初中英语命题技术与测试研究

1、专题讲座初中英语命题技术与测试研究一、为什么要实行语言测试？ 基于语言测试的目的和功能。 （一）语言测试的目的 全面测试考生对义务教育阶段的英语语言基础知识的掌握和综合语言使用水平。 （二）语言测试的功能 1 、诊断功能 了解已达水平和存有的问题 分析原因 确定措施 设计目标 2 、反馈功能 肯定反馈 满足 强化积极性 否定反馈 焦虑 动因（阻力） 3 、定向功能 测验内容、评价标准往往会成为学生学习的内容和标准，从而左右学生努力的方向、学习的重点和时间的分配。 4 、证明功能 （ 1）测试成绩或评价能够作为证明学生掌握水准、水平水平或学习水平的证据； （ 2）教育行政部门评价教师工作的依据；

2、 （ 3）教育科研人员判定某个教学改革计划是否有效的依据。 5 、教学功能 （ 1）测试本身是教学活动的一部分； （ 2）促使学生复习、巩固； （ 3）训练技能、提高分析和解决问题的水平。 二、语言测试的内容 主要参考教育部英语课程标准（实验稿）相对应级别所规定的学习内容和要求及相关附录。 如五级技能要求 听: · 能根据语调和重音理解说话者的意图； · 能听懂相关熟悉话题的谈话，并能从中提取信息和观点； · 能借助语境克服生词障碍、理解大意； · 能听懂接近正常语速的故事和记叙文，理解故事的因果关系； · 能在听的过程中用适当的方式做出反应；

3、 · 能针对所听语段的内容记录简单信息。 三、语言测试的种类 （一）按学习阶段来分 1 、编班测试 编班测试经常用于摸底测试，目的是为了了解学生的入学水平，这样可对比历年学生的入学水平；第二种功能，就是把学生按不同水平分为不同班级；第三种功能是掌握学生的语言水平。 2 、随堂测试 随堂测试分量小、时间短、形式多样，可用于复习巩固本课知识，但是操作中需要长计划、分课安排，保证系统性。 3 、期中测试 期中测试是一种为了便于阶段性巩固的测试形式。 4 、期末测试 期末测试主要用于评价一学期的教学效果。 （二）按用途来分 1 、水平测试 主要考查学生的语言水平，不考虑之前是否学过，学了多少

4、，如何学的，而是为了测试被试者是否达到了某种语言水平。 2 、成绩测试 与所学的课程直接相关，目的是考查学生对所学知识和技能的掌握与使用。能够依据课程内容或教材内容，也可依据课程目标。 3 、潜能测试 用来预示学生学习某种语言的潜力和天赋 4 、诊断测试 用来发现教和学的问题能够考查单个项目，也可综合考查目的是为了改进教学，调整教学计划，实行个别指导。 四、试题设计的标准 （一）效度（ validity） 效度就是测量的有效性，也就是看考试是否考查了想要考查的内容。 （二）信度（ reliability） 信度指考试结果准确、稳定、可靠的水准。要求由不同的评卷人阅卷，所得分数大致相同；同一个评

5、卷人在不同时间阅卷，分数也大致相同。 （三）区分度（ discrimination） 区分的目的主要是为了比较。 （四）实用性（ practicality） 试题便于使用，试卷印制清晰醒目，措辞简洁、避免拼法错误或遗漏，尽量少涉及各种器材设备。由于设备不一定处处都有，而且质量也不完全一样。 （五）影响（ back-wash effect） 积极影响:发现问题，积极督促。 消极影响:考什么，学什么；不考就不学。 五、具体试题的命题技术 （一）命题总原则 1 、要依据课程标准来确定考查内容与标准 2 、要着重考查学生的综合语言使用水平 3 、要充分考查学生的实际生活和身心发展水平 4 、要选用真实

