四六级长难句语法分类分析

1、四六级长难句分析Grammatical Structure一、时态和语态（The Tense and The Voice)v时态（Tense)是表示行为、动作和状态在各种时间条件下的动词形式。v语态（Voice)也是动词的一种形式，表示主语（动作的发出者或动作的承受者）和谓语之间的关系。Sample one:vThis group generally do well in IQ test, scoring 12-15 points above the mean value of 100, and have contributed disproportionately to the intell

2、ectual and cultural life of the West, as the careers of their elites, including several world-renowned scientists, affirm.v这群人在智商测验中一般考得很好，得分在平均分100以上12-15分。而且他们对西方的知识和文化做出了很大的贡献。这种贡献相对于他们的人口数量来说是不成比例的。正如他们中的精英分子的职业生涯所证实的，这些精英分子中包括若干位世界著名的科学家。Sample 2:vA century ago, Freud formulated his revolutiona

3、ry theory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and fears; by the late 1970s, neurologists had switched to thinking of them as just “mental noise”-the random byproducts of the neural-repair work that goes on during sleep. v一个世纪以前，弗洛伊德系统阐述了他的革命性理论：梦是我们无意识的欲望和恐惧的变相反映。到20世纪7

4、0年代晚期，神经学家们转而认为，梦只是“精神上的噪音”，也就是说，在睡眠时进行的神经修复工作的任意副产品。Sample 3:vShe felt suitably humble just as she had when he had first taken a good look at her city self, hair waved and golden, nails red and pointed. v她感到称心得体，就像她以前感觉一样，那时他第一次仔细审视了她城里人的气质、飘逸的金发、又红又尖的指甲。Sample 4:vThe changes that have taken place

5、in air travel during the last sixty years would have seemed completely impossible to even the most brilliant scientists at the turn of the 19th century. v最近60年来空中旅行所发生的变化即使对19世纪末20世纪初最有成就的科学家来说似乎也觉得完全是不可能的。Sample 5:vId say whenever you are going after something that belongs to you, anyone who is dep

6、riving you of the right to have it is criminal. v我想说，无论何时当你在追求属于你的东西时，任何剥夺你拥有它的权利的人都是有罪的。v注：belong, own, possess 这类动词通常不用进行时态。Sample 6vI would have gone to visit him in the hospital had it been at all possible, but I was fully occupied the whole of last week.v如果确实可能的话，我本来是要去医院看他的，但是上周整整一周我忙得不可开交。Sam

7、ple 7:vFor him to be re-elected, what is essential is not that his policy works, but that the public believe that it does. v为了他能连任，真正重要的不是他的政策有效，而是公众认为他的政策有作用。Sample 8:vThe conveniences that Americans desire reflect not so much a leisurely lifestyle as a busy lifestyle in which even minutes of time

8、are too valuable to be wasted. v注：not so muchas与其说倒不如说v美国人所渴望的方便用具和方便设施与其说是反映了一种闲暇的生活方式，还不如说是反映了一种繁忙的生活方式，其中甚至几分钟时间也宝贵得不能被浪费掉。Sample 9:vGreat efforts to increase agricultural production must be made if food shortage is to be avoided. v假如想要避免食品短缺，那就必须做出更大的努力来增加农业产量。vBe (am, is, are, or, was, were)和不定

9、式连用，可表示：v1）按计划或安排要发生的事或打算做的事：I am to see him today at six oclock. v2) 该做或不该做的事（接近should, must, ought to, have to): You are not to smoke in this room. v3) 能不能发生的事（接近can, may)：How am I to pay such a debt?v4) 不可避免将要发生的事，后来将发生的事：The worst is still to come.v5) (用于条件句）如果想要(接近ifwant to, 或ifshould): If we a

10、re to be there in time, well have to hurry up. vIf there is to be revolution, there must be a revolutionary army. Sample 10:vYour math instructor would have been happy to give you a makeup examination had you gone and explained that your parents were ill at the time. v如果你去向数学老师解释清楚，那时你的父母病了，他是会乐意给你一

11、次补考的机会的。Sample 11:vI hope her health will have improved greatly by the time we come back next year. v我希望，到我们明年回来的时候，她的身体将会很好。vby the time+从句（谓语用一般现在时）表示“到将来某个时间点为止”，故主语中的谓语用将来完成时。e.g.：By the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed in Europe for two weeks. vby the time+从句（谓语用一般过去时）表示“到过去某个时间点为

