10.虚拟语气(1)

1、第一页，编辑于星期五：二十二点 二十七分。第一页，编辑于星期六：十五点 十一分。definition陈述语气（陈述语气（the indicative mood）用来陈述一个事实，）用来陈述一个事实，或提出一个想法，有肯定、否定、疑问或感叹等形或提出一个想法，有肯定、否定、疑问或感叹等形式。式。the fish is not alive without water.虚语语气（虚语语气（the subjunctive mood）表示说）表示说话人的一种愿望、建议、命令、要求、有时话人的一种愿望、建议、命令、要求、有时是一种非真实的假设、料想，或是不可能实是一种非真实的假设、料想，或是不可能实现的与

2、事实相反的愿望。现的与事实相反的愿望。第二页，编辑于星期五：二十二点 二十七分。第二页，编辑于星期六：十五点 十一分。1. 虚拟语气的考点虚拟语气的考点 1、条件句中的虚拟语气的用法；、条件句中的虚拟语气的用法；2、条件句中虚拟语气的倒装；、条件句中虚拟语气的倒装；3、名词性从句中虚拟语气的用法；、名词性从句中虚拟语气的用法；4、几种特殊结构中虚拟语气的用法；、几种特殊结构中虚拟语气的用法；5、虚拟语气与陈述语气的判定。、虚拟语气与陈述语气的判定。第三页，编辑于星期五：二十二点 二十七分。第三页，编辑于星期六：十五点 十一分。if if引导的虚拟条件句引导的虚拟条件句第四页，编辑于星期五：二十

3、二点 二十七分。第四页，编辑于星期六：十五点 十一分。区别区别:if it rains tomorrow, the crops will be saved.陈述语气陈述语气if it rained tomorrow, the crops would be saved.虚拟语气虚拟语气第五页，编辑于星期五：二十二点 二十七分。第五页，编辑于星期六：十五点 十一分。if + 主主 + did(were), 主主+would/should/could/might +动词原形动词原形if i were you, i would try it again.1. 如果我是你，我会再试一次。如果我是你，我会

4、再试一次。2.2.如果我有一百万美元，我会买下这架飞机如果我有一百万美元，我会买下这架飞机。if i had one million dollars, i would buy the plane.与现在事实相反的虚拟条件句与现在事实相反的虚拟条件句第六页，编辑于星期五：二十二点 二十七分。第六页，编辑于星期六：十五点 十一分。if +主主 +had done sth, 主主+would/should/could/might +动词完成式（动词完成式（have done）if he had worked hard, he would have passed the examination.1.1

5、.如果他努力学的话，他就通过这次考试。如果他努力学的话，他就通过这次考试。if i had married her, i would have been unhappy.2.2.要是当时我和她结了婚的话，那我是很不幸的。要是当时我和她结了婚的话，那我是很不幸的。与过去事实相反的虚拟条件句与过去事实相反的虚拟条件句1.如果他努力学的话，他就通过这次考试。如果他努力学的话，他就通过这次考试。第七页，编辑于星期五：二十二点 二十七分。第七页，编辑于星期六：十五点 十一分。与将来事实相反的虚拟条件句与将来事实相反的虚拟条件句( (通常有时间状语通常有时间状语) )if he came here tom

6、orrow, i would tell him about it.if he were to come here tomorrow, i would tell him.1.1.如果他明天来的话如果他明天来的话, ,我会告诉他这件事我会告诉他这件事.2.2.如果他明天来的话如果他明天来的话, ,我会告诉他我会告诉他.if + 主主 + did(were to /should do), 主主+would/should/could/might +动词原形动词原形第八页，编辑于星期五：二十二点 二十七分。第八页，编辑于星期六：十五点 十一分。if you _tomorrow, you _find th

7、e new manager working in the office. a. should come; would b. would come; wouldc. will come; should d. comes; mightif the parents _at the hospital earlier after the accident, the child would have been saved.a. arrives b. arrive c. had arrived d. has arrived第九页，编辑于星期五：二十二点 二十七分。第九页，编辑于星期六：十五点 十一分。-if

8、 he _he _that food.- luckily he was sent to the hospital immediately.a. was warned; would not have takenb. had been warned; would not have takenc. would be warned; had not takend. would have been warned; had not taken第十页，编辑于星期五：二十二点 二十七分。第十页，编辑于星期六：十五点 十一分。i didnt see your sister at the meeting. if

