有机化学术语

1、1. 有机化合物的官能团和重要的基团官能团functional group双键double bond三键triple bond烃基hydroxyl group琉基mercapto硫轻基sulfhydryl group羰基carbonyl group氨基amino group亚氨基imino group硝基 nitro group亚硝基nitroso group氰基cyano group羧基carboxyl group磺基sulpho group烷基alkyl group苯基phenyl group卡基benzyl group芳基aryl group烯基allyl group烷氧基alkoxyl

2、 group酰基 acyl group活性亚甲基active methylene group2. 有机化合物的类型烃 hydrocarbon石蜡paraffin脂肪烃aliphatic hydrocarbon烷烃alkane烯烃alkene炔烃alkyne共扼二烯烃conjugated diene脂环烃alicyclic hydrocarbon螺环化合物spiro compound桥环化合物bridged ring compound芳烃 aromatic hydrocarbon非苯芳烃nonbenzenoid aromatic hydrocarbon稠环芳烃condensed aromatic

3、s卤代烃halohydrocarbon 醇 alcohol 酚 phenol 醚 ether环氧化合物epoxide冠醚 crown ether硫醇thiol硫酚thiophenol硫醚sulfide二硫化物disulfide亚磺酸sulfinic acid磺酸sulfonic acid亚砜sulfoxide砜 sulfone醛 aldehyde酮 ketone半缩醛hemiacetaI半缩酮hemiketal缩醛acetal缩酮ketal西佛碱shiff's base肟oxime腙hydrozone缩氨脲semicarbazonea , B -不饱和酮 a,B -unsaturate

4、d ketone醌 quinone羧酸carboxylic acid酰卤acid halide酸酐acid anhydride酯 ester酰胺amide内酯 lactone内酰胺lactam月青 nitrile取代酸substituted acid羟基酸hydroxy acid醇酸alcoholic acid酚酸phenolic acid酮酸keto acidB-酮酸酯 B-ketone ester乙酰乙酸乙醋ethyl acetoacetate亚硝基化合物nitroso compound硝基化合物njtro compound亚胺 imine胺 amine伯胺primary amine仲胺s

5、econdary amine叔胺tertiary amine季铵盐 quaternary ammonium salt季铵碱 quaternary ammonium hydroxide重氮盐 diazonium salt偶氮化合物azo compound胍 guanidine氨基酸 amino acid磷 phosphine磷酸酯phosphate亚磷酸酯phosphite膦酸酯phosphonate膦酸phosphonic acid3. 杂环化合物吡咯pyrrol呋喃furane噻吩thiophone吲哚indole卟吩porphine咪唑imidazole噻唑thioazole吡啶pyrid

6、ine喹啉quinoline异喹啉 isoquinoline口比喃金翁盐pyrylium salts黄酮flavone嘧啶pirimidine嘌呤purine4. 有机天然产物肽 peptide多肽 polypeptide核酸nucleic acid核苷nucleoside核苷酸nucleotide生物碱alkaloid碳水化合物carbohydrate单糖monosaccharide醛糖aldoses酮糖ketosesD-核糖riboseD-2- 脱氧核糖deoxyribose葡萄糖glucose果糖 fructose糖脎osazone糖苷glucoside低聚糖oligosaccharid

7、e麦芽糖maltose蔗糖 sucrose纤维二糖cellobiose环糊精cyclodextrin多糖polysaccharide淀粉starch纤维素cellulose类脂lipid萜类化合物terpenoid甾族化合物steroid脂肪fat油 oil脂肪酸 fatty acid甘油三羧酸酯triglyceride磷脂 phospholipid磷脂酸 phosphalidic acid蜡 wax5. 有机化合物的结构理论价键理论valence-bond theory分子轨道理论molecular orbital theory共振论 resonance theory凯库勒式Kekule f

8、ormula路易斯式Lewis formulao键o- bond冗键冗bond键能bond energy键角 bond angle键长bond Iength成键轨道bonding orbital反键轨道antibonding orbital最高已占轨道HOMO highest occupiedmolecular orbital最低末占轨道LUMO lowest unoccupiedmolecular orbital诱导效应inductive effect共轭效应conjugated effect冗,冗-共腕冗,冗-conjugationp,冗-共腕p,九-conjugation超共轭作用hyp

9、erconjugation离域能 delocalization energy共振能 resonance energy给电子基团electrondonating group吸电子基团electronwithdrawing group芳性 aromaticity休克尔规律Huckel'srule两性离子Zwitterion6. 有机化学中的同分异构异构体isomer构造constitution构型 configuration构象conformation构造异构constitutional isomerism立体异构stereo isomerism构型异构configurational is

10、omerism顺反异构cis-trans isomerism次序规则sequence ruIe同侧Zugammen Z异侧Entgegen E顺式cis反式trans对映异构enantiomerism = 光学异构旋光异构optical isomerism旋光性optical activity旋光度optical rotation比旋光度specific rotation对称面plane of symmetry对称中心center of symmetry对称轴axis of symmetry手性chirality手性分子chiral molecules对映异构体，对映体enantiomer非对