12、止”，所以主句谓语需用过去完成时；如表示状态，也可以用一般过去时，例如：By the time he was taken to the hospital, he was already dead. v有些表示时间的短语可引导时间状语从句，例如：the instance, the minute, the moment, the day, the year, each (every) time, next time, the first (second) time 等。ve.g.: The minute he saw her he fell in love.v The day he returne

13、d home, his father was already dead.v Every time I come he is reading.v He was much better the last time I saw him.Sample 12:vJohn isnt a diligent student, for it is the third time he has been late, isnt it?v约翰并不是一个勤奋的孩子，因为这是他第三次迟到了，对吗?v在下列表达方式后要用现在完成时：1）This (that) is the first/second/third, etc例如:

14、This is the first minibus we have had in our town. 2) This (that) is the only例如：This is the only party that I have really enjoyed in my life. 3) This (that) is the+形容词最高级例如：It is the most interesting book (that ) Ive ever read. 如果谈到过去，就用过去完成时，如：This was the first high-rise building we had had in our

15、 town. Sample 13:vNo sooner had the words been spoken than he realized that he should have remained silent. v注：no sooner+ had+主语+过去分词（被动语态用been+过去分词）+than+主语+一般过去时;意为“刚就”。v话一说出，他就立刻意识到，他本来应该保持沉默。Sample 14:vWe had hoped to start our business, but we never had enough money to do so.v我们本来希望自己开办自己的企业，但是

16、我们钱不够。v注：hope, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose 和want 这一类表示希望，愿望，打算的动词用于过去完成时态表示过去的希望、期待、意图、愿望等没有实现。如：1）I had meant to call on you, but was prevented from doing so. 2) She had thought of paying us a visit but the bad weather made her change her plans. 3) They had wanted to help but couldnt get t

17、here in time. 4) I hadnt for a minute supposed (expected) that I should get the first prize. (我一点都没想到我会得一等奖）Sample 15:vYou love your only son and indulge him so much that you are doing him harm. v你爱你的独生儿子，把他娇惯到了害他的程度了。v注：现在进行时常用来阐述、归纳前面所说的话。这种现在进行时的语气往往较强。本句中的现在进行时表示结果，有归纳或总结之意。如：I can not sleep. So

18、mething is worrying me. 第二句中用现在进行时表示原因，解释前一句。Sample 16：vIt is perhaps not an exaggeration to say that there are those who consider it questionable that these defense-linked research projects will account for an improvement in the standard of living or, alternatively, will do much to protect our dimi

19、nishing resources. v或许可以毫不夸张地说，有些人认为值得怀疑的是，这些与国防有关的研究项目会说明生活水平的提高，或者，换言之，会大大有助于保护我们日益减少的自然资源。二、虚拟语气（The Subjunctive Mood)v虚拟语气用来表示说话人的主观愿望或假想，假设或建议等，所说的是一个条件，不一定是事实，或与事实相反。v虚拟语气是一项语法难点，这里把虚拟语气分成三大块来讨论：v1名词从句中的虚拟语气 标志词+should+动词原形v2条件从句中的虚拟语气 v三种基本态 v倒装虚拟句 v混时虚拟句 v含蓄虚拟句 v跳层虚拟句v3其它情形中的虚拟语气（wish/would

20、rather/its high time/if only/lest）1.名词从句虚拟语气v(1) ask, advise, beg, command, demand, decide, desire, insist, order, prefer, propose, require, recommend, request, suggest, urge等表示命令、要求、建议等含义的动词后的宾语从句中，谓语动词用(should)+动词原形ve.g. I suggest / suggested that we (should) go tomorrow.名词从句虚拟语气v(2) it is +(形容词/过

21、去分词/特定名词)+that的从句中，形容词主要是表示令人吃惊的、重要的、必要的、关键的等词汇。形容词：astonishing, amazing, advisable, appropriate, crucial, desirable, essential, important, imperative, keen, necessary, natural, normal, odd, proper, preferable, strange, sorry, shocked, surprising, urgent, unusual, vital等。从句用虚拟语气v(3) 过去分词：decided, de

