被动语态的用法

1、被动语态的用法被动语态的用法学习被动语态的几个问题被动语态是动词的一种特殊形式，表示句子中的主语是动作的承受者，汉语往往用被” 受” 给等词来表示被动意 义。1. 被动语态的各种时态被动语态（The Passive Voice是动词的一种 形式，表示主语是谓语动词的承受者。 被动语态 便于论述客观事实，故常用于科技文章、新闻报 道、书刊介绍以及景物描写。被动语态没有将来 进行时、过去将来进行时和完成进行时形式。般时进行时完成时现在isam doneareis am being done arehas have been done过去was were donewas were being don

2、ehad been done1将来shall be done will无shall have been done will1) 一般现在时The boy is called Johnson.2） 一般过去时Where were you educated?4）现在进行时5）过去进行时his sister.6）现在完成时yet.7）过去完成时3 ） 一般将来时 The result will not be announced until 6 （/clock.The road is being repaired.He was being looked after byShe hasn5t been

3、told about itShe told me that the factoryhad been closed down.8）将来完成时 This project will have been completed by the end of this year.2. 主动语态变被动语态需要注意的几个问题.（1）时态保持一致。The teacher punished him many times for his lateness.He has been punished many times for his lateness.（2）谓语为动词短语的被动语态不能丢掉动词 短语的介词或副词。His

4、 best friend often looks after him.被动语态 He is often looked after by his bestfriend.(3) 主动语态中若有双宾语，将其中一个宾语 变为被动句的主语,另一个宾语不变。动词 make/buy/mend/get 用 for; 动 词 give/show/pass/send/lend/bring/tak用 to)Vivian gave me a book.(被动 1)1 was given a book by Vivian. (被动 2) A book was given to me by Vivian.(4) 主动语态

5、若有复合宾语，(即句子结构为主 + Vt +宾+宾补)，将主动句的宾语变为被动句 的主语，宾补不变。They call him Louis.被动语态:He is called Louis.(5) 主动语态句中动词 make, have, let使sb做 sth), notice. see .watch, look at, hear, listen to, feel等变成被动语态时，后面的不定式需要加上 to.Mr. Lee made him wash the dishes.被动语态:He was made to wash the dishes.(6) 主动形式表被动.The poem read

6、s well.(7 )有些动词不能用于被动语态takeplace/happen/cometrue/break down/break outAll your dreams will come true if you try your best.3. 不同时态的被动句(1) 一般现在时的被动语态I am not so easily deceived.我不会轻易上当受 骗的。Computers are widely used in the world. 计算机在世界范围内得到广泛应用。(2) 般过去时的被动语态The car was seriously damaged.汽车受至U严重 损坏。Prin

7、ting was introduced into Europe from China.印刷术是由中国传入欧洲的。(3) 现在进行时的被动语态The question is being discussed at the meeting. 这个问题现在正在会上讨论。The children are being taken care of by their aunt.孩子们现在正由其姑妈照看。(4) 过去进行时的被动语态When I called, tea was being served.当我来访时，正值上茶之际。When they arrived， the experiments were be

8、ing made.他们到达时，实验正在进行。(5) 现在完成时的被动语态The meeting has been put off.会议已被推迟了。 The party has been planned since the new year. 这次聚会自新年起就已筹划了。(6) 过去完成时的被动语态By the end of last month,he had been robbed at least three times.到上月底，他已被抢了至少三次。(7) 将来完成时的被动语态It is said that the building will have been completed bef

9、ore September.据说大楼将于九月前竣工。This class will have been taught by Mr Brown for two years by next summer.到明年夏天，布朗先生在这两个班执教已有两年 了。2. 含有情态动词的被动语态Water mustn't be wasted.绝不能浪费水。Electric energy can be changed into light enery. 电能可以转变成光能。Cross the road very carefully. Look both ways, or you might be knock

10、ed down.过马路时要特别小心，要往两边看，不然会被撞 倒。3. Get+过去分词构成的被动语态Get+过去分词也可以构成被动语态，用这 种结构的句子侧重于动作的结果而不是动作本 身。如：the man got hurt on his way home.那个男人在 回家的路上受伤了。Mary is going to get married.玛丽准备结婚了。 How did the glass get broken?杯 子怎么破了？4. 短语动词的被动语态(1)动词+介词This matter has been talked about recently. 这件事近来一直被谈论着。Such