11、映体diastereomer外消旋体raceme左旋体leveisomer右旋体dextroisomer内消旋体mesomer费歇尔投影式Fischer projection相对构型relative configuration绝对构型absoluteconfigurationR -构型R -configurationS -构型S -configuration赤式erythro苏式threo外消旋化racemization拆分resolution光学纯度Optical Purity对映体过量百分数enantiomeric excess立体专一性反应stereospecificreaction立体

12、选择性反应stereoselectivereaction不对称合成asymmetric synthesis构象异构conformationalisomerism构象分析conformational analysis锯架式perspective formula纽曼投影式Newman projection formula椅式chair form船式boat form直立键 a 键axial bond平伏键 e 键equatorial bond互变异构tautomerism酮式keto-form烯醇式enol-form差向异构化epimerization变旋现象mutamerism哈武斯式Hawor

13、th form7. 有机反应的名称取代反应substitution reaction加成反应addition reaction马尔科夫尼可夫规律Markovnikov rule共轭加成conjugate addition消去反应elemination reaction查依采夫规律Saytzeff rule霍夫曼规律Hofmann rule硼氢化反应hydroboration催化加氢catalytic hydrogenation聚合反应polymerization单体monomer聚合物polymer硝化反应nitration卤化反应halogenation磺化反应sulfonation烷基化反

14、应alkylation酰基化反应acylation酯化反应esterification酯交换反应transesterification脱羧反应decarboxylation氯甲基化反应chloromethylation傅列德尔- 克拉夫茨反应Friedel-Crafts reaction格利雅反应Grignard reaction格利雅试剂（ 格氏试剂） Grignard reagent赖默 - 梯曼反应Reimer-Tiemann reaction卤仿反应haloform reaction水解反应hydrolysis reaction醇解反应alcoholysis reaction氨解反应a

15、mmonolysisi reaction皂化saponification插烯作用vinylogy缩合condensation克莱森缩合Claisencondensation安息香缩合benzoincondensation羟醛缩合aldol condensation列弗尔马茨基反应Reformatsky reaction迈克尔反应Michael reaction诺文格尔反应Knoevenagel reaction加布里反应Gabriel reaction乙酰乙酸乙酯合成法acetoacetic ester synthesis丙二酸酯合成法malonic ester synthesis威廉逊合成法

16、William Son synthesis海森堡试验Hinsberg test重氮化反应diazotization reaction偶联反应coupling reaction脱氨基反应deaminationreaction维悌希反应Wittig reaction氧化反应oxidation reaction还原反应reduction reaction周环反应pericyclic reaction环加成反应cycloadditionreaction电环化反应electrocyclic reaction坎尼扎罗反应Cannizzaro reaction齐齐巴宾反应Chichibabin reacti

17、on斐林试剂托伦试剂狄尔斯 - 阿德尔反应Diels-alder reactionFehling reagentTollens reagent沃克还原Wolff-Kishner reduction罗森蒙德还原Rosenmund reduction克莱门森还原Clemmenson reduction考普重排Cope rearrangement霍夫曼重排Hofmann rearrangement醺哪醇重排pinacol rearrangement弗里茨重排Fries rearrangement克莱森重排Claisen rearrangement二烯体diene亲二烯体dienophile分子轨道对

18、称守恒原理conversation of orbital symmetry8. 有机反应机理均裂homolytic异裂heterolytic活性中间体active intermediate碳正离子carbocation碳负离子carbanion烯醇负离子enolate anion自由基，游离基free radical卡宾，碳烯carbene氮烯 nitrene速度决定步骤rate-determining step哈蒙特假定Hammond postulate能线图energy profile过渡状态transition state邻基参与neighboring group participati

19、on动力学控制kinetic control热力学控制thermodynamic control离去基团leaving group底物substrate亲电试剂electrofphile亲核试剂nucleophile亲电加成反应electrophilic addition亲电取代反应electrophilic substitution定位规律orientation rule亲核取代反应nucleophilic substitutionSN2 反应机理SN2 reaction mechanismSN1 反应机理SN1 reaction mechanism瓦尔登转化Walden inversion

20、亲核加成反应亲核加成 -消去反应消去反应机理E1 反应机理E2 反应机理nucleophilic additionnucleophilic addition-elimination reactionelimination reaction mechanismE1 reaction mechanismE2 reaction mechanism反式消去anti elimination重排反应机理rearrangement reaction mechanism自由基反应free radical reaction链引发chaininitation链增长chainpropagation链终止chaintermination9. 有机化合物的光谱红外光谱IR Infrared spectra傅立叶变换Fourier Transform指纹区finger print region吸收频率absorption frequency紫外光谱UV Ultraviolet spectra电子跃迁elctronic transition吸光度absorbance摩尔消光系数molar extinction coeffici