22、sired, demanded, ordered, requested, recommended, suggested等; 名词：advice, decision, desire, demand, suggestion, motion, pray, resolution, wish, preference, proposal, recommendation, requirement, idea, order等，从句中，谓语动词用(should)+动词原形2条件从句中的虚拟语气v三种基本态表虚拟的时间if从句谓语形式主句谓语形式现在did / were would (should, might,

23、 could)+do 过去had done/ had beenwould(should/might/could)+have done(been)将来Were to/should +do would (should, might, could)+do v与现在事实相反：If I had enough money, I would buy a book. v与过去事实相反：If I had had enough money, I would have bought a book. v与将来事实相反：If I were to have enough money, I would buy a book

24、. vIf I should have enough money, I would buy a book. 倒装虚拟句（只能与过去/将来事实相反，省去if，有三种倒装形式）vHad I had enough money, I would have bought a book. vWere I to have enough money, I would buy a book. vShould I have enough money, I would buy a book.混时虚拟句（主要是抓住时间状语）v(对过去事实虚拟+对现在事实虚拟) vIf I had studied English at

25、 school, I could read the English novel now. v(对现在事实虚拟+对过去事实虚拟) vIf she were not so careless, she wouldnt have made such a mistake.含蓄虚拟句vWhat would I have done without you? vBut for their help, I would not have finished the task. vBut that the doctor arrived on time that day, they would have been de

26、ad. vGiven more time, I would have been able to finish the test. 跳层虚拟句（即句子一半为虚拟，另一半为陈述语气；but前句用虚拟而or/otherwise后句用虚拟） v(but) v He would put on weight, but he doesnt eat much. (与现在事实相反) vHe would have put on weight, but he didnt eat much. (与过去事实相反) v(or, or else, otherwise) vI forget where I read the

27、article, or I would show it to you now. (与现在事实相反) vMary couldnt have received my letter, otherwise she would have replied before now. (与过去事实相反)3其它情形中的虚拟语气（wish/would rather/its high time/if only/lest）vwish vI wish I knew the answer.(与现在事实相反)vI wish I had known the answer. (与过去事实相反) vI wish you would

28、 shut up. (与将来事实相反) vif onlyvIf only I were taller. (与现在事实相反)vIf only he had followed your advice! (与过去事实相反)vIf only the rain would stop. (与将来事实相反) vit is (high/about) time vIt is time you thought about your future. vwould rather vI would rather you didnt speak rudely to her. (与现在事实相反) vId rather yo

29、u hadnt spoken rudely to her. (与过去事实相反) vlest, in case, for fear that（引导的是目的状语从句，但可归入第六点(名词从句虚拟)，这是因它们答案特征相同，即 (should)+动词原形。e.g. He took his umbrella lest it should rain. Sample 1:vAfter the terrible air crash she began to be worried lest he should have met with some accident the day before. v可怕的飞机

30、失事发生后，她开始担心，唯恐他已在前一天出了什么事故。Sample 2:vHad it not been for the timely investment from the public, our company would not be so thriving as it is.v要不是老百姓的及时投资，我们的公司就不会像现在这样兴旺。vThe millions of calculations involved, had they been done by hand, would have lost all practical value by the time they were fin

31、ished.v所涉及到的数百万次计算，如果用手工操作，到它们完成时已失去全部实用价值。timevvt.v1. 为安排时间；为选择时机；为定时：vto time an invasion 选择入侵的时机vThe bomb was timed to go off at 12 oclock 炸弹定在12点钟爆炸。v2. 拨准(钟、表)的快慢，校正(钟、表)时间：vHe timed his watch with mine. 他和我对表。v3. 测定的时间；记录的时间：vto time a race 记录赛跑的时间vto time a runner 为赛跑选手计时v4. (音乐等)使与节拍相一致，使合拍子

32、：vThey timed their steps to the drumbeat. 他们合着击鼓声跳舞。v5. 调准(机械的)速度：vThe workers have timed the speed of the machine.工人们已经调准机器的速度。v vi.v合拍；和谐；打拍子; (钟、表等)走得准vadj.时间的，表示时间的，时间方面的;(爆炸装置等)定时的;定期的;美国英语分期(付款)的vabreast of (或 with) the timesv与时俱进的，赶上时代的，不落后于时代的，符合时代的，时新的 vagainst timev争分夺秒地，尽快地；力争及时(完成)，争取在有限

