高度地概括了正文中叙述的内容,突出-powerpoint

1、 位于正文之前的一段概括性的文字。高度地概括了正文中叙述的内容，突出正文的重点，是正文实质性内容的介绍。 摘要不是正文的一部分，但又不能脱离正文而单独印行。这一部分要有高度的概括性和简明性，可以说是科技写作中最为困难的部分。 科技文摘的体裁通常分为四种： 陈述性文摘(Descriptive Abstract) 资料性文摘(Informative Abstract) 混合性文摘(Descriptive and Informative Abstract) 评论性文摘(Critical Abstract) 陈述性、资料性、混合性文摘用以客观地介绍论文的内容，可根据具体情况选择一种。评论性文摘用于介绍

2、对某项进展所作的评论。 也叫做论题性(topical)文摘。具有高度概括性。通常只是以标题性的手法介绍论文的论题和内容，以便突出所进行研究的特点。优点：篇幅短小，主题突出。一般不超过150个单词。 应用面最广的文摘体裁，适用于理论性、实验性或应用性研究论文。 （1）提出问题，即进行了什么实验，或从事 了什么工程技术问题研究；（2） 处理了什么问题；（3） 正文中是否提供结果或数据；（4） 正文中是否提出了结论或建议。 Abstract: In order to find out how magnesium alloy sheet behaves in cold working, cold de

3、ep drawing experiments (at room temperature) along with Finite Element Analysis (FEA) have been conducted on the popular AZ31 magnesium alloy sheet after annealed under various conditions. The focus of the research has been laid on deformation load, fracture pattern, Limit Drawing Ratio (LDR), aniso

4、tropic effect, thickness distribution, and influence of the annealing conditions and the tool conditions on them.（1）所研究问题的领域和性质以及论题是什么；（2） 研究的思路或所用的方法；（3） 有没有得出结果；（4） 有没有实际应用价值。 Abstract: This report treats elements of basic turbine theory. The subjects are: aerodynamics of the horizontal shaft roto

5、r including computation of loads and expected power production; structural static and dynamic analysis of the rotor blades; the use of asynchronous machines as generators for wind mills and various possibilities for control of the generator. The theoretical treatment is everywhere illustrated with e

6、xamples to facilitate application of theory. All computer codes described in the report are available at Risoe National Laboratory for consulting services.（1） 涉及的领域或论题；（2） 报告中所综述的各种方法或发展动态；（3） 是否得出了结论。 Abstract: A critical evaluation of three analytical approaches is made to determine their applicab

7、ility and /or potential for analytically assuring airframe durability during the design stage. A suitable analytical format for quantifying durability damage is developed based on U.S. Air Force durability design specifications and durability analysis needs. Air Force durability requirements are bri

8、efly reviewed and discussed. Three potential approaches for durability damage analysis are conceptually evaluated and discussed: (1) Conventional Fatigue Analysis (Palmgren-Miner Rule); (2) Deterministic Crack Growth Approach and (3) Probabilistic Crack Growth Approach. The resulting evaluation prov

9、ides the prerequisite work needed to develop a durability analysis methodology. The probabilistic crack growth approach found to be the most promising for developing the durability analysis methodology under phase 1. 以“This report (paper, article,) presents (discusses, describes,) ”开头。句子结构比较单一，也相对短一

10、些。 典型的陈述性文摘：EI-Engineering Index 资料性文摘是正文实质性内容的高度缩合，可以在一定程度上有效地起到正文的作用。资料性文摘包含有数据、方法、手段和结果等具体的技术性内容，所以在帮助读者决定是否进而阅读正文方面更为有效。 资料性文摘在篇幅上通常比陈述性文摘要长，但一般也以不超过300词为宜。 1.2.2 适用范围 资料性文摘的适用范围比陈述性文摘小。在科技领域里，资料性文摘一般只适用于单项研究课题的文献，如：理论性研究报告、实验性研究报告、应用技术报告、以及新产品、新工艺的研制报告等。 资料性文摘的内容在项目上与陈述性文摘基本相同。 它们的不同点在于： 陈述性文摘只