9、she _, she would have met my brother.a. has come b. did come c. came d. had come if my lawyer _here last sunday, he _ me from going .a. had been; would have preventedb. had been; would preventc. were; would prevent d. were; would have preventedif my lawyer _here last sunday, he _me from going .第十一页，

10、编辑于星期五：二十二点 二十七分。第十一页，编辑于星期六：十五点 十一分。倒装的倒装的if if虚拟句虚拟句第十二页，编辑于星期五：二十二点 二十七分。第十二页，编辑于星期六：十五点 十一分。条件状语的倒装：条件状语的倒装：如果条件状语中有如果条件状语中有were, had, should时时, , 可以倒装成：可以倒装成：were / should / had + +主主+ +其他其他were i you, i would try it again. had he been there yesterday, he would have seen the film. should it sno

11、w tomorrow, we wouldnt go out. if i were you, i would try it again.if he had been there yesterday, he would have seen the film.if it should snow tomorrow, we wouldnt go out.第十三页，编辑于星期五：二十二点 二十七分。第十三页，编辑于星期六：十五点 十一分。_the exam, he would have attend a college.a. if he passed b. had he passedc. were he

12、passed d. if he should pass_five minutes earlier, you could have seen them off.a. if you should arrive b. if you arrivec. had you arrived d. should you arrive _it rain tomorrow, we should have to put off the visit to the science museum.a. were b. should c. would d. will第十四页，编辑于星期五：二十二点 二十七分。第十四页，编辑于

13、星期六：十五点 十一分。wishwish引导的虚拟句引导的虚拟句第十五页，编辑于星期五：二十二点 二十七分。第十五页，编辑于星期六：十五点 十一分。i wish i remembered the address.i wish i remembered the address.我要是记得地址就好了。（真可惜我忘了）我要是记得地址就好了。（真可惜我忘了）how i wish he had not left.how i wish he had not left.要是他没有离开这里就好了。（他已离开）要是他没有离开这里就好了。（他已离开）i wish it would rain tomorrow.i

14、wish it would rain tomorrow.要是明天下雨就好了。（说话人以预料明天不会下雨）要是明天下雨就好了。（说话人以预料明天不会下雨）wish + thathow i wishif onlydid/were 现在现在had done 过去过去would / might /would do 将来将来would/could/might have done 过去过去第十六页，编辑于星期五：二十二点 二十七分。第十六页，编辑于星期六：十五点 十一分。lwish后的宾语从句后的宾语从句l表示现在或将来的愿望，从句谓语用过去式；表示现在或将来的愿望，从句谓语用过去式；l表示过去没实现或不

15、可能实现的愿望，从句表示过去没实现或不可能实现的愿望，从句谓语用过去完成时或谓语用过去完成时或would/could/might have done；l如果从句谓语中用如果从句谓语中用would，一般表示对现，一般表示对现状不满或希望改变或请求。状不满或希望改变或请求。第十七页，编辑于星期五：二十二点 二十七分。第十七页，编辑于星期六：十五点 十一分。if only (1) 要是就好了要是就好了 = i wishif only i knew his name now!if only we had followed your advice last time!if only i could se

16、e him again next year!要是我们的父母能和我们住在一起就好了。要是我们的父母能和我们住在一起就好了。if only our parents could live with us!if only i hadnt missed the train!要是我没错过火车就好了要是我没错过火车就好了.第十八页，编辑于星期五：二十二点 二十七分。第十八页，编辑于星期六：十五点 十一分。exercises:“ have you visited the science museum?”“ no, but i really wish i _.” a. had b. did c. have d.