33、的时间内(完成)(一般与 run，talk，work 连用) vat all times始终，经常；随时，总是，老是；不论什么时候v(at) any time随时，无论何时vat a time每次，一次；个别地；同时，一下子vat no time在任何时候都不；从来没有，从不；决不vat odd times (或 hours, moments)偶尔；在闲暇的时候；用零碎的时间vat one timeva. 同时vb. (过去或从前)有个时期，曾经(有一段时间)，一度vin times of stress a. 在供不应求时 b. 在艰难困苦时vin times to come在将来timely

34、vadj. 及时的；适时的，合时宜的 vadv. 及时地 vEnsure timely delivery and quality of all products.v确保准时交货并保证产品的质量vDo remember to do some exercise timely to keep you healthy.v请务必记住。要适时的活动活动。保证身体健康。involvevvt.v1 牵涉，牵连，使卷入；使陷入(麻烦、困境等)：vto be involved in a scandal 卷入丑闻vto be involved in the trouble 陷入麻烦v2 使参与；使参加：vto in

35、volve employees in the management 使职员参与管理v3 包含，含有，包括：vThis project involves much difficulty. 这一项目有许多困难。v4 需要；必需：va project which involves years of work 一项需要若干年工作的工程v5 与有关联；影响：vHis honor is involved. 他的名誉受到影响。v6 包围，围住；笼罩：vClouds involve the mountain top.云雾笼罩着山顶。v7 使专心于；使忙于；使从事于：vto be involved in res

36、earch 忙于研究Sample 3:vA safety analysis would have identified the target as a potential danger. Unfortunately, it was never done.v一次安全隐患分析本来会识别这个目标是潜在的危险。不幸的是，这样的分析从未做过。identifyvvt.v1. 辨认；识别；认出；鉴定；验明；确定：vHe identified his baggage among hundreds of others. 他在几百件行李中认出了自己的行李。vto identify handwriting 鉴定笔迹

37、v2. 使等同于；把看做一致(常与with连用)：vNever identify wealth with happiness. 千万不要把财富等同于幸福。vHe always identifies others happiness with his own. 他总是把别人的幸福看做自己的幸福。v3. 使支持；使参与，使关系密切(常与with连用)：vShe is actively identified with our plans. 她积极支持我们的计划。vHe refused to identify himself with their policy. 他拒绝参与他们的政策。v4. 暴露出的

38、身份：vHis hoarse voice quickly identified him. 他那嘶哑的声音让人一听就知道是他。v5. 使融合：vThe play was so gripping that the audience quickly identified with the actors. 这出戏非常扣人心弦，使得观众很快就与演员融为一体。vvi.v1. 同情；跟发生共鸣；支持(常与with连用)：vHe identifies with the heroine of the novel.他同情小说中的女主人公。v 短语短语v1. identify oneself证明自己(的身份)v2.

39、 identify oneself with参加到中去；与打成一片；支持Sample 4:vIn the past men generally preferred that their wives work in the home.v过去男子一般都愿意他们的妻子在家里工作。vWhen Edison died, it was proposed that the American people turn off all power in their homes, streets, and factories for several minutes in honor of this great ma

40、n.v爱迪生去世时，有人建议，为纪念这位伟人美国人民应关掉家中，街上和工厂里的全部电源几分钟。Sample 5:vI apologize if I had offended you, but I assure you it was unintentional. v假如我曾经冒犯过你，我现在向你道歉，但我向你保证，这不是故意的。vId rather you went by train, because I cant bear the idea of your being in an airplane in such a bad weather.v我宁愿你乘火车去，因为我无法想象在如此恶劣的天气里

41、你呆在飞机里。v注：主语+would rather后接宾语从句，从句中谓语须用虚拟语气：用一般过去时表示希望现在或将来实现的行为或状态，用过去完成时表示希望过去实现的行为或状态。如：Id rather you didnt do anything about it for the time being. 我宁愿你暂时不要采取任何措施。v同类句型还有：I would just as soon和I would soonerve.g.: I would just as soon you did not ask me to speak at the meeting tomorrow because I

