主语和谓语的一致

1、1. 主语和谓语的一致关系 :谓语要与主语在 人称和数上保持一致 : Her dreams have come true.Her dream has come true.She often arrives at school late. They often arrive at school late. It is getting dark.Eggs are getting scarcer. I am getting bored.2. 确定主语单复数的三个原则 :2 1. 语法上一致的原则 : The boy plays football well. The boys play footbal

2、l well.It is bitterly cold. I am very cold.2 2.概念上一致的原则 :My family are all early risers. (指家中的全体成员 ,有复数含义 )His family has moved into the new house. (指整个家 ,用作单数 )Five minutes is enough. (一个时间段 ,看作单数 )The crew are waiting for instructions from the captain. (指全体船员 ,复数 )2 3.邻近词一致的原则 :Neither he nor they

3、 are wholly right.NeitherTomnor the Browns enjoy theirjourneyto Beijingowing to thebad weather.Either your key or my key is missing.Not only but also their teacher has participated in the party.He or I am in the wrong.-what s worth visiting there?-well, theres the park, the castle and the museum.3.

4、主谓一致的具体原则 :3 1.根据语法一致的原则确定谓语形式:单数主语 + 单数谓语 ;复数主语 + 复数谓语The teacher encourages the students to speak freely.My wages are low, but me taxes are high.Their house has nine room.It always pays to give your paper one final check.在 “主语 +系词 +表语结构”中,系动词要与主语的数保持一致,不受其表语的影响 .Their greatest concern is the child

5、ren.The most appreciated gift was the clothes that you sent us.What we need most is books.Paul is friends with bill.在 “单数名词 ( 主语 )+(together)with+名词”结构中谓语只与主语保持一致,这是因为上述短语只起修饰主语的作用,而非主语的一部分 .短语 :Along with, as well as, in addition to, accompanied by, rather than, as much as, no less than, including,

6、 besides, except, but, like. The factory with all its equipment has been burnt.You as well as I are wrong.The manager, along with his secretaries, is going to a dinner party tonight.An expert,togetherwithsome assistants, wassent to help in thiswork.The teacher, as much as the parents, is to blame fo

7、r the accident.Mr. Robbins, accompanied by his wife, is arriving tonight.3 2主语含有 and 时的谓语形式 :“单数名词 + and +单数名词”作主语 ,谓语动词用复数 .Reading, writing and arithmetic are called the three Rs.Joe and Bob are smart.He and I are good friends.The poet and the novelist were both present at the meeting.如果由 and所连接的并

8、列主语指的是同一个人或物事,谓语动词用单数The statesman and poet was engaged in warfare all his life.A teacher and novelist is going to make a speech in the hall.A / The +单数名词人 + and +单数名词人 + 单数谓语指同一个人身兼两种职务.A / The +单数名词人 + and + a/the +单数名词 + 复数谓语.指不同职务的两个人 .The conductor and composer was greeted by a crowd of people.

9、The conductor and the composer were greeted by a crowd of people.一下已被看成一个整体 ,因而做主语时 ,谓语动词用单数 .Knife and fork,needle and thread,a cup and saucer,a horse and carriage,trial and error, law and order, etc.Law and order has been established.Bread and butter is our daily food.Fish and chips is a popular f

10、ast food.The stars and stripes is the natioanl flag of USA.The sum and substance of the speech was antiwar.主语为“every / each + 单数名词 + and + (every/ each +) 单数名词”时,谓语用单数 .Every man, woman, and child needs love.Each boy and girl was given a book.Each book and each paper is held in place.Every minute an

11、d every second is precious.主语为 “形容词 + and + 形容词 + 不可数名词或复数可数名词” , 并且是涉及到该名词的品种或类别时 , 谓语动词用复数 .Chinese and british beer are served at the pub.Cooling draft beer is served at the pub.Clever and dull students are treated alike.There is a black and white picture on the wall.当 “ bothand ” 连接两个单数名词作主语时,谓语

12、动词用复数 .Both his brother and sister are married.Both whales and dolphins are mammals.3 3根据邻近词一致的原则确定谓语形式:用 or 连接两个名 ( 代 ) 词作主语时 , 依据 “邻近原则” 确定谓语形式 . George or Tom is wanted.George or I am wrong. Were you or he there?用 eitheror 连接连个名代词作主语时 , 邻近原则 .Either John or his friends are to blame for the bad re

13、sults.Either the shirts or the sweater is a good buy.Not onlybut also; notbut连接两个名代词作主语时 , 邻近原则 .Not only Mary but also John was invited to the party.Not the students but their teacher is invited to the party.3 4谓语用单数形式的情况 :动名词 ,动词不定式或主语从句作主语 .Reasing is a great pleasure in life.To live means to cre

14、at.That we need more time is obvious.数词或“数词 + 复数名词 ( 表示时间 , 距离 , 金额 ,重量, 大小, 体积等)” 作主语.Eight hours of sleep is enough.Five is an odd number.A hundred miles is quite a drive, isnt it?Five tons is a heavy load.Ten dollars is too much to pay for that shirt.复数形式的专有名词作主语.The Philippines consists of more

15、than 7,000 islands.The United Nations has its head quarters in New York City.The Times has a large circulation.“ many a / more than one +单数名词”作主语 .Many a little makes a mickle.Many a ship has been wrecked on those rocks.More than on grammatical mistakes was found in his composition.表示群意义的词组 ,如: a fl

16、ockof birds,a pack of dogs, a pridea herd of cattle, a school of fish作主语 .oflions,A flock of birds is circling overhead.The herd of cattle is breaking away.3 5谓语用复数形式的情况:trousers,pants,pyjamas,shorts,pliers,scissors,pincer,tongs,glasses, spectacles, tights, compasses等;一般都用复数形式,但当这些词前面有单数量词时,谓语动词常用单数