11、a thing has never been heard of before. 这样的事从未被听说过。The old man was looked after carefully.那位老人被精心照顾着。He has never been listened to.人家从不听他的 话。(2) 动词+副词The sports meeting was put off. 运动会被推迟 了。A short play will be put on by them at the party. 一个短剧将要由他们在晚会上演出。What he said must be thought over.他说的话必 须仔细

12、思考。(3) 其他短语动词Privileges must be done away with.特权必须被 取消。The light has just been turned off.灯刚被关上。 Their plans are being carried out.他们的计戈U 正在执行中。5. “主+动+宾+宾补”句型变为被动结构这种句型有两个宾语，一般地说一为间接宾 语，一为直接宾语。变为被动结构时，只将主动 结构中的一个宾语变为被动结构中的主语，另一宾语不变。We call him Xiao Wang.我们叫他小王。（主动 句）He was called Xiao Wang.他被叫做小王。

13、（被动 句）He painted the table green.他把桌子漆成了绿 色。（主动句）The table was painted green.桌子被漆成了绿色。（被动句）6. “主+动+that从句”句型的被动句有些以that从句作宾语的主动句可以转换 成两种形式的被动句。如：People say that he is the richest man in the city.人们说他是全市头号富翁。t It is said that he is the richest man in the city.据说他是全市头号富翁。t He is said to be the richest

14、 man in the city. 据说他是全市头号富翁。当说话人认为主动句的主语无关紧要， 或者 不清楚谁是谓语动作的发出者时，便常常使用上 述形式的被动句。如：It was reported that the boy had been found. 据报道，男孩已被找到。The boy was reported to have been found. 据报道，男孩已被找到。常用于上述被动句型的动词有： acknowledge, assume, believe, claim, consider, declare, estimate, expect, find, know, presume,

15、report, say, think 等。7.含有被动意义的主动语态英语中有一些表示被动意义的主动句，其谓 语所表示的不是主语的动作，而是其内在的性 能。这种句子的特点是：主语为无生命名词，谓 语动词为一般现在时；肯定句必须带方式状语； 否定句的谓语可以带情态动词。如：She is to blame.她应该受到责备。 The house is to rent .这个房子要出租。 Food can keep fresh in a fridge.食物放在冰箱 里能保鲜。The pen writes smoothly .这支钢笔很好写。 The cloth feels soft.这布摸上去很柔软。T

16、he cake tastes good这蛋糕很好吃。练习题：1. The Great Green Wall will stop the wind from(blow) the earth away.2. Mr Smith kept on(ask) the players torememberTEAMWORK3. Alice didn't hear what the teacher said justnow,so she doesn't know how (do) theproblem.4. The policeman asked the old granny to putdow

17、n her heavy box and let him(carry)it for her.5. 用help,happen,listen,have,ask,be,plant,miss,leave,look的适当形式填空：.WangHai is a good comrade .He always does his bestothers.(2) .Dig the hole big enough,or the trees can' t well .(3) . It's time for class .Let's stopto theteacher.(4) .Her face t

18、urned red when shetosing a song for all of us.(5) .She is older than Mary butmuchyounger.(6) -l can't find my keys.-Maybe you them in the pocket.句型转换练习题 将下列主动句转换成被动句。1. The government official told him not to waste time on fighting for rights.2. I gave my cousin a toy at Christmas.3. They should

19、 do it right now.4. He is likely to let you down.5. They named the boy Johnson.6. The monster let the little girl clean the cave.7. People in the town laugh at Hugh for his fancy dress.被动语态第二讲一、主动形式表示被动意义英语的被动意义除了用及物动词的被动语态形式表示外，还可以用其他方法来表示，就像在汉语中并 非一定要用被”字来表示的被动意义一样。i、用某些不及物动词表示被动意义，如carry,cut,driv