42、have a lot of urgent matters to attend to. v I would sooner you had gone there yesterday.v注意下述两个句型的差异：1）(just) as soon do sth as do sth else: 同样乐于做某事，就像做另外一件事一样：Id just as soon stay at home as go for walk.我乐于呆在家里，就像乐于出去散步一样。2）sooner do sth than do sth else:宁愿做某事，而不愿做另一事：She would sooner resign than

43、take part in such dishonest business deals. 她宁可辞职也不愿意参与这种不正当的买卖。Sample 6vThere is a real possibility that these animals could be frightened, should there be a sudden noise. v要是有一声巨响，这些动物会受到惊吓，这是有现实可能性的。vIt is generally thought to be of importance to a man that he (should) know himself.v普遍认为，一个人重要的是贵

44、有自知之明。vHe was to have been appointed as the manager of the company, but he fell seriously ill. v本来要任命他当公司经理，但他却得了重病。Sample 7:vYou look so tired tonight. It is high time you went to bed.v你今晚看上去很累。你该去睡觉了。v注意：有的语法书上说，谓语可用should+动词原形表示，但现在我国各类测试中只承认“一般过去时”。vThe teacher thought it essential that all the

45、exercise books (should) be handed in no later than Friday morning. v老师认为必须在周五上午前把全部作业本交上去。vWe must urge that delegates (should) be elected from the various factories in the city. v我们必须敦促，代表应该选自本城各工厂。Sample 8:vI said something that made the matters much worse. If only I had kept my mouth shut!v我说了些使事

46、态恶化的话。早知道我就闭口不言了。vShe wasnt in good health, otherwise she would have worked harder.v她身体不好，否则的话她会更努力工作。vHad it not been for Professor Russel standing for him, he would have had to leave.v要不是因为罗塞尔教授支持他，他就得离开了。Sample 9:vMr. Brown, a good friend of mine, would have helped us but that he was short of mon

47、ey at the time.v若不是我的好朋友波浪先生那时缺钱，他就会帮我们了。vBut for your kind advice we could not have succeeded in the experiment when we were in trouble.v当我们处于困境中时，要不是你的忠告，我们本来是不可能成功的。vWere the Times Co. to purchase another major media company, there is no doubt that it could dramatically transform a family-run ent

48、erprise that still gets 90% of its revenue from newspapers. v如果时代公司要收购另一家主流媒体公司，毫无疑问，它能改造一家仍然从报业获取90%收益的家庭经营的企业。purchase vvt.v1. 买，购买，购置vExpert flattery may purchase an honest man 老练的阿谀奉承可以买动一个老实人。v2. (用牺牲等)换取，换得：vThey purchased life at the expense of honor. 他们以牺牲名誉为代价换得了生命。v3. 依靠机械力移动(或举起)；靠机械力抓紧：v

49、to purchase an anchor 起锚vvi. 购买东西v n.v1. 购得物，所购物 2. 购买，买v3. 紧握，紧抓；牢靠的立足点 4. 获得物；赃物v5. (地产等以年计的)收益，价值v短语短语vnot worth a days (或 an hours) purchase活不到一天(或一小时)，命危在旦夕buyvvt.v1. 买，购买，购置，买得：vI bought myself a car. 我为自己买了一辆汽车。 They bought the house for $100,000. 他们花十万美元买了这座房子。v2. (付出一定代价)换得，赢得，获得：vto buy ti

50、me by negotiating 通过谈判赢得时间vShe bought favor with flattery. 她以阿谀奉承博得宠幸。v3. 能购得；足以买到(或获得)；具有购买力，价值相当于：vOne hundred dollars buys less than it used to. 现在100美元买不到以前所能买到的那么多东西。v4. 雇，聘；享受的服务：vThe Chicago Bull bought a new guard. 芝加哥公牛队新雇了一名后卫。v5. 收买，向行贿，贿赂：vA few public officials can be bought. 一些公务员会被收买。

51、v6. n美国俚语、口语采纳，接受，认为；相信；同意，赞成(尤指采纳有效可行的意见)：vI cant buy his excuse. 我不能相信他的借口。vI dont buy that explanation. 我不接受那样的解释。vvi. 当买主，(作为买者)采购商品，买商品，买货物，购买东西，买某物：vThe car prices are low; its a good time to buy. 现在汽车价格低，买车正是时候。v n.1. 买，购买，购置 2. 买卖，交易v短语短语v1. buy it 相信(或接受)(某种提议、建议、说明)，信以为真；放弃回答问题或猜谜时用亦作 buy

