考研英语阅读试卷186

1、考研英语（阅读） - 试卷 186（总分： 60.00 ，做题时间： 90分钟 ）一、 Reading Comprehension（总题数：6 ，分数：60.00）1. Section II Reading Comprehension （分数：10.00 ）解析：2. Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (分数： 10.00 )解析：Always. Never. These are probably the

2、two most powerful words in the English language. Even more powerful than yes and no, since saying yes(or no)applies to the moment or subject at hand, while saying always orever sets the tone for everything to come. The two words can be powerfulin a beneficial way, or in an adversely negative way. If

3、 you use always in affirmations such as I am always increasing my level of joy and aliveness, or I am always growing nearer and nearer to my divine reality, or I am always at the right place at the right time, etc. , then these uses of the word always become an empowerment. However, when we use the

4、word always in negative situations, such as I always get it wrong, or I always catch a cold, etc. then we are creating our reality in a powerful way. The use of the word ALWAYS is very powerful, so is the use of NEVER. While I encourage you to find empowering ways to use the word always, I also enco

5、urage you to drop completely the word NEVER. One cannot use that word positively? Even if you say I never catch a cold, or My husband never cheats on me, or whatever, the focusis still on something you donwant in your life a cold, a cheating husband, etc. It is betterto replace those statements(and

6、thoughts)with I am always healthy, or if you e not quitecomfortable with that statement, then say Each day, I get healthier and healthier. Or rather than focus on the picture of a cheating husband, better to focus on My husband is always faithful to me, or My husband and I are faithful and honest wi

7、th each other. You can ask your subconscious to help you root out your use of the word always and the wordever. Ask your subconsciousto alert you when you use those words whether in thought or conversation. When you catch yourself creating your reality in a way that does not meet your highest vision

8、 of a happy life, then rephrase your thought or statement. If you find yourself saying I always followed by a negative projection, you could, at the least, replace the always with in the past, I . . . (omitting the word always orever). In this way, you at least keep that picture tied to your past, a

9、nd free your future for something which is more in keeping with your dreams and vision for yourself. I leave you with these thoughts: May you always be blessed with many wonderfull experiences. May your heart always be full of love for yourself and for others. So be it! (分数： 10.00 ) (1).The text sug

10、gests that. (分数： 2.00 )A.the wordever cannot be powerful in a beneficial wayB.the word always can only be powerful in a positive wayC.the use of the word always is creating a reality powerfullyD.yes ando should be replaced by always and ever解析： 解析： 根据第二段中的 “ these uses of the word 'always'be

11、come an empowerment和 “when weuse the word 'always'in negative situations , - then we are 'creating our reality'in a powerfulway ”, C应为答案。(2) .According to the author, the word always. (分数： 2.00 )A.is usually used to talk about happiness in our livesVB.may be used either in a benefici

12、al or in a negative wayC.is used more in a beneficial way than in a negative wayD.can be extremely powerful when used in a negative way解析：解析：根据第二段第一句“ The two words can be powerful in a beneficial way ， or in an adverselynegative way ”, B应为答案。(3) .The author maintains that the wordever. (分数： 2.00 )A

13、.can scarcely be used positively VB.can sometimes be used positivelyC.can be used in an empowering wayD.should be used in a negative situation解析：解析：根据第三段第三、四句“ One cannot use that word positively?Even if you say I nevercatch acold' , - the focus is still on something you don't want in your l

14、ifeA应为答案。(4) .In the authors opinion, the word always. (分数： 2.00 )A.should be discarded completelyB.should be used more subconsciouslyC.should be used to talk about past eventsD.should be less used in negative situationsV解析：解析：根据第四段中的“ If you find yourself saying I always'followed by a negative

15、projection , youcould , at the least , replace the 'always'with 'in the past , I - '(omitting the word always ornever) ”, D应为答案。(5) .The author insists that. (分数： 2.00 )A.what you prefer to always have in your life, just say soVB.everybody is always blessed with love and great happin

16、essC.your future is based on your dreams and vision for yourselfD.whatever you say or whatever you dream will come true someday解析：解析：本文表达的观点是： “ always'is powerful ” 。作者在最后一段使用“always ”这个词表达了美好的祝愿。所以，A 应为答案。In May, USA Today reported that the federal government is collecting data on the phone ca

17、lls madeand received by tens of million of Americans. According to the programs defenders, your grocery store, your cable company, and your credit card company can identify you based on your phone number, but the National Security Agency(NSA)can . At least, thats the implication when people say thed

18、atabase is legal because the information in it has敢演眇渭浸洗穗攥 i. e. , stripped of namesand addresses. Butphone numbers can readily be linked to names and addresses usingpublicly available information. The claim that there s really nothing personal or private about the phone call records which tell the

