液体在重力作用下正沿着塔往下流。2. When he came here, we were studying English. （过去进行时主动态）当他来这里时，我们正在学习英语。3. In a few years the station will be feeding(或supplying) power to many industri

2、al plants. （将来进行时主动态）再过几年，那座发电站将向许多工厂供电。.“have，had或shall（will）have+been+-ing+”构成现在、过去、将来这三种完成进行时主动态（）：1. We have been studying the problem for a long time. （现在完成时主动态）很久以前我们一直在研究这个问题。2.Chemistis had been studying the atmosphere for about two thousand years before its composition was discovered. （过去完成

3、时主动态）化学家们一直在研究大气，研究了约两千年，它的组成才被发现。3. By the end of this year they will have been studying English for a year. （将来完成时主动态）到今年年底，他们学习英语有一年了。（主语第一人称，则可用shall代替will。）.“being+过去分词”构成被动态。这里有三种情况：A. “is（was）+being（现在分词）+过去分词”构成现在、过去这两种进行时被动态：1. The lathe is being adjusted by a worker. （现在进行时被动态）这台车床正由一个工人在进

4、行调整。2. When I came here, the lathe was being adjusted by a worker. （过去进行时被动态）当我来这里时，那台车床正由一个工人在进行调整。B. Being前面没有is或was之类动词，仅仅是动词名“being+过去分词”构成被动意义：1. The object is at rest and resists being moved quickly. （直接宾语）物体静止，就阻止物体本身迅速移动。2. Television waves pass right through the layer without being reflecte

5、d. （介词宾语）电视被径直通过这一层（电离层）而不被反射。（上两句中being为被动态动名词短语。）C. “being(现在分词)+过去分词”作定语在独立分词结构中及介词后“主谓”结构（即复合结构）中的用法：1. We must pay attention to the problems being discussed here.（定语）我们必须重视这里正在（被）讨论的问题。2. The electric current produced is the result of chemical energy being changed to electrical energy. （复合结构作介词

6、宾语）所产生的电流是化学能转变为电能的结果。3. The teacher being here, there is no danger. （独立分词结构）老师在这里，便无危险。.“-ing+原动词具有的搭配关系”在句中作主语、宾语、表语、状语、介词宾语（除作状语用的-ing为现在分词外，其余均为动名词）：A. 作主语用：1. Melting and boiling take place under certain conditions. 熔融和沸腾发生在一定条件之下。2. In the given case warming the solid converts it to a liquid.

7、在给定情况下，加热这种固体能使它变成液体。3. There is no failing in the test. 不可能在试验中失败。注：“There is +no+-ing”表示“不可能”之意。4. It is no use buying books but not reading them. （真正主语）买了书却不读，没有什么用处。注：动名词短语作真正主语很少见，不如不定式为多。它主要用在以no use，no good， worth-while， waste，dangerous等词作表语的句子中。B. 作宾语、介词宾语或个别形容词的宾语用：1. I like reading English

8、 every morning. （动词宾语）我喜欢每天早晨读英语。2. Their installation method is worth trying. （形容词宾语）他们的安装方法值得试一试。3. The process of dissolving table salt in water is a physical change. （介词宾语）食盐溶解于水的过程是物理变化。 4. We think it no use increasing resistance in the experiment. （真正宾语）我们认为在这个实验中增加电阻无用。（动名词短语作真正宾语很少见，只有当其宾语补

9、语为上面注中那些词时才行。）5. These children need looking after. （动词宾语）这些小孩得需要照顾。（句中after为介词，其宾语正好是句中主语，但不可以写出。）C. 作表语用（下面三例不是进行时，其中moving转为形容词）：1. Our greatest happiness is serving the people. 为人民服务是我们最大的幸福。2. Our production task is making machines. 我们的生产任务是制造机器。3. This book is very moving. 这本书很感动人。D. ing（现在分词）

10、作状语用，含有时间、原因、让步、方式或伴随、结果等意义，但比较含蓄，只能根据上下文来仔细琢磨：1. Passing through a liquid or solid, sound is changed into heat. （时间）声音通过液体或固体时，就转变为热。2. The metal was cooled in the air, having been heated to a definite temperature in the furnace. （时间）这种金属在炉子里加热到一定温度以后，就放在空气中冷却。3. He is standing there, waiting for a

11、n assignment. （目的）他正站在那边等待分配任务。4. Not having done it, we tried again. （原因）由于没有做成，我们就又试了。（注意not不能位于having后面。否定非谓语动词时，not均应位于非谓语动词前面。）5. We read the book sitting by the window. （方式）我们坐在窗户旁边读书。6. Weighing 2,210 tons, the automatic forging press is operated by one worker only. （让步）虽然这台自动锻压机重2,210吨，但只由一个