11、作报导性说明，它向读者介绍正文中“有什么”，而资料性文摘必须提供正文中的实质性具体内容，向读者介绍“是什么”。资料性文摘往往突出新的发现，新的结论，或者独特的见解。但应注意，在文摘中提供的技术数据，只能采用叙述的方式，不宜采用图像、表格等其它方式，公式或结构图在原则上也不宜采用。 Abstract: The effect of chromium, nickel, molybdenum, and niobium on carbon diffusion in iron alloys with 15-20%Cr, 15-20%Ni, 0-2%Mo, and 0-1%Nb in the range o

12、f solid solutions is studied by the method of planning the total factor experiment. The coefficients are determined using the numerical version of the method of integral residue and 14C radioactive isotope at 600, 700, 800 C. It is shown that the value of the carbon diffusion coefficient is essentia

13、lly influenced by chromium concentration variation: increasing the chromium concentration from the average (17.5%) to the upper (20%) level leads to reduction of the carbon diffusion coefficient approximately by 13%. The nickel effect on the carbon diffusion parameters, noticeable at 600C, decreases

14、 with the temperature increase. The molybdenum and niobium effect, on the contrary, becomes more noticeable at relatively high temperatures(800C). The effect of chromium, nickel, molybdenum, and niobium on the carbon diffusion parameters is not additive. 混合性文摘并不是一种独立的文摘体裁。陈述性文摘和资料性文摘在实际写作中并不互相排斥，往往在

15、同一篇文摘中可同时兼带陈述性和资料性。一篇文摘可以基本上属于其中的一种体裁，而又在某种程度上兼有另一种体裁的特性，这种文摘叫做混合性文摘。 作者在选择文摘体裁时，必须以便于读者在最小的篇幅中，最大限度地了解正文所论述的具体内容为前提。 例5: Numerical and experimental investigations on the effect of the heating strategy and the punch speed on the warm deep drawing of magnesium alloy AZ31 Abstract: The present work ha

16、s been focused on the warm deep drawing process by superimposing a thermal gradient between the blank center in contact with the punch and the blank flange (which is going to be drawn). Using such a technique the limit drawing ratio of Mg alloys can be dramatically improved. As a case of study, the

17、forming of cylindrical AZ31 cups was investigated. In particular, the attention was focused on the forming temperature (in both the flange region and in the blank center). Finite element simulations were run in order to investigate the stress and strain distribution in the material determined by the

18、 temperature gradient and to validate experimental results. Tests highlighted that a LDR equal to 3.375 is possible when setting the temperature of the blank holder at 230C and the punch speed at 6mm/min.例6: Analysis of high-temperature deformation and microstructure of an AZ31 magnesium alloy Abstr

19、act: High-temperature plastic deformation and dynamic recrystallization of AZ31 extruded (EX) and heat treated (FA) alloy was investigated in the temperature range between 200 and 400C. High-temperature straining resulted in partial dynamic recrystallization above 250C; in the EX alloy recrystalliza

20、tion was complete at 300C, while a moderate grain growth was observed at 400C. The peak flow stress dependence on temperature and strain rate are described by means of the conventional sinh equation; the calculation of the activation energy for high temperature in the whole range of temperature defo

21、rmation gives Q=155kJ/mol, i.e. a value that was found to be substantially different in EX and FA alloys; in particular, the EX alloy was characterized by a lower flow stress, a higher ductility and by a finer grain size of the dynamically recrystallized grains. These results are then discussed on t

22、he basis of the “necklace” mechanism of dynamic recrystallization. 评论性文摘涉及的内容是对有关的研究项目或研究报告，就其质量或价值加以评论。构成：（1）介绍作者所评论的研究项目的要点，这一部分的篇幅应尽量限制。（2）文摘主体部分的是作者个人的看法。行文： 评论性文摘常常分成几个段落，行文必须用第三人称，一般以陈述性体裁为主。 2.1 文摘必须自成一体2.2 文摘必须忠实于正文2.3 文摘应以文字叙述为主要形式2.4 文字叙述应力求简炼2.5 叙述应尽可能具体2.6 客观介绍，不作评论3.1 论文的论题3.2 进行这项研究的原因