17、形式.Where are my scissors?There is a pair of scissors on the table.有些集合名词作主语时 ,要用复数形式的谓语Sheep, Cattle, Police, Poultry, militia, peopleCattle feed on grass.The police are looking into the matter.“Several / (a) few / both / many + (of+)用作主语时 ,谓语用复数形式 .Several of you need to work harder.Several have al

18、ready written to me.等 ;复数可数名词或上述词”单独3 6谓语用单复数皆可的情况:有些名词形式上是复数 ,但做主语Means, works, tidings, headquarter,谓语多用单数等;,也可以用复数形式.The firm s headquarters are / is in London.The good tiding come / comes too late.There is / are no means of finding out what happened.The steel works is / are closed for the holida

19、y.数词组成的数学算式作主语,谓语单复亦可 :Two and three is/are five.Twice two make/makes four.一些复数形式疾病名称作主语,通常用单数 ,复数也可以 .The measles is an infectious illness.Mumps is/are fairly rare in adults.3 7不定代词作主语时的谓语形式:由 any, some, no, every与 body, one, thing构成的不定代词作主语或主语的一部分 ,谓语用单数 .Somebody, anyone, nothing, everyone等;Every

20、body is doing his best.There is nothing you can do to help.There s something interesting in the newspaper.“ each, each +单数可数名词 ; each of +复数名词”作主语时,谓语用单数形式 .Each arrives on time.Each of the building blocks is painted a different colour.Each boy has tried twice.Each 位于复数主语之后 ,不影响主语的数 , . The boys eac

21、h have an apple.Either, neither作主语或主语一部分时,谓语用单数形式 :Either is acceptable.Either one is good enough for me.Is/are either of them a doctor?Neither is/are to blame.Neither answer is correct.Neither of us wants/want to do it.注意 , neither, either of和 neither of等用于否定或疑问句时,特别在口语中 ,也可以跟复数谓语 .All, some, more,

22、 most作主语或主语一部分时上述 + 不可数名词作主语 ,谓语用单数 ;上述 + 复数可数名词作主语 ,谓语用复数形式 ;All hope has gone.Some money was spent on books.All roads lead to Rome.Most Arabic speakers understand Egyptian.All is going well.There s some in the pot.The most you can hope for is five dollars.All are agreed on this point.Some are wise

23、 and some are otherwise.Many people support the proposal, but more are against it.All, some, more, most与 of连用时 :同样原则 ;All of this is yours.Some of the book is good.Some of the food has been eaten, but not all of it.Most of his writing is rubbish.Most of the books on that shelf are in English, and th

24、e rest are in Russian or French.None 作主语或主语一部分时:-Is there any milk in the cup?-No, there is none.None have arrived.None has returned from the meeting.“None of +名词”作主语 :None of us is perfect.None of the guests want to stay.None of this money is yours.None of these suggestions is/are very helpful.Any

25、用作主语或主语一部分:Any is better than none.Any is good enough for me.Give me some if there are/is any.If there is any trouble, let me know.Any child wants to know that.There are scarcely any flowers in the garden.Any of these authorities are/is reliable.I don t think any of us want/wants to work tomorrow.Is

26、 there any more of this stuff?Half用作主语或主语一部分:Half was damaged.Half are here.I broke the chocolate into halves, and heres your half.Half his time was wasted.Half the soldiers were killed.Half my class has/have obtained driver s licenses.Half of the apple was rotten.Half of the time was spent in the c

27、ountry.Half of the fruit is bad.Half of my class has/have obtained driver s licenses.Half of them are here.Half of the plums are bad.Enough 作主语或主语的一部分:Enough has been said on this matter.Enough are here to constitute a quorum.There is enough food for everybody.There are enough players for a game.3 8

28、 表示数量的短语作主语时的谓语形式:A lot of,lotsof, plenty of, the percentageof,分数词 + of,a quantityof, quantities of作主语的一部分时 :Two-fifths of the money is mine.Two-fifthsofthestudents in theclassarefrom Arabic-speakingcountries.There was quantities of rain this fall.Lots of my friends are here.There were a quantity of

29、 people in the hall.A great deal of, an amount of, (a) little of, much of与不可数名词连用时 , 谓语用单数 :Much of that furniture is uncomfortable.Little of the equipment was standardized.There is a limited amount of oil in the world.A good many, a great many, a number of与复数可数名词连用 , 谓语用复数 .There were a great (good

30、) many people in the park.A number of students were absent.“ the number of +复数名词 + 单数谓语” ,因为 the number of的词义为“ 的数目” , 如 the number of days in a week is seven.3 9 there be句型中的谓语形式 :There be句型中 , be的形式通常取决于 be 后的主语的数 ;There aren t any letters in the mail for you today.There isn t any mail for you tod

31、ay.There re some good programs on TV.非正式英语中 , 如果 there be 后是由 and 连接的并列主语 , 可以用复数谓语 , 也可以依据邻近词一致的原则来确定谓语形式 .There are a blue pen and a yellow notebook on her desk.There is a blue pen and a yellow notebook on her desk.3 10需经判断来确定句子的谓语形式:1. 集合名词作主语如果集合名词被看作是一个整体 , 或一个组织 , 谓语动词用单数形式The graduating class

32、 is in the laboratory. The audience was rather small.A team which is full of enthusiasm is more likely to win.如果着重其各组成部分或成员的行动 , 谓语用复数形式 . The class were all cheerful.The audience were excited by his speech. The team were talking over some new plays.常用集合名词 :Army, audience, club, class, committee, crew, faculty, troop, group,organ