12、工人操作。7.We increase the length of the wire, thus(或thereby， hence)increasing its resistance. （thus或thereby后的-ing短语一般表示结果意义。）我们增加导线的长度，从而增加了导线电阻。8. Some students came running towards us. （方式）几个学生朝着我们方向跑来。9. Not knowing how to operate the machine, he asked the worker for help. （原因）他不知如何操作这台机器，便请求工人帮助。10

13、. Reducing the current, we can correspondingly decrease the speed of the motor. （条件）如果减小电流，则电动机的转速就能相应减低。11. He knew how to run the machine, having been a worker ten years. （原因）他当了十年工人，知道如何开动这台机器。（现在分词短语的完成式虽在句末，其动作仍在谓语动词之前。）12. The doctor, having felt your pulse, pronounced you better. （时间）医生按了脉搏以后

14、，断定病已好转。上述例句中，完成时的-ing表示其动作在主句动作之前已完成（见例句2,4,11,12），其余则和主句动词的动作差不多同时发生。注意本情况下-ing还有以被动语态出现的形式（见例句2），这时句中主语就是行为对象。-ing作状语时，多半有逗号隔开，但有例外（见上面第5,8句），故需逻辑判断。E. ing（动名词）作介词宾语用：1. We use this tool for tightening bolts. 我们用这工具来旋紧螺栓。2. Before starting the engine you should carefully clean and oil it. 在开动发动机之

15、前，你应该把它仔细弄干净，并且上好润滑油。3. You succeeded in solving the problem. 你们顺利解决了问题。4. We change air to a liquid by cooling and compressing it. 对空气冷却和压缩，我们可以使它变为液体。5. After having been discussed， the report was published. 这份报告在讨论完以后，就发表了。6. Through being left out all night in the rain the metal had rusted. 由于这种

16、金属整宵放在外面挨雨淋，它已经生锈了。7. We did not speak of having read this book. 我们没说已读过了这本书。8. On breaking the magnet into still shorter pieces we still get complete magnets. 把磁铁砸成更短小的碎块时，我们得到的仍然是一些完整的磁铁。9. Did he feel sorry for not coming in time? 他对没有及时来感到遗憾吗？ 注意完成时表示形式（见例句5,7）和被动态形式（见例句5,6）。注意动名词的否定形式（见例句9）。. i

17、ng及其短语作定语用：1）按其位置，作定语的-ing有在所修饰的名词之前和之后两种：A. ing在所修饰的名词之前：1. We have many interesting books. 我们有许多有趣的书。2. This is a good-looking machine. 这是一台外形很美观的机器。3. They presented some demanding requirements （for improving their living environment）on this issue. 他们对此事提出了很苛刻的要求4. We must test the device under o

18、perating conditions. 我们必须在操作条件下试验这个装置。5. Without air a living thing will die. 没有空气，生物就会死。6. The moving water and air have mechanical energy. 流动的水和空气都具有机械能。B. ing或其短语在所修饰的名词后面：1. Matter is anything having weight and occupying space. 凡是物质，都具有重量和占有空间。2. This is the ratio of oxygen reacting to water for

19、med. 这就是参加反应的氧和生成的水之间的比。3. The man working by the machine with the worker is a student. 机器旁边和工人一起劳动的人是一个学生。4. The house being built will be our new laboratory. 正在建筑中的这所房子将是我们的新实验室。5. This glass container, having a base of 80cm2, is 15cm high. 这只底面积为80厘米2的玻璃容器高15厘米。（分译也可）6. Mr. Wang and his friend, c

20、onversing earnestly together, ceased as you approached. 王先生和他的朋友热诚地谈话，当你走过去时，他们便不谈了。注1. 现在分词短语作后置定语时，若短语前后有标点符号和其他成分隔开，则为非限制性定语。上面最后两句中的现在分词短语就作非限制性定语。这种定语可理解为非限制性定语从句的紧缩形式。注2. 有时它不是作非限制性定语，而是作状语。这要靠上下文进行逻辑判别。只要不影响理解，这方面的差别不必过分注意。2）根据被-ing所修饰的名词（指人、物）能否产生-ing所表示的动作来分，作定语的-ing有下列两种情况：A. ing和它所修饰的名词有逻

21、辑上的“主谓”关系，并以此表示所修饰名词的特征。这时-ing为现在分词：the working people  劳动人民running water 流水boiling water 沸水（正在开着的水）freely falling body 自由落体B. ing和所表示的名词没有逻辑上的“主谓”关系。这时-ing为动名词，一般表示用途或表示所修饰的名词有关的动作：a reading-room 阅览室the boiling temperature 沸腾温度，沸点the operating conditions 操作条件a packing method 包装法a writing desk