19、NSA who calls whom, when, and for how long is a tenuous basis fordefending data collection that ordinarily requires a court order or the customers consent. One major phone company, Qwest, refused to give the NSA its customers records. Officials there knew they could face hefty penalties under at lea

20、st two statutes, the Communications Act and the Electronic Communications Privacy Act, if they revealed this information without their customers permission unless they were legally required to do so. The NSAs defenders cite Qwests refusal as evidence the program is voluntary and therefore legal. In

21、fact, it indicates just the opposite: Had Qwest been presented with a lawful subpoena or court order demanding the data, it almost certainly would have complied. If it hadn, the government could have forced it to do so. Instead, USA Today reported, the NSA resorted to extra-legal methods, pressuring

22、 the phone companies to divulge the data through appeals to patriotism, warnings about terrorism, and threats of lost government contracts. Presumably it took this route because it would have had a hard time convincing the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court that every Americans phone records we

23、reelevant to a terrorism investigation. Maybe the NSA shouldnhave to meet that standard whenit does automated analyses of such data aimed at preventing terrorist attacks. If so, theres a simple solution: Ask Congress to change the relevant statutes. Otherwise, divulging the records to the government

24、 violates the law. (分数： 10.00 )(1) .It was reported that the federal government is. (分数： 2.00 )A.defending its right to collect data on the phone calls of peopleB.collecting data on the phone calls of people for security reasonsVC.interested in getting the personal information of average citizens D.

25、following the example of credit card companies in data collection 解析： 解析： 根据第段中的 “ the federal government is collecting data on the phone calls - ofAmericans . According to "number, but the National Security Agency(NSA)can't ", B应为答案。 (2).The National Security Agency believes that it i

26、s legal. (分数： 2.00 )A.to collect anonymized personal informationVB.to link phone numbers to names and addresses C.to use publicly available information in data analysisD.to identify and accuse anyone based on phone call records解析： 解析： 根据第段最后句 “ that's the implication when people say the database

27、 is legal becausethe information in it has been 'anonymized'"，A应为答案。(3) .The NSAs defenders state that phone call records. (分数： 2.00 )A.are frequently used by various institutionsB.can be used without the customers consentC.are nothing but publicly available information D.can hardly be

28、considered as private informationV解析：解析：根据第二段第二句“ The claim that there's really nothing personal or private about the phonecall records is a tenuous basis for defending data collection”, D应为答案。(4) .The example of Qwest is cited by the NSAs defenders to prove that phone data collection. (分数：2.00)

29、A.faces severe penalties B.requires a court order C.is permitted by the law V D.is forbidden by statutes 解析： 解析： 根据第四段第句 " The NSA's defenders cite Qwest's refusal as evidence the program isvoluntary and therefore legal ”, C应为答案。(5) .The author argues that at present.(分数：2.00 )A.reveali

30、ng call records to the NSA is illegalVB.collecting data for national security is legal C.communications statutes have to be modified D.preventing terrorism is a matter of great urgency解析： 解析： 根据全文最后句 " Otherwise , divulging the records to the government violates the law"，A应为答案。Divorce is o

31、ne of those creations, like fast food and lite rock, that has more people willing to indulge Zin it than people willing to defend it. Back in the 1960s, easier divorce was hailed as a needed remedy for toxic relationships. But familiarity has bred contempt . In recent years, the divorce revolution h

32、as been blamed for worsening all sorts of problems without bringing happiness to people in unhappy marriages. Theres a lot of evidence that marital breakup does more social harm than good. In their 2000 book, The Case for Marriage, Linda Waite and Maggie Gallagher document that adults who are marrie

33、d do better than singles in wealth, health, and personal satisfaction. Children living with a divorced or unwed single parent are more likely to fall into poverty, sickness, and crime than other kids. Marriage is a good thing, most people agree, while divorce is, at best, a necessary evil. So the la

34、ws that accompanied the divorce revolution have come under fire for destroying families and weakening safeguards for spouses who keep their vows. Waite and Gallagher argue that loose divorce laws harm even intact households by fostering chronic uncertainty. Louisiana, in line with this criticism, ha

35、s gone so far as to provide a covenant marriage option for couples who want the protection of stricter divorce rules. It may seem obvious that easier divorce laws make for more divorce and more insecurity. But what is obvious is not necessarily true. What two scholars have found is that when you mak

36、e divorce easier to get, you may actually produce better marriages. In the old days, anyone who wanted to escape from the trials of wedlock had to get his or her spouse to agree to a split, or else go to court to prove the partner had done something terribly wrong(such as committing adultery). The 1

37、960s and 70s, brought o-fault divorce, which is also known as %unilateral divorce, since either party can bring it about without the consent of the other. The first surprise is that looser divorce laws have actually had little effect on the number of marriages that fall apart. Economist Justin Wolfe