6、、地道的语言素材，根据语言实际使用情形命题 5 、要确保试题的信度和效度，杜绝繁、偏、旧的试题，控制题量 6 、要根据试题的考查目的和考查重点，科学、合理地制定评分标准 （二）具体题型的命题技术 1 、如何设计听力测试 （ 1）考查的主要形式 听对话选图； 听对话或独白选择准确答案； 听对话或独白记录关键信息。 （ 2）考查的内容 理解事实的水平； 对对话背景、话题、地点、说话者之间的关系等做出判断的水平； 理解说话者的意图观点或态度的水平； 获取并填写信息的水平。 （ 3）命题技术 要根据原文信息设计选项，主要针对关键信息设问； 选项长度不宜过长，要适当均衡； 题干应力求语言简洁、长度适宜；

7、 2 、如何设计单项选择 （ 1）题干的设计原则 尽量不要在题干句首设空； 题干应有一定的语境； 题干应力求语言简洁、长度适宜； 难易水准应与考生水平相适合。 （ 2）选项的设计原则 首先要保证答案的唯一性； 选项应该基本符合语法规则； 正确选项与干扰项的形式应基本一致； 所有选项应该都能分别放入题干之中； 每个选项确实都能起到干扰作用； 选项的设计不应背离考查目标。 （ 3）其他：避免常识类、脑筋急转弯的题 3 、如何设计完形填空 （ 1）总的原则和要求？ 在语篇层次上把握语言材料，在阅读理解的基础上进行逻辑推理，综合运用所学语言知识。 （ 2）考什么？ 主要考查以下几方面的知识和技能： 对

8、文章上下文的理解和把握能力； 对词汇意义及用法的理解和运用能力； 根据生活常识进行推理和判断的能力； 对惯用法和常用搭配的掌握能力。 （ 3）命题技术？ 所选材料与课标要求相当，用于完形填空的文字材料应略低于阅读理解的材料； 所选材料含有比较丰富的语言形式和紧凑的篇章结构； 长度适当。设空间隔通常在 5-8个单词的范围内，选文过长或过短都不利于设计完形填空题； 文章首句和末句一般不宜设空； 各类考点应均衡分布（词汇、上下文理解、篇章结构）； 考点侧重语篇的意义，而不是一味考查语法或句子结构； 考点设计应考虑上下文的呼应关系 设计考点时要避免某一小题的答案出现在文章的其他地方； 其他：每小题只能

9、有一个正确选项；正确选项和干扰项的外在形式特征要一致；干扰项要起到一定的干扰作用。 4 、如何设计阅读理解？ （ 1）考查什么 主要考查学生理解常用体裁和不同题材的书面材料的能力。 （ 2）主要体裁 主要有说明文、议论文、叙述描写、应用文等。 （ 3）命题原则 所选语言材料应具有教育性和思想性； 试题应体现生活化、实用化的特征，逐步趋向真实性语言测试； 组题方式应有所创新； 题目的设计应该灵活多样。 （ 4）考查内容 具体信息； 信息判断； 主旨大意； 词汇猜测； 作者意图； 逻辑推理； 信息归总。 （ 5）考查形式 正误判断； 多项选择； 完成句子或文段； 重新排序； 简答； 信息转化； 匹

10、配； 摘要填空； 完形填空。 （ 6）命题技术 阅读理解考查的重点是学生获取和处理信息的能力； 要注意试题的科学性和答案的唯一性； 要注意题目和阅读材料的关联性； 应该尽可能避免带有否定的题干； 阅读理解试题的选项应保持一致性。 5 、如何设计书面表达？ （ 1）命题原则 提供的信息要清楚、准确，保证学生都能理解题意和写作要求； 考查重点是学生表达思想、再现生活经历、描述事物、发表观点的能力，而不是纯粹的语法知识和词汇知识的掌握情况； 试题提供的情景要真实可信，符合学生的年龄特点，贴近学生的现实生活和社会实际； 不应该考查学生写作之外的能力； 给出的提示不能太多。 （ 2）考查技能 叙事、说明

11、与议论相结合，对人物或事件进行描述，并表达观点 能根据图示或表格写出段落，并说明或发表看法 能使用信件、日记、演讲稿等实用文体传达信息 能描述系列图片，编写或续写简单的故事。 （ 3）考查形式 有命题作文、写信、写请假条、留言、看图作文、多给出提示信息和参考词汇等。 案例评析一、案例:2009 学年第二学期期末考试试卷二、试卷简要评析 案例（光盘）及评析文本2009 学年第二学期期末考试试卷初 二 英 语第 I 卷 机读卷 58 分 听力 ( 共 11 分 )  一、 听对话，选择与对话内容相符的图片。 每段对话读两遍（共 4 分，每小题 1 分）。1.