22、写字桌.“the+-ing+of+原动词的宾语”，这种结构中的-ing和名词一样，在句中可作各种成分用，后面还可以搭配原动词要求的介词短语。例如：1. The melting of iron requires a very high temperature. 铁的熔融需要一个很高的温度。2. Oxidation means the combining of any material with oxygen. 氧化指的是任和物质和氧的化合。3. The sudden heating of the air by lightning flashes causes thunder. （这里用by引出-

23、ing的行为发出者）闪电对空气的突然加热，就引起了雷鸣。4. The charging of condenser from a battery is not unlike filling of a tank from a reservoir. 电池给电容器充电就像油库给邮箱加油一样。从上述例句中不难看出，原动词的其他支配关系仍然可以保留（见例句2,3和4中的with，by和from短语）。但是修饰动词原来用的是副词，在本情况下改用形容词。.“主语+感觉动词或have（致使）等+宾语+-ing”，句中-ing（现在分词）作宾语补语用，即-ing起着宾语的“谓语”作用。例如：1. We saw t

24、he train coming towards the station. （当时）我们看见火车正朝着车站开过来。2. Those conditions cant have you doing the experiment. 那些条件不能使你做这个实验。.“主语+动词+宾语+as+-ing”，这里-ing作宾语补语用：1. We showed these compounds as having different structures. 我们证明了这些化合物具有不同的结构。2. They regard these experiments as being too simple for them.

25、 他们以为这些实验对他们来说是太简单了。3. We think of AB as being a straight line. 我们认为AB是一条直线。注：上述第2,3句中being也可省略。.“主语+被动态谓语+-ing”，这里-ing作主语补语：1.This step of work is called testing a hypothesis. 这个工作步骤叫做对假说的验证。2. He was seen taking pictures with a camera. 有人看见他用一架照相机在拍照。.“主语+被动态谓语+as+-ing”，这里-ing作主语补语：1. Water can be

26、 shown as containing admixtures. 可以证明水含有杂质。2. This automatic control instrument has been known as controlling the production process. 大家都已知道，这个自动控制仪是控制生产过程的。必须指出，当上述句型结构中-ing是being时，being常可以省略。例如：3. This may be taken as (being) a result of overheating. 这可以（被）当做是过热的结果。4. More than one type of mistake

27、 may be thought of as (being) present. 可以认为存在着一种类型以上的错误。注意，当这种类似结构出现在从句或句中某个成分的短语时，有时就不易判别。例如：5. Only those substances which can be considered as being mixtures have a depressed melting point. 那些物质可以认为是混合物，只有它们才具有较低的熔点。6. This method previously mentioned as affording good results, is widely used. （由

28、作定语的mentioned引出补语）前面提到的能产生良好效果的这种方法，目前广泛采用。. ing（动名词）出现前用形式主语或形式宾语it的两种情况：1. It is no use only learning theories without practice. 只学理论不实践是没有用的。2. We think it necessary improving the production process. （形式宾语）我们认为改进生产过程是必要的。注：详见“It用法和判别” . “when, while等+-ing（现在分词）”是个省略句形式，省略了与主句相同的主语和其相应的be。例如：1. Wh

29、ile working in the plant, we learned a lot form the workers. 我们在工厂劳动期间，向工人学到了许多东西。2. When being cooled from the red heat temperature, the steel reduced its capacity to dissolve carbon. 当钢从赤热温度冷却下来时，便降低了它的碳的溶解度。（意译）3. The melting ice keeps the same temperature while melting. 溶解的冰在溶解时，温度保持不变。.“名词+-ing

30、（动名词）”整个地作前置定语用： 1. a metal cutting machine 金属切割机2. a gas welding machine 气焊机3. a steam cooling system 蒸气冷却系统4. a self priming centrifugal pump 自吸离心泵在上述词组内，切不可把-ing和后面的名词理解为现在分词短语来修饰-ing前的名词，而应把-ing理解为动名词，-ing前的名词乃是-ing行为的对象（如1,3）或行为方式方法（如2,4）。同时也必须注意与下面的用法区别开。.“名词或代词+-ing”构成一种特殊的“主谓”关系，称为复合结构。这里一般有

31、五种情况：A. 带有-ing的独立分词结构：1. A new technique having been worked out, the yields rose. （表示原因）由于提出了新技术，产量就上升了。2. There are many kinds of steel, each having its special uses in industry. （表示伴随）钢有多种，每种在工业上都有其特定用途。3. Circumstances permitting, we shall begin to work tomorrow. （表示条件）情况允许，我们明天就开始工作。4. The quest

