如何撰写英文摘要PowerPoint 演示文稿

1、1如何撰写英文摘要2如何撰写和编辑英文摘要摘要概念摘要概念摘要基本类型和内容摘要基本类型和内容摘要特点摘要特点摘要时态摘要时态摘要人称和语态摘要人称和语态摘要常用句式摘要常用句式 摘要写作步骤摘要写作步骤关键词关键词3科技论文的结构The structure of scientific paper题目题目 Title Title 作者作者 AuthorAuthor作者单位和地址作者单位和地址 Affiliation and address Affiliation and address 摘要摘要 AbstractAbstract关键词关键词 Key wordsKey words引言引言 Int

2、roductionIntroduction材料与方法材料与方法 Materials and methods Materials and methods 结果结果 ResultsResults讨论讨论 DiscussionDiscussion致谢致谢 Acknowledgments (optional)Acknowledgments (optional)引文引文 ReferencesReferences附录附录 AppendicesAppendices(optional)(optional)4The IMRAD article: Introduction, Methods, Results An

3、d DiscussionMaterialsandmethods Results Abstract Introduction DiscussionAbstractIntroductionMaterials and MethodsResultsDiscussion5The IMRAD article: Introduction, Methods, Results And DiscussionAbstractIntroductionResultsDiscussionMaterials and Methods6What is an abstract?What is an abstract?国家标准GB

4、 644786对摘要的定义为: “以提供文献内容梗概为目的, 不加评论和补充解释, 简明、确切地记叙文献重要内容的短文.”7What is an abstract?What is an abstract? An abstract is a condensed version of a longer piece of writing that highlights the major points covered, concisely describes the content and scope of the writing, and reviews the writings contents

5、 in abbreviated form8What is an abstract?What is an abstract?What is the problem? IntroductionHow did I solve the problem? Materials and MethodsWhat did I find out? ResultsWhat does it mean? DiscussionWhat did I do in a nutshell? Abstract9What is an abstract?What is an abstract?What did I do in a nu

6、tshell? Abstract10Abstract:Why is it important?通常是你文章最先被阅读到的部分；如果你的摘要不好，你就无法吸引审者和读者的注意；论文审者通常仅仅根据你的摘要就对你的论文作出了初步判断；A good Abstract is usually followed by a good paper. A bad abstract often indicates a bad paper.Beijing10/11December2008Howtogetpublished11What is an abstract?What is an abstract?摘要的基本特

7、点：摘要的基本特点：通常为一段（偶多段），通常为一段（偶多段）， 应统一、连贯、应统一、连贯、简明、独立；简明、独立；应顺序体现论文的目的、方法、结果、结论应顺序体现论文的目的、方法、结果、结论和建议等；和建议等；各个部分之间联系和转换逻辑上要严谨；各个部分之间联系和转换逻辑上要严谨；不添加论文涉及范围以外的新信息，但可以不添加论文涉及范围以外的新信息，但可以总结本文总结本文12What is an abstract?What is an abstract?摘要的基本特点：摘要的基本特点：能被更加广泛的读者理解；能被更加广泛的读者理解；通常用被动语态，弱化作者，强化信息通常用被动语态，弱化作者

8、，强化信息; ;格式要规范格式要规范 不用非共知共用的符号和术语不用非共知共用的符号和术语 一般不出现插图、表格，参考文献序号一般不出现插图、表格，参考文献序号 一般不用数学公式和化学结构式一般不用数学公式和化学结构式13What is an abstract?What is an abstract?An effective abstract has the following qualities: uses one or more well developed paragraphs: these are unified, coherent, concise, and able to stan

9、d alone. uses an introduction/body/conclusion structure which presents the papers purpose, results, conclusions, and recommendations in that order. provides logical connections (or transitions) between the information included. 14What is an abstract?What is an abstract?An effective abstract has the

10、following qualities:adds no new information, but simply summarizes the paper. is understandable to a wide audience. oftentimes uses passive verbs to downplay the author and emphasize the information. 15What types of abstracts are What types of abstracts are typically used?typically used? 报道型摘要报道型摘要