12、2. 3.4.二、 听对话或独白，根据对话或独白的内容，从下列各题所给的 A 、 B 、 C 三个选项中，选择最佳选项。每段对话或独白读两遍（共 7 分，每小题 1 分）。请听一段对话，回答第 5 至第 6 小题。 5. What does the man want? A. A ticket. B. A jacket. C. A story book. 6. How much does the man pay for it? A. 50 yuan. B. 55 yuan. C. 85 yuan. 请听一段对话，回答第 7 至第 8 小题。 7. What kind of show d

13、oes Cindy like ? A. Sports show. B. Game show. C. News show. 8. When can Cindy watch her favourite show Families? A. On Fridays. B. On Saturdays. C. On Sundays. 请听一段对话，回答第 9 至第 11 小题。 9. What is the speaking doing? A. Telling something about the school trip. B. Inviting the students to have a picnic

14、. C. Introducing Dong Jiang Park to the students. 10. When are the students leaving? A. At 5:00. B. At 7:40. C. At 8:00. 11. How many students will go to Dong Jiang Park? A. 20 students. B. 60 students. C. 80 students.  请打开第二卷，看第一大题听力试题。该试题需要在第二卷第一大题的相应位置上作答。 基础知识运用 （共 25 分）三、选择填空（共 15 分，每

15、小题 1 分）从下列各题所给的 A 、 B 、 C 、 D 四个选项中，选择可以填入空白处的最佳选项。12. Is this your pen, Tom? No, its not _. I think its Jims.A. I B. me C. mine D. my  13. _ is your hero? Norman Bethune. He gave his life to helping Chinese people. A. What B. Who C. When D. Where14. Labour Day is on the first day _ September i

16、n the USA.A. in B. at C. on D. of15. He didnt come to the evening party _ he was ill. A. but B. so C. or D. because16. Mary and I often visit the old man, so he doesnt feel _ at all. A. honest B. lonely C. brave D. funny 17. Your son has changed a lot. Yes, he is as _ as me.A. tall B. taller C. tall

17、est D. the tallest 18. I _ my homework when my mum got home yesterday afternoon. A. will do B. did C. am doing D. was doing 19. Please _the lights when you leave the room. A. turn on B. take off C. turn off D. come on 20. Hobbies can make you _ as a person and help you learn new skills. A. grow B. g

18、rowing C. to grow D. grew 21. He got up early _ he could get to school on time . A. if B. until C. so that D. after22. The king became angry because Ma Liang _ to draw anything for him. A. warned B. explained C. promised D. refused 23. I had a bad cold. The doctor asked me _ in bed.A. stay B. to sta

19、y C. stayed D. staying24. We are going to visit CCTV Tower if it _ fine tomorrow. A. will be B. was C. is D. be25. Could you tell me _ tomorrow? Sorry, I dont know either.A. when will the meeting start B. when the meeting will start C. when did the meeting start D. when the meeting started 26. Would

20、 you please pass me todays newspaper? _.A. Yes, please B. Thats rightC. Youre welcome D. Here you are四、完形填空 （共 10 分，每小题 1 分）阅读下面的短文，掌握其大意，然后从短文后各题所给的 A 、 B 、 C 、 D 四个选项中，选择最佳选项。For a long time, I dreamed of doing something in Western China and last year I finally became a volunteer 27 . It has chang

21、ed my life completely! I traveled a long way to a small village school in Long Zhou, Guang Xi Zhuang Autonomous Region. On my way there, I thought about the village, the school, the first day, and the children there. 28 , my heart sank （下沉） when I arrived there. It wasnt what I 29 . It didnt look li