32、ion being settled, we all left the room. （表示时间）问题解决之后，我们都离开了房间。5. He watched the soldiers pass, his eyes (being) bright and eager. （表示方式）他双眼发亮，满怀激情，望着战士通过。6. I stood out of doors, my hand(being)on his shoulder. （表示伴随动作）我站在室外，一只手搭在他的肩膀上。7. So the synthetic plastics industry was born, other chemists s

33、taring to synthesize many other useful plastics of a similar type. （表示结果）于是合成塑料工业诞生，而其他化学家就开始合成相类似的许多其他有用的塑料。B. 复合结构作主语：Some factories working together made a new-type machine. 几个工厂协作，制造了一台新型机器。C. 介词后的“主谓”结构作介词宾语：1. We heard about many students going to Beijing. （作介词about的宾语）我们听说许多学生要去北京。2. We did n

34、ot know of her having made this test. 我们不知她已做了这个试验。3.Any steam engine gives us an example of heat being turned into work. 凡是蒸汽机都能给我们以热转化为功的例子。4. The process of one substance mixing with another is called diffusion. 一种物质同另一种物质混合的过程叫做扩散。5. The explanation lies in the product (being) more stable. 这种解释在

35、于这个产物是较为稳定的。6. Coal was made by rocks pressing on trees and plants which died millions of years ago. 煤是岩石紧压千百万年以前死去的树木植物而形成的。D. 在with，without后用“主谓”结构，表示伴随，作状语：1. Before liberation, the workers could hardly work with that noise going on. 解放前工人们在那种闹声持续下几乎不能工作。2. With the side reaction preceding the re

36、action, the yields were very low. 反应前发生副反应，故产率很低。3. Manufacturing processes may be classified as unit production with small quantities being made and mass production with large number of identical parts being produced. 制造过程可分为单件生产和大量生产。单产生产就是生产少量零件，大量生产就是生产大量的零件。4. One body never exerts a force on a

37、nother without the second reacting against the first. 一个物体对另一个物体施加力，从来不会不受到后者的反作用力。注：有时with，without后用的being，having been还可省略。例如：With the experiments (having been)carried out, we stated new investigations. 这些试验完成了，我们就开始了新的研究。E. ing前面名词或带刺的宾语补语。有时可用“物主代词+-ing”表示与上述“主谓”关系类似的意思。只是用物主代词时，后面的-ing为动名词而已。例如：

38、1. Our going there wont help much. 我们去那儿，不一定能有多少帮助。2. They did not mind my closing the door. 他们不在乎我把门关了。3. Nowhere in nature is aluminium found free, owing to its always being combined with other elements, most commonly with oxygen. 由于铝总是和其他元素结合在一起，最常见的是和氧化合，因此在自然界任何地方都找不到处于游离状态的铝。（由于nowhere位于句首，主、谓

39、词序颠倒。）4. Gases and liquids are perfectly elastic, after their being compressed they return to their original volume as soon as the applied force is removed. 气体和液体是很有弹性的。在它们受压缩以后，当施加的力一移走，它们就马上恢复原来的体积。5. We do not object to your doing this test. 我们不反对你做这个试验。. ing的名词化：1. Multiply the centigrade readin

40、g by 1.8 because 1equals 1.8. 将摄氏度数乘以1.8,因为1等于1.8。2. This is the meaning of Newtons Third Law: there is always an equal reaction to every action. 这是牛顿第三定律的意义：对于每一个作用力总是有其大小相等的反作用力。3. Calculate the unknowns in the following: 计算下面的未知数：4. We gave the classroom a good cleaning. 我们把教室好好地打扫了一下。5. Synthesi

41、s is the putting together of chemical elements to from a compound. 合成是把化学元素放在一起以生成化合物。（putting虽已名词化，但原动词的搭配关系，如together和to from a compound仍保留下来。关于这一点必须给予一定注意。）. 某些-ing作插入语用。这时，-ing所表示的行为在句中没有逻辑的主语，可按固定的惯用语来记：1. Generally speaking, this book is not difficult. 总的来说，这本书并不难。2. Judging from what you say,

42、 he could have done this work still better. 从你说的话来看，他满可以把工作做得更好一些。从上面两个句中可以看出，speaking（说）和judging（判断）的行为发生者不是句中的主语。这是和-ing作状语不同的。此外，插入语前后一般都有都好隔开。. 某些-ing作介词用：1. Inform us regarding(或of) this matter. 将有关这件事的消息通知我们。2. Very little is known concerning(或about)these problems. 关于这些问题知道得很少。3. Considering h