20、e,iron,keep,lock,open,pick,read,sell,shut,tear,wash,wear,write等等。这类动词既能作及物动词，也能作不及物动词。作不及物动词时，形式上虽为主动，却表示 被动意义。例如：Meat cuts easily. 肉容易切。His novel sells well.他的小说畅销。在上述句子中，主语通常指物，起动作承受者的作用，也可以说是不及物动词的逻辑宾语。但是有时也有用人称主语的。例如：The girl does not photograph well.这女孩不上像。比较：The girl has not been photographed

21、well.这女孩的照片没拍好。2、某些感觉动词的主动态表示被动意义。例如：This shirt feels much softer than that one.这件衬衫比那件衬衫摸起来柔软得多。That booksmells old.那本书有一股霉味。These oranges taste nice.这些橙子味道很好。以上这些动词都不能用进行时表示。若用进行时，则表示主动含义。比较： The child is smelling thepaint .小孩正在闻油漆的气味。3、 有少数动词(bind,cook,do,owe,print)的进行时有时有被动意义。在这种用法中，句子的主语都应该是 指物

22、的。例如：The magazine is binding(printing).这本杂志正在装订 (印刷)。He paid all that was owing.欠的钱他都还了。The meat is cooking. 正在火敦肉。4、 动词get,come,go 之后接过去分词，表示被动意义。get的这种用法局限于口语和非正式的书面语言， 更强调动作的结果而非动作本身，并常用来表示突发性的、岀乎意料的偶然事件。而come和go常接含否定意义的过去分词。例如：After working selflessly in here for several years,Mr Li got promoted

23、 at last.李先生在此地无私地干了好几年，终于得到提升。They got delayed because of the holiday traffic.由于节日交通阻塞，他们被耽误了。The buttons onmy coat came undone.我上衣的扣子松开了。The woman's complaints went unnoticed.那位女士的投诉无人理睬。5、 在need(want,require,deserve,etc.)doing句型中，动名词(doing)相当于动词不定式的被动式 (to be done)，在意思上没有多大差别。例如：The problem r

24、equires studying with great care. care.这个问题需要仔细研究。旅 The problem requires to be studied with greatThese jobs want doing at once. 班 These jobs want to be done at once. 这些工作需要马上就做。用法相似的结构还有 bear doing,stand doing,be worth doing,习惯不用动词不定式。如： That won'tbear thinking of. 那是不堪想像的。The little girl can

25、9;t stand criticizing.小女孩经不起批评。The food is not worth eating.这种饭菜不值一吃。It's well worth making the effort to learn how to do it.很值得花一番功夫去学会怎么做这事。值得注意的是，在be worth doing 句型中，只能用动名词的主动式，而在be worthy to be done 中,才能用动词不定式的被动式，两者不可混淆。6、在某些性质形容词+动词不定式的句型中，其动词不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。例如：The question is easy to answe

26、r.这问题容易回答。That book is difficult to understand.那本书难懂。在这种句型结构中，动词不定式和主语的关系实际上是一种逻辑上的动宾关系，可以说是动词不定式作主语变换来的，相当于 It's easy to answer the question. 和 It's difficult to understand that book.由于把动词宾语放在主语位置，所以和不定式的关系构成一种被动关系。7、有些动词不定式不论用主动形式还是被动形式，动词不定式和主语的关系都是被动的。例如：Nobody was to blame (to be blamed

27、) for the accident.这个事故，谁也不能责怪。The house is tolet (to be let). 这房子出租。There are a lot of books to read (to be read).有许多书要读。Those cars are to rent (to be rented).那些汽车出租。8、以able或ible结尾的形容词可表示被动意义。例如： These tickets are available for one month.These tickets are capable of being used for one month.这些票可用一个

28、月。It's a credible explanation.这鱼几乎不能吃。9、有些介词短语The fish was hardly eatable.The fish could hardly be eaten. 用作表语或定语时，可以表示被动意义。例如：The thief is under arrest. 斑 The thief has been arrested.小偷已被捕。Apples are on sale. 班 Apples are being sold.苹果在出售。The phenomenon under study is very interesting.賊 The phe