17、 willi didnt go to the party, but i do wish i _there.a. was b. were c. had been d. wenti wish i _ you yesterday.a. see b. did see c. had seen d. were to see 第十九页，编辑于星期五：二十二点 二十七分。第十九页，编辑于星期六：十五点 十一分。-he is a brave man.-yes, i wish i _his courage.a. have b. had c. will have d. would havetom can take

18、his car apart and put it back together again. i certainly wish he _me how.a. teaches b. will teach c. has taught d. would teach第二十页，编辑于星期五：二十二点 二十七分。第二十页，编辑于星期六：十五点 十一分。the picture exhibition bored me to death. i wish i_to it.a. hadnt gone b. havent gonec. didnt go d. could not have gonehow i wish i

19、 _that! everybody present was angry with me.a. didnt go b. hadnt done c. wouldnt do d. wasnt doing第二十一页，编辑于星期五：二十二点 二十七分。第二十一页，编辑于星期六：十五点 十一分。虚拟语气 subjunctive mood时间时间条件从句条件从句 if主句主句过去过去had donewould/should/could/might have done现在现在did/werewould/should/could/might do将来将来1.should do2.were to do3.did退

20、一步退一步 海阔天空海阔天空as if/ though, wish, if only等从句的虚拟等从句的虚拟与它相同。与它相同。第二十二页，编辑于星期五：二十二点 二十七分。第二十二页，编辑于星期六：十五点 十一分。如果我是你，我就听从他的建议。如果我是你，我就听从他的建议。if i were you, i would have taken his advice.从句表示现在，主句表示过去从句表示现在，主句表示过去如果你听我的话，现在就不会这么糟糕了。如果你听我的话，现在就不会这么糟糕了。从句表示过去，主句表示现在从句表示过去，主句表示现在如果这些天一直没下雨，我们现在可以进行如果这些天一直没

21、下雨，我们现在可以进行工作了。工作了。从句表过去进行，主句表现在进行从句表过去进行，主句表现在进行if you had listened to me, you might not be in such trouble now.if it hadnt been raining those days, we should be going on with the works.第二十三页，编辑于星期五：二十二点 二十七分。第二十三页，编辑于星期六：十五点 十一分。注意注意: :主从句时间不一致情况下的虚拟语气主从句时间不一致情况下的虚拟语气( (混合混合条件句条件句):): 有时条件从句中的动作和结

22、果与主句中的动有时条件从句中的动作和结果与主句中的动作，发生的时间不一致，这时动作的形式应作，发生的时间不一致，这时动作的形式应根据它所表示的时间加以调整。根据它所表示的时间加以调整。 第二十四页，编辑于星期五：二十二点 二十七分。第二十四页，编辑于星期六：十五点 十一分。if you had followed my advice, you would if you had followed my advice, you would be able to finish the work now.be able to finish the work now.如果你当时听了我的话，现在就能完成这份

23、工作了。如果你当时听了我的话，现在就能完成这份工作了。（从句说明过去，主句说明现在。）（从句说明过去，主句说明现在。）if i were you, i would have gone to her if i were you, i would have gone to her birthday party.birthday party.如果我是你，我就去参加她的生日晚会了。如果我是你，我就去参加她的生日晚会了。（从句说明现在，主句说明过去。）（从句说明现在，主句说明过去。） 第二十五页，编辑于星期五：二十二点 二十七分。第二十五页，编辑于星期六：十五点 十一分。if you hadnt len

24、t me some money, if you hadnt lent me some money, i couldnt have bought the new i couldnt have bought the new house and most likely i would be house and most likely i would be still living in the dangerous house still living in the dangerous house now.now.假若你不借钱给我，假若你不借钱给我， 我不可能买下这幢新房，我不可能买下这幢新房，很可能

25、现在还住在危房里。很可能现在还住在危房里。（从句说明过去，主句说明过去和现（从句说明过去，主句说明过去和现在。）在。）第二十六页，编辑于星期五：二十二点 二十七分。第二十六页，编辑于星期六：十五点 十一分。名词性从句中要求名词性从句中要求用虚拟语气的动词用虚拟语气的动词第二十七页，编辑于星期五：二十二点 二十七分。第二十七页，编辑于星期六：十五点 十一分。 suggest, order, demand, propose, command, request, desire, insist, require, advice etc.引引导的宾语从句要用虚拟语气，以导的宾语从句要用虚拟语气，以(sh

26、ould) + v原原的形式出现。的形式出现。 we all suggest that he ( should ) finish his homework first. the captain commanded that all the sailors ( should ) get down to work at once.第二十八页，编辑于星期五：二十二点 二十七分。第二十八页，编辑于星期六：十五点 十一分。以下主语从句的结构表示说话人的态度或对某事物的评价以下主语从句的结构表示说话人的态度或对某事物的评价,主语从名中的谓语动词常用主语从名中的谓语动词常用”原形动词原形动词”或或 “sho