23、3.3 完成的具体工作3.4 取得的主要成果3.5 研究成果的意义3.6 就研究的进一步深入提出看法4.1 科技文摘的写作过程 4.1.1 科技论文的写作过程 4.1.2 科技文摘的写作过程4.2 科技文摘的写作方法 4.2.1 中心词扩展法 4.2.2 论文目录扩展法 4.2.3 翻译法4.1.1 科技论文的写作过程（1）整理研究素材，围绕主题筛选素材。（2）初步确定论文标题。（3）准备论文提纲。（4）写文摘初稿。（5）写正文。（6）确定论文正式标题。（7）文摘定稿。（论文若不是用英文写作，则需把标题和 文摘译成英文。）（8）把写作提纲整理成论文目录。（9）按出版机构的要求准备好清稿。4.1

24、 科技文摘的写作过程4.1.2 科技文摘的写作过程（1）选择适当的文摘体裁（2）确定文摘的具体内容（3）撰写文摘初稿（4）修改初稿并润色（5）最后定稿(1) 初稿中是否概括了论文的主要内容，其重要 内容是否有遗漏。(2) 初稿在逻辑和结构上是否合理。(3) 校核初稿中的各项内容是否准确，重点是否 突出，是否有过分细节性的部分可以删除， 或是否需要更具体一些。(4) 采用恰当的修辞手段，消除理应避免的重复 之处；或者把过多的一连串短句适当归并， 以便减少句子的数量，使文字更为简炼。 4.2.1 中心词扩展法1）将论文的主要部分或内容简缩为中心词2）应用各种修辞手段（从属修辞）3）按合理的逻辑过程

25、，把名词短语进行整 理、排列，确定文摘的基本结构。4）选用适当的动词，把它与名词短语适当 地结合，扩展成完整的句子，从而写出 文摘草稿。5）修改，定稿。4.2 科技文摘的写作方法研究项目：用快速富里叶变换算法计算汉克尔变换主要内容： 论题：介绍一种汉克尔变换的有效计算方案。 方法：用二维富里叶变换项表达汉克尔变换，然后再简化为一维，用快速富里叶变换算法计算。 其它：附例题和计算机程序。算法algorithm，计算computation，过程procedure，表达式expression，项term，维dimension，例子example，计算机程序computer program。算法快速富

26、里叶算法，algorithmfast-Fourier Transform algorithm，计算汉克尔变换计算，computationcomputation of Hankel Transforms，过程一种有效的数字过程，procedurean efficient numerical procedure，表达式汉克尔变换表达式，expressionexpression of Hankel Transform，项以二维富里叶变换为项，termin terms of a two-dimensional Fourier Transform。 algorithm和procedure是为了实现com

27、putation；Hankel Transform和简化是algorithm的基础，简化以后才能计算 其它内容仅需作报导性说明，应放在最后。论题：An efficient numerical procedure is presented for the computation of Hankel Transforms.方法：The algorithm is based on the expression of Hankel Transform in terms of a two-dimensional Fourier Transform. Then the expression is redu

28、ced to one dimension. After that it is evaluated by using the Fast Fourier Transform algorithm.其它：Examples are presented and the computer program is included. 标题：Computation of Hankel Transforms Using the Fast-Fourier Transform Algorithm Title: Computation of Hankel Transforms Using the Fast-Fourier

29、 Transform Algorithm Abstract: An efficient numerical procedure is presented for the computation of Hankel Transforms. The algorithm is based on the expression of the Hankel Transform in terms of a two-dimensional Fourier Transform, which is then reduced to only one dimension. The latter is then eva