11、（Informative abstract）指示型摘要（指示型摘要（Indicative/Descriptive abstract）报道报道-指示型摘要指示型摘要（Informative/Descriptive-indicative abstract） 16Informative abstract 报道型摘要报道型摘要 也常称作信息性摘要或资料性摘要, 其特点是全面、简要地概括论文的目的、方法、主要数据和结论。 通常, 这种摘要可以部分地取代阅读全文。 该种摘要不但包含研究目的、方法，同时还提供给读者研究结果、结论和建议17Informative abstract communicate sp

12、ecific information from the paper. include the purpose, methods, and scope of the paper. provide the papers results, conclusions, and recommendations. are short - from a paragraph to a page or two allow readers to decide whether they want to read the paper.18Informative abstract 报道性摘要报道性摘要分为传统型或非结构式

13、传统型或非结构式（non-structured）和结构式结构式(structured)两大类型。报道性摘要报道性摘要传统型或非结构式传统型或非结构式结构式结构式半结构式半结构式全结构式全结构式19Informative abstract 非结构式摘要或传统型，上述要素以一定的逻辑关系连续写出，不分段落或以明显的标识加以区分。比较而言，段落不够分明，给编辑、审稿、阅读及计算机处理带来诸多不便。 20Informative abstract 结构式摘要，上述要素分段或以一定的结构式摘要，上述要素分段或以一定的标识给予区分。段落清晰、明了，便于标识给予区分。段落清晰、明了，便于编辑、审稿、阅读和计算

14、机检索。编辑、审稿、阅读和计算机检索。结构式摘要根据包含上述要素的多少，结构式摘要根据包含上述要素的多少，可分为全结构式和半结构式摘要。可分为全结构式和半结构式摘要。 21Informative abstract 全结构式（全结构式（full-structuredfull-structured）摘要：摘要： 1974 1974年年4 4月，加拿大月，加拿大McMaster McMaster 大大学医学中心的学医学中心的Dr R Brian HaynesDr R Brian Haynes首先首先提出建立临床研究论文的结构式摘要。提出建立临床研究论文的结构式摘要。在在 Dr Edward J Hu

15、thDr Edward J Huth创导下，美国创导下，美国Annuals of Internal Medicine Annuals of Internal Medicine 在国在国际上率先采用了全结构式（际上率先采用了全结构式（full-full-structuredstructured）摘要。摘要。22Informative abstract Haynes所提出的所提出的全结构式摘要全结构式摘要包含包含8个要素个要素：目的目的（Objective）：）：说明论文要解决的问题说明论文要解决的问题设计设计（Design）：）：说明研究的基本设计，包括说明研究的基本设计，包括研究的性质研究的性

16、质地点地点（Setting）：）：说明进行研究的地点和研究说明进行研究的地点和研究机构的等级机构的等级1.1.对象对象（Patients, participants or subjects）：）：说明参加并完成研究的病人或受试者的性质、说明参加并完成研究的病人或受试者的性质、数量及挑选方法数量及挑选方法23Informative abstract Haynes所提出的所提出的全结构式摘要全结构式摘要包含包含8个要素个要素5 5，处理处理（InterventionsInterventions）：）：说明确切的治疗或说明确切的治疗或处理方法处理方法6 6主要测定项目主要测定项目（Main outc

17、ome measuresMain outcome measures）：）：说明为评定研究结果而进行的主要测定项目说明为评定研究结果而进行的主要测定项目7 7结果结果（ResultsResults）：）：说明主要客观结果说明主要客观结果8 8结论结论（ConclusionConclusion）：）：说明主要结论，包括说明主要结论，包括直接临床应用意义。直接临床应用意义。24Informative abstract 全结构式摘要观点更明确（全结构式摘要观点更明确（more explicitness），），信息量更大（信息量更大（more information），），差错更少（差错更少（fewer