27、uld+原原形动词形动词”式虚拟语气式虚拟语气.lit is a shame that-lit is incredible that-lit is natural that-lit is no wonder that-lit is quite natural that such fears should arise.产生这样的疑虑是很自然的产生这样的疑虑是很自然的.lit is a great pity that he should be so conceited.他这样自负真是太遗憾了他这样自负真是太遗憾了.第二十九页，编辑于星期五：二十二点 二十七分。第二十九页，编辑于星期六：十五点 十一

28、分。its necessary /strange/ natural/ important + that-clause 从句中的动词要用虚拟，从句中的动词要用虚拟，即（即（should）+动词原形动词原形lit is important that we ( should ) master a foreign language.lit is strange that she refuse to come to the party.lits necessary that we should study hard.第三十页，编辑于星期五：二十二点 二十七分。第三十页，编辑于星期六：十五点 十一分。it

29、s suggested ( ordered, demanded, proposed, commanded, requested, desired, insisted, required ) that 后面的主语从句中要使用后面的主语从句中要使用虚拟语气，也以虚拟语气，也以 ( should )+ v原原.的形式出的形式出现。现。 its ordered that only german ( should ) be taught at schools in alsas and lorin. its requested that all the students ( should ) wear s

30、chool uniforms at school.第三十一页，编辑于星期五：二十二点 二十七分。第三十一页，编辑于星期六：十五点 十一分。 以上这些动词的名词形式后面的表语从句以上这些动词的名词形式后面的表语从句 和同位语从句中也要用虚拟语气，也应以和同位语从句中也要用虚拟语气，也应以 (should) + v (should) + v原原. . 的形式出现。的形式出现。 my suggestion is that you ( should ) go home first before coming here. his request that his cost ( should ) be p

31、aid by the hour is completely reasonable.the order came that the work (should) be finished two days ahead of time my advice is that you (should) practise speaking english as often as possible 第三十二页，编辑于星期五：二十二点 二十七分。第三十二页，编辑于星期六：十五点 十一分。注意注意:当当suggest 表示表示“暗示暗示”;insist表示表示“坚持认为坚持认为”时不用虚拟！时不用虚拟！his ac

32、cent suggests he comes from hunan.i insist that he was wronghis silence suggested that he agreed with my decision he insists that doing morning exercises does good to peoples health. 第三十三页，编辑于星期五：二十二点 二十七分。第三十三页，编辑于星期六：十五点 十一分。虚拟语气特殊句型：第三十四页，编辑于星期五：二十二点 二十七分。第三十四页，编辑于星期六：十五点 十一分。1. would rather that

33、现在：现在：过去：过去：未来：未来：过去时过去时过去完成时过去完成时过去时过去时i would rather you paid me now.i would rather you had gone, too.dont come. i would rather you came tomorrow.第三十五页，编辑于星期五：二十二点 二十七分。第三十五页，编辑于星期六：十五点 十一分。注意注意: 在主语在主语would (had) rather that 宾语从句中，从句谓语一般用过去式表示宾语从句中，从句谓语一般用过去式表示虚拟形式。例如虚拟形式。例如:我真希望你告诉我真相。我真希望你告诉我真相

34、。 id rather you told me the truth. 我宁愿不再见着你。我宁愿不再见着你。 id rather i didnt see you again. 我倒希望他们和我一起去。我倒希望他们和我一起去。i would rather they went with me.第三十六页，编辑于星期五：二十二点 二十七分。第三十六页，编辑于星期六：十五点 十一分。2. as if /though + clause现在：现在：过去：过去：将来将来 :did /were(现在现在)had done(过去过去)she loves the baby as if it were her own

35、 son.he speaks as if he had been to the united states. would+动词原形动词原形(将来将来)第三十七页，编辑于星期五：二十二点 二十七分。第三十七页，编辑于星期六：十五点 十一分。 区别： 若从句表示有较大可能性,尤其当主句动词为look, seem, smell, taste, sound, feel时,谓语动词通常用陈述语气.he speaks english as if/ though he is from the usa.陈述语气陈述语气he speaks english as if/ though he were from t