52、thattransformvvt.v1. 使变化；使变形；使改观：vA little paint will transform this old car. 喷点漆就能让这辆旧车变个模样。vThe magician transformed the girl into a tiger. 魔术师把那个女孩变成了一头老虎。v2. 改革；使改变(性质、机能等)： vThey transformed the basement into a reading room. 他们把地下室改建成阅览室。vto transform dream into reality 变梦想为现实v3. 改造；使改变(思想、性格等)

53、： vMarriage has completely transformed him.婚姻已经彻底改变了他。vSuccess and wealth transformed his character. 成功和财富改变了他的性格。v4. 【电工学】变压；变化(电流)；【物理学】转变(能量形式等)；使转换：vA dynamo transforms mechanical energy into electricity. 发电机使机械能转换为电。vvi.改变；变形；变态；转变；转化；变换： vA caterpillar transforms into a butterfly. 毛虫变成了蝴蝶。vtra

54、nsform faultv转换断层；转形断层transfervvt. .-ferring 搬；转移；传递；传输：vThey will transfer those books into the new library. 他们将把那些书搬进新的图书馆。vPlease transfer the money to my account. 请把这笔钱转到我的账上。v转让(财产等)：vHe intends to transfer the property to his daughter. 他打算把财产转让给女儿。v改变；转变；变换：vto transfer wasteland into fertile

55、fields把荒地变成良田v转写；转印；摹绘 调动；使(职业足球运动员)转会：vHe has been transferred to anther branch. 他已经被调到了另外一个部门。vThat footballer has been transferred to AC Milan. 那个足球运动员已经转会到AC米兰队。v vi.v1. 转移；迁移：vOur company will transfer to London.我们公司将迁往伦敦。v2. 转学；转校；转系；转会；调动：vShe has transferred from the Department of History to

56、 the Department of English. 她已经由历史系转到英语系了。v3. 换车(或船)；转乘：vAt Birmingham I transferred to another coach. 我在伯明翰换乘另一辆大客车。三、不定式、分词和动名词（The Infinitive, The Participle and The Gerund)v非限定动词（Non-finite Verb) 是动词的非谓语形式。非限定动词在句中不能单独做谓语，不受主语的人称和数的限制；它在句中可以充当各种句子成分。非限定动词包括不定式、动名词和分词。3.1 不定式的用法v3.1.1 不定式的结构形式及其补

57、足成分v1）不定式的结构形式v不定式通常由不定式符号to+V原形构成，如write的不定式便是to write,这是不定式的一般形式。主动词的进行体形式，完成体形式以及完成进行体形式也可以有不定式：to be writing, to have written, to have been writing. 不定式的否定形式通常是在不定式符号之前加not, never等否定词 （not to write).动词的被动态也可以有不定式。其形式是由to be +-ed分词或者to have been +-ed分词构成：to be written, to have been writen. v2)不定式

58、的补足成分：v不定式常常带有自己的补足成分：vHe began to study Russian.vHe meant to send me a gift.vThey decided to appoint her manager.vHe began to feel sad.vIt continued to rain heavily.vHe decided to live in the countryside.v所有这些带有补足成分的不定式统称为“不定式结构”。v3.1.2 不定式结构的句法功能v不定式结构可在句中作主语、补语、宾语等多种句子成分。v1) 不定式结构作主语vTo give good

59、 service is our duty.vTo clean the rooms once a week is necessary.vTo meet you is great pleasure.v把不定式结构直接置于主语的位置，平时用得不多，听起来也不太自然，通常的用法是在主语位置上放个“先行it”, 而把作主语的不定式后置：vIt is our duty to give good service.vIt is necessary to clean the rooms once a week.vIt is a great pleasure to meet you. v2)不定式结构作主语补语v

60、不定式结构作主语补语有以下两种情况：一种是主语和主语补语都是不定式，其含义往往一是条件，一是结果。vIn a way, to protect forests is to keep natural balance. 保护森林在某种程度上就是保持生态平衡vTo promise too much is to promise nothing.v另一种情况是，作主语补语的不定式结构往往说明主语的内容，这时，主语通常是由aim, business, duty, hope, idea, job, mistake, plan, suggestion, wish, work等作中心词的名词词组，或是由what