30、luated with the Fast Fourier Transform algorithm. Examples are presented, and a listing of the computer program included.研究项目：悬臂式机翼的颤动抑制实验主要内容： 论文主题：介绍悬臂式机翼的颤动抑制实验及其结果。 实验说明：机翼的控制面位于翼尖，实验在低亚音速风洞里进行。用应变仪测量机翼的偏移度，应变仪置于靠近翼根处。副翼用伺服电机驱动。 结果处理：把这次实验结果与先前的结果相比较。 结论：控制定律的系数可能对二维和三维模型稳定性有不同的影响。 实验experiment，

31、抑制suppression，面surface，尖tip，风洞wind tunnel，根root，应变仪strain gage, 偏离度deflection，比较comparison，系数coefficient，稳定性stability，影响effect。 实验悬臂式机翼的主动型颤动抑制实验experimentan experiment on active flutter suppression of a cantilever wing面控制面，surfacecontrol surface，尖在翼尖处，tipat the wing tip风洞在低亚音速风洞，wind tunnelin a low

32、 subsonic wind tunnel根靠近翼根处，rootnear the root of the wing偏离度机翼的偏离度，deflectiondeflection of the wing系数控制定律的系数，coefficientthe coefficient of the control law比较这次结果与前次结果的比较comparisoncomparison between the present and previous results影响对的稳定性的影响，effecteffect on the stability of 。 该文摘涉及一项实验，合理的行文次序应为：实验项目特

33、点实验条件实验数据测试手段结果处理结论。An experiment on active flutter suppression of a cantilever wing is described. The control surface is at the wing tip.The experiment is done in a low subsonic wind tunnel.The deflection of the wing is measured by strain gages.The gages are located near the root of the wing.The ai

34、leron is driven by a servomotor.Comparison between the present and previous results is made.It is concluded that the coefficients of the control law may have a different effect on the stability of the two- and three-dimensional models.标题：Experiment on Active Flutter Suppression of a Cantilever WingE

35、xperiment on Active Flutter Suppression of a Cantilever Wing Abstract: An experiment on active flutter suppression of a cantilever wing with the control surface at the wing tip is described. The experiment was done in a low subsonic wind tunnel. The deflection of the wing was measured by stain gages

36、 located near the root of the wing. The aileron was driven by a servomotor. Comparison was made between the present and previous results. It is concluded that the coefficients of the control law may have a different effect on the stability of the two- and three-dimensional models.把写作目标按内容分解，然后分而治之的方

37、法。（1）审阅论文目录。（2）把论文中有关章节的标题，逐条变换成能概括该章主要内容的一个句子。关键:名词从属成分的修辞手法、选用恰当的动词 和句型。4.2.2 论文目录扩展法CONTENTSThe need for genetic counseling (1) Definition on genetic counseling(2) Statistics on genetic defects(3) Purpose of genetic counseling The counseling process(1) Evaluating the needs of the counselees(2) Ta

38、king a family history(3) Estimate the risks(4) Counseling the family(5) Determination of a genetic disorder： Amniocentesis（羊水诊断），Karyotyping（细胞核定型法）， Fluorescent banding （荧光光谱法），Staining（染色法）(6) Advantages of genetic screening: Lower cost, Increased availability(1) Genetic counseling is a service fo

39、r people with a history of hereditary disease. (2) One in 17 births contains some defect; one fourth of the patients in hospitals are victims of genetic disease (including diabetes(糖尿病), mental retardation, and anemia（贫血）). One of every 200 children born has chromosome abnormalities. (3) Genetic cou

40、nseling offers parents an alternative to genetically diseased children and assistance for those with already afflicted children. (4) The first step in counseling is to evaluate the needs of the parents. (5) A family history is prepared and (6) risks of future children being afflicted are evaluated.