22、ke a school at all! The school had only 30 rooms, one for Grade1, Grade 2 and 3, and one for Grades 4, Grade 5, and 6. There was a third classroom for me. The children welcomed me warmly on my first day. They asked me a lot of questions, and I told them stories about 31 and my life in Shanghai. The

23、next day, I gave them a test to 32 their level （水平） . To my surprise, more than half of the students didnt pass the 33 , but they all wanted to learn things. I knew they 34 me. I spent many nights preparing lessons, reading test papers, and marking homework. I 35 teaching these lovely and hardworkin

24、g children, and I could see that they were making progress with my 36 . I have also learned a lot from them. I understand their lives better, and we are now good friends. 27. A. doctor B. teacher C. driver D. reporter 28. A. However B. And C. So D. Also 29. A. saw B. understand C. remembered D. expe

25、cted 30. A. one B. two C. three D. four 31. A. themselves B. ourselves C. myself D. himself 32. A. look at B. find out C. give up D. get to 33. A. exam B. question C. lesson D. homework 34. A. needed B. worried C. understood D. moved 35. A. forgot B. stopped C. finished D. enjoyed 36. A. choice B. d

26、ream C. help D. stories  阅 读 （共 22 分） 五、阅读理解 （共 22 分，每小题 2 分）阅读下面的三篇短文，根据短文内容，从短文后各题所给的 A 、 B 、 C 、 D 四个选项中，选择最佳选项。A Sandy s telephone message Sandy : l am going to have a party next Saturday Are you coming? Grace Sandy : I found a new kind of dog food My dog Tim just loves it Would you ge

27、t some for your dog Lucky? Wu Sandy : Mr Brown said your car was OK And now you can go and get it from 9: 00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. Steve Sandy : The nice film “The Ship” is on show at Sunny Theater Want to see it? Please call me back. Chris Sandy : Ring me up ， and buy some bread and juice o n your way

28、home Sue 37. Grace is going to have a party _. A. this Saturday B. this Friday C. next Saturday D. next Friday 38. “The Ship” is the name of _. A. a book B. a film C. a song D. a dog 39. Mr. Brown helped Sandy mend her _. A. car B. telephone C. dog D. ship  B The pine tree is a special kind of

29、tree. Some people call the pine tree a Christmas tree. This is because many people put pine trees in their homes at Christmas time. They decorate ( 装饰 ) the tree with coloured lights, and put Christmas presents under the tree.Pine trees are different from other trees because most other trees lose th

30、eir leaves in the winter. Pine trees stay green all year long, even in the winter. Pine trees are also called evergreens because they are always green.Pine trees do not have soft leaves like the maple tree. They have hard, thin leaves called needles （针叶） . Pine trees also have pine cones. If you wal

31、k in a forest, you will see many pine cones on the ground. Inside the pine cones are seeds （种子） . When the seeds fall to the ground, a new tree starts to grow.Pine trees are useful for many reasons. They are used to make tables, desks, beds, and also boats. Many kinds of birds build their houses in

32、pine trees. The seeds of pine trees are food for small animals such as squirrels and mice and for bigger animals such as rabbits and black bears. The needles are good food for large animals such as deer and moose when they cannot find anything to eat in the winter.If you walk in a forest of pine tre

33、es, the air has a wonderful smell. In winter, the white snow on the dark green trees looks very beautiful. 40.A pine tree is also called _.A. a needle tree B. a winter tree C. a Christmas tree D. a maple tree41.Pine trees are different from most other trees because_.A. they have soft leaves B. they

34、are green all year longC. they have many seeds D. they lose their leaves in winter 42. What is inside a pine cone?A. Needles. B. Maple leaves. C. Christmas presents. D. Seeds. 43. Which of the following is NOT the reason that pine trees are useful?A. The pine cones fall to the ground.B. They can be

35、used to make tables and boats.C. Many birds build their houses in pine trees.D. The seeds and needles are food for many animals. CWhat would you do if you found a snake in your house? Many people might be frightened （受惊的） or try to kill it. However, if you live in North Carolina in the USA, one thin

36、g you can do is to call the Snake Catchers. The Snake Catchers are four men who love snakes. Their newspaper poster says, “Snake Catchers: free snake moving - please do not kill them - Call us.” The Snake Catchers, who started their job in 1998, dont ask people to pay the money for helping. “We do t