38、rs of Stanford University, in a study published by the National Bureau of Economic Research(NBER), found that when California passed a no-fault divorce law in 1970, the divorce rate jumped, then fell back to its old leveland then fell some more. That was also the pattern10.00 )in other states that l

39、oosened their laws. Over time, he estimates, the chance that a first marriage would break up rose by just one-fourth of one percentage point, which is next to nothing.(分数:(1).By sayingamiliarity has bred contempt, the author means that. (分数： 2.00 )A.familiar people tend to despise each otherB.divorc

40、e revolution has become unwelcome VC.divorced people are always held in contemptD.familiarity contributes to unhappy marriages解析：解析：第一段谈社会对离婚态度的变化， 60年代时受欢迎，而近些年来受谴责。 “But familiarityhasbred contempt "指的就是这个变化。所以，B应为答案。(2) .According to the book, The Case for Marriage, divorce. (分数： 2.00 )A.ser

41、ves as a trigger for juvenile delinquencyB.harms health, and lessens personal satisfactionC.is the primary reason for poverty and sicknessD.does harm to both adults and children involvedV解析： 解析： 第二段以 “The Casefor Marriage ”这本书的内容为论据， 说明该段第一句话所提出的论点“marital breakupdoes more social harm than good &quo

42、t;。所以，D应为答案。(3) .Most people believe that easier divorce laws. (分数： 2.00 )A.are needed to remedy marital breakupB.bring happiness to unhappy marriagesC.are desirable to reduce the divorce rateD.inflict chronic insecurity on marriagesV解析：解析：根据第三段中的“ Marriage is a good thing ， most people agree ， whil

43、e divorce is ， atbest ， anecessary evil ”和第五段中的“It may seem obvious that easier divorce laws make for moredivorce and moreinsecurity ”, D应为答案。(4) .The author argues that loose divorce laws may. (分数： 2.00 )A.improve marriages and not promote divorce VB.raise divorce rate and cause more insecurityC.im

44、pel more people to choose to get divorcedD.help people escape from the trials of wedlock解析：解析：根据第五段中的“ But what is obvious is not necessarily true What two scholars havefound isthat when you make divorce easier to get , you may actually produce better marriages ”, A应为答案。) 2.00 (分数： (5).The no-fault

45、divorce law.A.was hailed when it was passedB.caused the divorce rate to jumpC.failed to make for more divorce VD.created more one-parent families解析：解析：第七段以一位经济学家的研究为例，说明“no fault divorce law ”对离婚率影响不大，即证明了该段第一句的观点“ The first surprise is that looser divorce laws have actually had littleeffect on then

46、umber of marriages that fall apart” 是正确的。所以，C应为答案。Deviance is defined as any act, belief or action that results in the disapproval of any members of society. Much of the scorn that people face in society today is a result of situational deviance(that which is regarded as regular in one community may

47、 be considered deviant in another). It is because of situational deviance that literally every person could be labeled a deviant by some. With so many different value and belief systems occurring simultaneously throughout the planet, systems that often conflict with one another, it is impossible for

48、 anyone to be considered ormal in every society on earth. Take this example: a member of a street gang assisting in an armed robbery with fellow gang members. This act is seen as deviant within most cultures and organizations throughout the planet, but fellow criminals or members of the gang may sco

49、rn those who do NOT participate in such acts, as they are viewed as cowards or fools. This proves that regardless of how a person acts or what beliefs they hold they are destined to face scorn from some members of the population, which makes everyone deviant to some extent. You might be asking why:

50、if everyone is considered deviant to some extent, only a small portion of the populationis punished by the law. Many times laws reflect the values of the majority of a population. This means that as long as an act is considered to be acceptable by most of the local population, this will most likely

51、be reflected in the laws of the community. This is not always the case, as sometimes laws are simply reflective of the values of those in power and do not reflect the beliefs of the majority of the population(euthanasia and homosexual marriage are two controversial laws). This is not to say that all

52、 acts that are deemed deviant are criminal. Many non-criminal acts are considered by many to be deviant, while some acts that are against the law may be seen as legitimate by a majority of society. Many people view the legal activity of purchasing pornography as deviant, while many more consider mer

53、cy killing(or euthanasia)to be acceptable or even commendable despite the fact that this act is often illegal. Virtually every human being on the face of the earthhas been scorned or stigmatized at one point or another. This is simply the result of an everchanging, diverse, and multicultural planet,

54、 and it is humanitys beliefs and values that separatethe human race from other animals. (分数： 10.00 )(1) .According to the text, situational deviance refers to. (分数： 2.00 )A.a behavior seen as deviant only in a particular cultureVB.much of the scorn faced by people in modern societyC.an act that is considered illegal in specific occasionsD.severe social disapproval of personal characteristics解析：解析：根据第一段中的“ situational deviance(that which is regarded as regular in onecommunity