41、(7) The life expectancy and possible methods of treatment of any afflicted child can also be determined. (8) Four prenatal（出生前） tests are used to determine if a genetic disorder is present: amniocentesis, karyotyping, fluorescent banding, and staining.(9) The development of these four relatively sim

42、ple methods has lowered the cost of genetic counseling and increased its availability. 要避免按中文的字面意义逐字逐句地生搬硬译的倾向。选词要从技术概念的角度出发，取其本质性的含义；要注意介词及其它结构词的配用关系；还要注意中、英文两种语言的行文差别。在冠词的使用、名词的单复数、人称的一致性、动词的时态和语态、以及各种修辞手段的应用等方面，要遵循英文的习惯用法，从而使译文结构紧凑、内容具体、关系明确、语言规范。 (1)本文探讨应用最小二乘法拟合齿轮疲劳试验数据，建立齿轮疲劳曲线的函数关系式。(2)文中编制了求

43、解疲劳曲线的ALGOL程序和BASIC程序。(3)并利用电子计算机绘制出齿轮的疲劳试验曲线。(4)本文探讨的方法，建立的函数式以及计算和绘图程序，可以推广用于一般金属疲劳试验件或三角皮带。 A Least Square Method for Fitting the Test Data of Gear Life Abstract:A least square method for fitting the test data of gear life is dealt with and the expression of the gear fatigue curve is derived. Pro

44、grams in ALGOL and BASIC are presented for the computation of the fatigue curve and the experimental fatigue curve of the gear is plotted with the aid of a computer. The method proposed, the expression derived and the programs for computation and plotting can be extended in use to the fatigue testin

45、g of common metals or V-belts.5.1 名词的扩展5.2 结构的简明化5.3 语态的应用5.4 时态的应用 含义清楚，结构简明，表达确切。 含义清楚：所包含的意思能一目了然。 结构简明：只用一些足以表达文摘基本意思的词，直接点明主题，力求避免同样概念的重复。 表达确切：避免使用不科学的、不贴切的表达词语。 文摘行文的修辞特点：谓语短，主语或宾语（包括介词宾语）长。 写好英文文摘的关键：正确而适当地使用名词+修饰成分的各种修辞手段5.1.1 名词+动词不定式（短语）5.1.2 名词+分词（短语）5.1.3 名词+介词短语5.1.4 名词（修饰语） +名词5.1.5 名

46、词+形容词短语5.1.6 名词+定语从句5.1.7 名词扩展的各种修辞手段的混合应用 通常进一步说明该名词所表达的问题或项目的目的、处理方法，或进一步限制所论述问题的某些方面，使其更为具体。有主动和被动两种形式，往往有将要进行，或有待进行的内在含义。 Some factors to be considered in using pitch control agents were discussed.Methods to establish the main sources of noise and effectiveness of structural redesign are reviewe

47、d. 使用动宾结构或动状结构作为名词的后置定语 作用：1）进一步限制论题的范围，说明所做的研究工作的方向、起因、目的等；2）提供研究或处理问题的具体做法的细节，如实验条件、对研究对象采取的技术措施等；3）提供有关研究项目的时间、地点、方式、伴随情况等资料。 若有被动或完成的含义，应选用过去分词，若有主动和进行的含义，应选用现在分词。The calculations needed for the interpretation of the experimental data are presented.A brief discussion of a phase transition occurr

48、ing in the laboratory is also given. 可带不定式短语说明有关项目的目的。An effort conducted at Sandia National Laboratories to develop a televiewer for operation in a geothermal environment is described.Studies dealing with the use of wood to produce synthetic fuels are excluded. 1）一般提供时间、地点、方式、研究领域或范围、条件、伴随情况以及一些数量关

49、系等方面的资料。应用上有较大的自由度。 2）受名词约束，与名词相呼应。应用的自由度较小。在使用时须注意名词与介词的固定搭配关系。 The relationship between two different theoretical approaches to the thermal expansion of defects is discussed. Substitution of steel by concrete and future chances of the application of steel are considered. Parametric variations are

50、applied using two-dimensional finite element models to determine the sensitivity to changes in mining and design parameters. 作用：对主导词作性质性或技术性说明，有时还与形容词前置修饰语相结合，达到叙述简炼、明确的效果。 类型： 重叠式名词做前置修饰语：组合时应注意排列得当，原则是关系越紧密，限制性越直接者，应离主导名词（中心词）越近。 复合名词做前置修饰语：名词+名词，形容词、数词、动名词、分词等+名词，名词+动名词，这些形式有时在词间用连词符连接。还常常可以插进副词。