37、his as a hobby,” explained Fred Johnson, one of the Snake Catchers. Because of their love of snakes, the Snake Catchers try to keep them alive. “One man asked us to kill a python , so he could make a pair of shoes from the skin . We refused, because we like snakes, and we dont want to see them kille

38、d,” said Fred. Some of the snakes that they catch are given to the North Carolina State University. Most are released in the wild, usually in a national park. Fred suggests that people should treat snakes with care. “Actually snakes are shy. They will bite if they are frightened. However, you have t

39、o know how to do with them properly. One day, the Greenwood family found a snake skin in the kitchen. They looked very carefully and saw a snake sleeping behind a cupboard . They thought about what to do. Then Steve Greenwood remembered the poster for the Snake Catchers. He called them. “The Snake C

40、atchers arrived an hour later and they finished the job quickly too,” said Steve Greenwood. “One of them went into the kitchen, found the snake and caught it first by the tail, then around the head. He took it out alive. The Snake Catchers did a very good job.” Last year, they caught more than seven

41、ty snakes from houses in North Carolina.   44. How many people are there in the Snake Catchers? A. Two. B. Three. C. Four. D. Five. 45. The Snake Catchers catch snakes because _. A. they like helping people . B. they want to make money . C. they want to kill the snakes themselves. D. they dont

42、want people to hurt snakes . 46. What does the underlined word released mean in Paragraph 5? A. Broken out. B. Set free. C. Seen off. D. Come out. 47. The writer writes this passage mainly to _.A. tell people not to kill the snakes B. introduce some ways to catch snakes C. describe a true picture of

43、 the Snake Catchers D. encourage people to join the Snake Catchers 第 II 卷 非机读卷 42 分 一、 听对话，记录关键信息。 请根据所听到的对话内容，将所缺的关键信息填写在下面的表格中。对话读两遍 （共 4 分，每小题 1 分）。  Information Card Name: David JohnsonAge: 1. _ Favourite subject: 2. _ Favourite sport: running Usual transport: 3. go to school by _

44、 Future plan: 4. _.    二、词汇运用 （共 6 分，每空 1 分）根据对话内容，用方框中所给的词填空。follow , such as , relax , welcome , special , write downNew Years Day is often a family day. Some people 5._ at home. Some families get together for a 6. _ meal. When the weather is fine, many families go out for a walk.On New

45、Years day, many people make resolutions for the new year. They 7._ a list of things, 8._ “Ill help out more at home.” Or “I will work harder at school.” When they have made their list, they read it to their family or friends and promise to 9._ their resolutions. So it doesnt matter how they celebrat

46、e, for people in countries all over the world, its a time to say goodbye to the old year, and to 10._ the new.三、完成句子。根据中文意思完成句子（ 共 10 分，每小题 2 分 ）。11. 让我们停下来休息一会吧。Lets _ a rest. 12. 我父亲持续工作了好几个小时。 My father _ for hours. 13. 他说话如此之快，以至于我根本听不清。 He speaks _ I cant hear clearly at all. 14. 我每天花一个小时做家庭作业。

47、 I _ an hour _ my homework every day.15. 你一回来就帮我学英语，好吗？ Will you please _ you come back? 四、阅读与表达（共 10 分，每小题 2 分）阅读短文，根据其内容回答问题。If you dont know how much water you need, Im not surprised. Different advice in recent newspapers appears to be against the old “8-a-day” advice we all grew up with. Is it n

48、ecessary to drink down eight glasses of water every day, or is this already out of date? Weve heard for years that eight glasses of water every day is necessary for a person to keep healthy. Your weight loss and health depend on it. Drink eight glasses of water every day and see clearer skin, better

49、 sleep, and improve eyesight. Were warned of losing water without at least eight glasses. But, there are some new ideas of examining your daily diet, including what you eat, as well as what you drink. The answer is you need what you need! If its summer, you need more. If youre exercising, you need more. If youre a “normal” inactive person, and not exercising more than 15-20 minutes every day, you need no more than four g