29、nomenon which is being studied isvery interesting.正在研究的现象十分有趣。10、在冠词the和a (an)后面只能用动名词的主动形式，这种名词化的动名词有时表示被动意义。例如：The boy took a beating.那男孩挨了打。It was spoilt in the making.这东西在制作过程中被损坏了。11、在某些名词词组中，表示动作的名词无疑具有动作的含义，往往可以表现被动意义，而这种被动意义 与英语的被动结构无任何语法上的联系。例如：After his release from prison,he returned home

30、.他从监狱被释放出来以后回至U了家。His family livedon government aid for three years.他一家靠政府救济生活三年了。二、语态转换和某些动词的关系1、一般以为凡及物动词都有相应的被动句，其实不然，当主动宾”结构的谓语动词是表示状态或特征的及物动词，如 contain,cost,fit,have,lack,resemble,suit等，主动句便没有相应的被动句：Linda resembles her mother.琳达象她母亲。This red coat becomes her.这件红上衣合她的身。The auditorium holds 2000

31、people.大礼堂能容纳两千人。My shoes don't fit me.我的鞋不合脚。Jack always lacks confidence.杰克总是缺乏信心。但是，状态动词 know 有相应的被动态：Experts have been known to make this mistake.大家知道，专家也会犯这种错误。有时，有些不能用于被动语态的状态动词，在同一意义上，如果不用by -词组，可以有被动句。如：All my things are held in this box.这只箱子里装着我所有的东西。She was born in Nanjing. 她生于南京。He wa

32、s said to be an honest man.据说他是个老实人。They will be married next month. 他们将于下月结婚。Mary said that she was not obliged to work overtime.玛丽说她并不是非加班不可。3、当 主动 宾”结构的宾语为反身代词或相互代词时，通常不能转换为被动句。例如：The doctordedicated herself to finding a cure.这位医生为寻求一种治疗方法奉献了她的一生。Did he hurt himself when he fell?他跌倒时有没有摔伤了自己？We c

33、ould hardly see each other in the fog.在雾中我们彼此几乎看不见。They told each other about their families.他们互相向对方讲述了各自的家庭情况。4、用于被动语态的have。动词have作为有”的意思时，是状态动词，没有相应的被动态。但是在下列 情况中，have有被动语态。a、 作为 被买到(得到)”、被找到”意思时：We tried to get a copy of her book,but there was none to be had(to be bought).我们想弄至 U本她的书，但就是买不到。That

34、is about the only work to be had(=to be found) at this time of the year.那大概就是今年此时唯一能找到的工作了。b、作为欺(哄)骗”意思时，口语中常用被动态：rm afraid you've been had.恐怕你上当了。He's not the first person that's been had in that way.他并非第一个这样上当受骗的人。c、 作 被贿赂"意思时：The man was had (=was bribed) into giving them the doc

35、uments.这人被贿赂，给他们提供了文件。d、与某些介词或副词构成短语动词时，相当于一个及物动词：r ve been had on (=have been fooled) too often to take his stories seriously.我时常上他的当，不再把他的话当真了。这年青人因危险驾车被法庭The young man was had up (=was taken to court)for dangerous driving. 传讯。等。5、有些原来不及物的动词，如果作使役动词来用，那么有被动语态，较常见的有fly,run,stand,walk例如：Many cars ha

36、ve been flown to Europe.许多汽车已被空运到欧洲去了。This bottle must not be stood close to the fire.这只瓶不得放在近火处。Horses should be walked for some time after a race.赛马后，得溜一会儿马。三、被动语态结构与 SVC（动词ed形式作表语）结构的区别被动语态表示动作，句子主语为动作的对象，SVC结构表示主语的特点或所处的状态，其中的过去分词相当于形容词，be只有一般时态和完成时态。被动结构的时态一般要与相应的主动结构一致。下面把这两种结构作一比较：1、 The library is usually closed at 6.图书馆通常六点关门。（被动语态）The library is now closed. 图书馆关门了。 （SVC 结构）2、The bridge was completed in 1968. 桥是 1968 年建成的。（被动语态）The bridge is completed.桥已修好。（SVC 结构）3、 The glass was broken by my sister.玻璃杯是我妹妹打破的。（被动语态）The glass is broken.玻璃杯破了。 （SVC 结构）为了便于考生们的理解，我们再举几个SVC结构的例句：