51、 注意： 使用上有一定的局限性 作前置修饰语的名词的数 形式：只作后置修饰语 形容词+副词：suitable properly形容词+不定式：easy to operate形容词+介词短语：available in any field 作用：可能扩大对主导名词的修饰范围 为采用名词性前置修饰语创造条件 用逗号与所修饰的名词隔开时，相当于一个非限制性定语从句。This research is for the study of microscopic processes relevant to the decomposition of energetic materials.Discusses t

52、he basic principles underlying the revolutionary change from the telephones as used now to the new home terminals, capable of providing not only the telephone service but also telecopy, video and teletext, remote alarm and measurements, etc. 最后的选择 作用：文摘的层次更分明，结构更紧凑。 类型：限制性和非限制性 分隔现象： 被修饰的名词带有另一个关系更为

53、密切的介词后置修饰语。句子的主语带有定语从句，篇幅较长，而谓语部分又很短。为了使句子平衡，便于读者理解，往往把谓语部分提到定语从句之前。 The algorithm is robust in that it can handle image sequences that are quantified rather coarsely in additive noise. The total errors, which include the precision and the accuracy, are inferior to 25% in practically all cases, whic

54、h allows the inclusion of the methods in the Excellent category, according to McFarrens statistical criterion.5.2.1 隔裂修饰5.2.2 形式主语“it”的应用5.2.3 倒装5.2.4 省略5.2.5 句子的长短和长短句交替 概念：在提出了说明论题或概念的主导名词后，立即插入谓语部分，而把主导名词的后置修饰语放在谓语之后，形成主导名词与其后置修饰语被分隔的语言现象。 类型：修辞性隔裂和结构性隔裂。 修辞性隔裂：为了使句子的层次更分明，或为了保持全句的平衡而进行的语序调整。是人为的

55、选择，不是不可避免的。 结构性隔裂：句子的正常结构所要求的，是不可避免的。 形式： 主语+被动式谓语+主语的修饰语 主语+被动式谓语+定语从句 名词+介词（或分词）短语+定语从句 名词+介词短语+被动式谓语+定语从句 名词+介词短语（I）+介词短语（II） 主语修饰语：不定式、分词、形容词短语或介词短语。Comparisons could be made between the adjacent resilient and steel screen decks under similar operating conditions.（介词短语）A study was performed to a

56、ssess the current state of the art of carbon technology in respect to the application of carbon materials in phosphoric acid fuel cells.（不定式短语）A hydraulic system was constructed using switches to simulate pump failures.（分词短语）Performance evaluations are also included relative to air purification proc

57、esses.（形容词短语） Approximate formulas are also developed which are sufficiently accurate for technical applications. A multivariate linear least squares fit is used in which both dependent and independent variables may be subjected to statistical variations. 名词是指定语从句修饰的主导名词，它同时也被介词（或分词）短语所修饰。 This pape

58、r develops approximate theoretical methods of general interest which compared favorably with the experimental results. Other options for decreasing the risks associated with trolley systems that arose during the study are briefly discussed in the appendices. 兼有主语主语+ +被动式谓语被动式谓语+ +定语从句定语从句和名词名词+ +介词（

59、或介词（或分词）短语分词）短语+ +定语从句定语从句的特点，在被修饰的名词与定语从句之间，插入了介词短语，是一种复合式隔裂修饰。 Approximate theoretical methods of general interest are developed which compared favorably with the experimental results. A method for finding the optical flow pattern is presented which assumes that the apparent velocity of the bright

60、ness pattern varies smoothly almost everywhere in the image. 两个介词短语都修饰同一名词，介词短语（II）因此而被介词短语（I）隔裂。应用这一结构的条件是，介词短语（II）必须与被修饰的名词有某种固定搭配关系，否则会使句子层次不清。介词短语（I）多用of 短语。 The effect of the precision of a digital data acquisition system on the data and the integrals is the subject of this report from the poin