43、is age, he has done very well. 就他的年龄而论，他做得非常好。4. He has done very well, considering (that) he has no experience. （介词considering接一个介词宾语从句。）像他这样没有经验，算是做得不错了。. 某些-ing已转化为从句的连接词：1. Supposing (that) I see him, what shall I tell him?（条件从句）假如我见到他，我将告诉他什么呢？2. Seeing (that) you have come, we still settle thi

44、s problem together with you now.（原因从句）由于你来了，我们现在就和你在一起解决这个问题。3. Notwithstanding (that) it was raining, we went to the workshop. （让步从句）尽管下雨，我们还是去车间了。4. Granting that this is true(或Granting that to be true), how does it answer your argument? （让步从句）就算那是事实，又怎样解释你的论据呢？. ing短语作同位语：1. Now compare the work

45、done lifting the cart with the work done pulling it up inclined plane.现在将提升车子所作的功和沿着斜面拉车上来所作的功进行比较。（句中done为work的后置定语，两个动名词短语作同位语。）2.This substance is splitting up, or decomposing, into many useful products. 这种物质正在分裂，即正在分解为许多有用的产物。（句中现在分词decomposing作splitting up的同位语。）二、-ing用法的判别. ing语法功用的初步综合比较：（以cut

46、ting metal为例）1. Cutting metal is no simple operation. （主语）金属切削并非简单的操作。2. We are cutting metal. （组成谓语部分，和are构成现在进行时。）我们正在切削金属。3. One of the important uses of this machine tool is cutting metal. （表语）这种机床的重要用途之一是切削金属。4. The worker stopped cutting metal. （宾语）那个工人停止了金属切削。5. We saw many workers cutting me

47、tal. （宾语补语）我们看见许多工人在切削金属。6. They were found cutting metal in the workshop. （主语补语）有人发现他们在车间切削金属。7. This machine is used for cutting metal. （介词for的宾语）这台机器是供切割金属用的。8. Before cutting metal you should carefully clean the machine. （介词before的宾语）切削金属前，你必须仔细把机器清理干净。9. The student cutting metal in the worksho

48、p works very hard. （定语）在车间切削金属的那位学生工作很努力。10. Cutting metal, the workers are very careful. （时间状语）切削金属时，工人们是非常谨慎的。11. While cutting metal, the workers dont talk with each other. （cutting前省略“the workers are”，故cutting是谓语组成部分。）工人们在切削金属时不互相交谈。12. There are lots of metal cutting machines in our plant. （定语）

49、我们厂里有许多金属切割机床。上述12句中cutting metal总是作“金属切削”或“切削金属”解，但在不同上下文和搭配关系中就起不同的语法作用。它在第1,2,4,7,8,12句中顶作名词用，故为动名词；它在其余句中作现在分词。这里关键在于-ing短语处于何种位置和那些词搭配。.对于-ing作状语、独立分词结构和插入语的判别：-ing在句中作状语，其动作发生者和句中主语是一致的，或也是一种主谓关系。但在独立分词结构中必有-ing的行为发生者，并位于-ing前面。只有there is结构改成独立分词结构时，主语才在-ing后面：The car stopped, there being no f

50、uel in the tank.因为邮箱内没有燃料，车子停了。插入语与上两种结构的差别在于插入语的-ing行为发生者在句中找不到。它一般用来表示作者对句中所表达意思的态度。插入语前后一般有逗号隔开。.现在分词短语作时间状语时，如果其动作一发生，谓语动词作立即随之发生，则该现在分词可用其一般式作状语，并常置于句首。例如：Arriving at the station, he found the train had left.他到达车站就发现火车已开走。.句末“（thus或thereby）+-ing”结构常作结果状语。例如：They do not have the courage to admit

51、 the limited aspect of their own advantages, thus(或thereby)suppressing another aspect of the truth.他们没有勇气承认自己长处的有限性，因而抹杀了真理的另一方面。.注意由-ing带来的一系列复杂关系：A. 由-ing引出从句：1. We stand by the lathe watching how it is operated. （作状语的现在分词引出宾语从句。）我们站在车床旁边，看着车床是如何操作的。2. We use insulators to prevent electrical charges from going where they are not wanted. （现在分词going作状语，本身又引出状语从句。）我们用绝缘体来防止电荷流到不需要电荷的地方去。3. Because mixtures vary in composition, there must be a way of telling how much solute is present in a solution. （动名词telling引出宾语从句。）由于混合物的组成可以变