36、he usa.虚拟语气虚拟语气第三十八页，编辑于星期五：二十二点 二十七分。第三十八页，编辑于星期六：十五点 十一分。(1) 对现在的虚拟对现在的虚拟,谓语动词用过去时谓语动词用过去时 (系动词用系动词用were),意指主从句谓语表示意指主从句谓语表示的动词同时发生的动词同时发生.例如例如:他看起来好象病了他看起来好象病了.he looks as if he were ill.他感到他应该独自对发生的他感到他应该独自对发生的 事情承担责任事情承担责任.he felt as if he alone were responsible for what had happened.第三十九页，编辑于星

37、期五：二十二点 二十七分。第三十九页，编辑于星期六：十五点 十一分。(2) 对过去的虚拟谓语动词使用对过去的虚拟谓语动词使用had+过过去分词去分词, 意指从句谓语动词发生在主句意指从句谓语动词发生在主句谓语动词之前谓语动词之前.例如例如:她英语说的很好就象是在英国学习的一样她英语说的很好就象是在英国学习的一样.she spoke english well as if she had studied english in england.我记得整件事情就象是昨天发生的一样我记得整件事情就象是昨天发生的一样.i remember the whole thing as if it had happ

38、ened yesterday.第四十页，编辑于星期五：二十二点 二十七分。第四十页，编辑于星期六：十五点 十一分。(3) 对未来的虚拟谓语动词使用对未来的虚拟谓语动词使用would+动动词原形词原形, 意指从句谓语动词发生在主句谓意指从句谓语动词发生在主句谓语动词之后语动词之后. 例如例如:史密斯太太哭得心都快碎了史密斯太太哭得心都快碎了.mrs. smith sobbed as if her heart would break.第四十一页，编辑于星期五：二十二点 二十七分。第四十一页，编辑于星期六：十五点 十一分。when a pencil is partly in a glass of w

39、ater, it looks as if it _.a. breaks b. has broken c. were broken d. had been brokenthe actor is 58 years old. but he acts as if he _ a young man.a. is b. will be c. am d. werethe clouds are getting darker and darker. it looks as if it _rain.a. is going to b. will c. was going to d. would第四十二页，编辑于星期五

40、：二十二点 二十七分。第四十二页，编辑于星期六：十五点 十一分。注意：注意：如果表示的事情可能会如果表示的事情可能会发生，那么状语从句中的谓语发生，那么状语从句中的谓语动词可用陈述语气。动词可用陈述语气。it looks as if you are tired.第四十三页，编辑于星期五：二十二点 二十七分。第四十三页，编辑于星期六：十五点 十一分。3. its (about/high) time +that -过去时should +v.你该走了。its high time that you went.its high time that you were going.its high time

41、 that you should go.我们该去睡觉了。its time that we went to bed.its time that we should go to bed. 第四十四页，编辑于星期五：二十二点 二十七分。第四十四页，编辑于星期六：十五点 十一分。4. otherwise 和和supposing也可以引导虚也可以引导虚拟语气。例如：拟语气。例如：the storm stopped, otherwise the sailors would have fallen into the sea.suppose(supposing) your friends knew how y

42、ou are behaving here, what would they think?第四十五页，编辑于星期五：二十二点 二十七分。第四十五页，编辑于星期六：十五点 十一分。8. so that 与与in order that 二者引导的目的状语从句谓语部分应该用二者引导的目的状语从句谓语部分应该用may /might/can /could /etc.+动词原形动词原形 she stayed at home for a few days so that she might have more time to study it. she listened carefully in order

43、that she might discover exactly what he wanted. he went to the station in a taxi so that he should not miss the train.第四十六页，编辑于星期五：二十二点 二十七分。第四十六页，编辑于星期六：十五点 十一分。9.用用 “may+动词原形动词原形”表示祝愿，表示祝愿，但愿，此时但愿，此时may须置于句首须置于句首 may good luck be yours!祝你好运！祝你好运！may you be happy!祝你快乐！祝你快乐！may you do even better!祝你

44、取得更大祝你取得更大成就成就 long live the people! 人民万岁！人民万岁！“god bless you,” said the priest.牧牧师说：师说：“愿上帝保佑你！愿上帝保佑你！” 第四十七页，编辑于星期五：二十二点 二十七分。第四十七页，编辑于星期六：十五点 十一分。第四十八页，编辑于星期五：二十二点 二十七分。第四十八页，编辑于星期六：十五点 十一分。非真实条件句中的条件从句非真实条件句中的条件从句有时不表出来，只暗含在上有时不表出来，只暗含在上下文中，这种句子叫做含蓄下文中，这种句子叫做含蓄条件句。含蓄条件句大体有条件句。含蓄条件句大体有三种情况三种情况: 第

45、四十九页，编辑于星期五：二十二点 二十七分。第四十九页，编辑于星期六：十五点 十一分。1. 条件暗含在短语中。如：条件暗含在短语中。如： w hat would i have done without you? (条件暗含在介词短语条件暗含在介词短语without you中中) it would be easier to do it this way. (条件暗含在不定式短语条件暗含在不定式短语to do it this way 中中) but for your help we couldnt have succeeded in the experiment. (暗含条件是暗含条件是but f

46、or your help)第五十页，编辑于星期五：二十二点 二十七分。第五十页，编辑于星期六：十五点 十一分。 without和和but for 构成虚拟构成虚拟 but for要不是要不是without sunlight, peoples life would be different from today.but for your help, i wouldnt have finished the work. without your help, i would have failed.but for water, it would be impossible to live in the

47、 desert.第五十一页，编辑于星期五：二十二点 二十七分。第五十一页，编辑于星期六：十五点 十一分。he must have the strength of a hippopotamus, or he never could have vanquished that great beast. (暗含条件是连词暗含条件是连词or) alone, he would have been terrified. (暗含条件是暗含条件是alone) 第五十二页，编辑于星期五：二十二点 二十七分。第五十二页，编辑于星期六：十五点 十一分。2. 条件暗含在上下文中。如：条件暗含在上下文中。如： you m

48、ight stay here forever. (可能暗含可能暗含if you wanted to) we would have succeeded. (可能暗含可能暗含if we had kept trying) your reputation would be ruined. (可能暗含可能暗含if you should accept it) i would appreciate a little of your time. (可能暗含可能暗含if you were so kind as to give me a little of your time)第五十三页，编辑于星期五：二十二点

49、二十七分。第五十三页，编辑于星期六：十五点 十一分。3. 在不少情况下，虚拟式已变成习惯说法，在不少情况下，虚拟式已变成习惯说法，很难找出其暗含的条件。很难找出其暗含的条件。如：如： you wouldnt know. 你不会知道。你不会知道。 i would like to come. 我愿意来。我愿意来。 i wouldnt have dreamed of it. 这是我做梦也不会想到的。这是我做梦也不会想到的。 he told the story in such minute detail that he might himself have been an eye-witness. 他

50、将那事讲的非常仔细，简直就象他亲眼看见一他将那事讲的非常仔细，简直就象他亲眼看见一样样 第五十四页，编辑于星期五：二十二点 二十七分。第五十四页，编辑于星期六：十五点 十一分。1 he suggested that the meeting put off. a. not be b. should not c. wouldnt d. be not 2 it is strange that he so. a. thinks b. think c.thought d. will think 3 i wish i my uncle yesterday. a. met b. have met c. wo

51、uld meet d. had met 4 the old professor gave orders that the experiment before 6. a. was finished b. will finish c. be finished d. shall be finished 第五十五页，编辑于星期五：二十二点 二十七分。第五十五页，编辑于星期六：十五点 十一分。5. she says shed rather he _tomorrow instead of today. a. had b. should leave c. leaves d. left6. its alrea

52、dy 5 oclock now. dont you think its about time_ ? a. we are going home b. if she leaves c. we went home d. if she had left第五十六页，编辑于星期五：二十二点 二十七分。第五十六页，编辑于星期六：十五点 十一分。 7 its high time he home. a. goes b. went c. will go d. is going to go 8 you succeed and you be healthy. a. maymay b. wishwish c. hope

53、hope d. shouldmay 9 galileo insisted that the earth round the sun. a. should move b. move c. moves d. a or b第五十七页，编辑于星期五：二十二点 二十七分。第五十七页，编辑于星期六：十五点 十一分。10 if only i _ to my parents advice! a. listening b. listen c. am listening d. had listened 11 -why didnt you come to the party yesterday? -i _ , but an unexpected visitor came to see me. a. did b. wou