18、 errors），），同时也更符合计算机数据库同时也更符合计算机数据库的建立和使用要求。但其缺点也是显而的建立和使用要求。但其缺点也是显而易见的，即烦琐、重复、篇幅过长易见的，即烦琐、重复、篇幅过长, 而且而且不是所有研究都能按以上不是所有研究都能按以上8个要素分类的。个要素分类的。于是更多的杂志扬长避短，采用半结构于是更多的杂志扬长避短，采用半结构式（式（semi-structured）摘要。摘要。25Informative abstract 半结构式半结构式(semi-structured)摘要：摘要： 半结构式摘要也称为四要素摘要，包括：半结构式摘要也称为四要素摘要，包括： 目的（目的（

19、objective/purpose/aim） 方法（方法（methods） 结果（结果（results） 结论（结论（conclusion） 采用何种摘要形式要根据各杂志的具体采用何种摘要形式要根据各杂志的具体要求而定。要求而定。 26Indicative abstractIndicative abstract 指示型摘要指示型摘要 也常称为说明性摘要、描述性也常称为说明性摘要、描述性摘要摘要(descriptive abstract)或论点摘要或论点摘要(topic abstract), 一般只用二三句话一般只用二三句话概括概括论文的论文的主题主题, 而而不涉及论据和结论不涉及论据和结论,

20、多用于综述、会议报告多用于综述、会议报告等。该类摘要可用于帮助潜在的读者来决定是等。该类摘要可用于帮助潜在的读者来决定是否需要阅读全文。否需要阅读全文。 该种摘要通常该种摘要通常包含包含研究研究目的目的、方法方法，但，但不不提供提供研究研究结果结果、结论结论和和建议建议等，只有阅读全文等，只有阅读全文才能得知具体的结果和结论。才能得知具体的结果和结论。 27Informative-indicative abstract 报道报道-指示型摘要指示型摘要: : 以报道性摘要的形式表述一次文献中以报道性摘要的形式表述一次文献中的信息价值较高的部分的信息价值较高的部分, 以指示性摘要的以指示性摘要的形

21、式表述其余部分。形式表述其余部分。 28Parts of an AbstractParts of an Abstract The abstract is a very brief overview of your ENTIRE study. It tells the reader： WHAT you did, WHY you did it, HOW you did it, WHAT you found, WHAT it means. 29Parts of an AbstractParts of an Abstract The abstract should briefly state： the

22、 purpose of the research (introduction), how the problem was studied (methods), the principal findings (results), what the findings mean (discussion and conclusion). It is important to be descriptive but concise say only what is essential, using no more words than necessary to convey meaning.30Tense

23、 of AbstractTense of Abstract 说法一：从理论上讲说法一：从理论上讲一般现在时一般现在时 通过科学实验取得的研究结果、结论，揭通过科学实验取得的研究结果、结论，揭示自然界的客观规律。示自然界的客观规律。一般过去时一般过去时 在一定范围内所观察到的自然现象的规律在一定范围内所观察到的自然现象的规律性认识，这种认识也许有一定的局限性。性认识，这种认识也许有一定的局限性。现在完成时现在完成时 表明过程的延续性，虽某事件（或过程）表明过程的延续性，虽某事件（或过程）发生在过去，但强调对现实所产生的影响。发生在过去，但强调对现实所产生的影响。以一般现在时为主，也使用一般过去时

24、和现在完成时以一般现在时为主，也使用一般过去时和现在完成时31Tense of AbstractTense of Abstract 说法二：说法二： EI 数据库建议：数据库建议： 用过去时态叙述作者工作；用过去时态叙述作者工作； 用现在时态叙述作者结论用现在时态叙述作者结论 说法三说法三: 论文是通过科学实验揭示客观真理。论文是通过科学实验揭示客观真理。所取得的结果，无论是过去，还是现在所取得的结果，无论是过去，还是现在或将来都是如此。故常用现在时表达或将来都是如此。故常用现在时表达 32Tense of AbstractTense of Abstract 摘要写作时所采用的时态应视情况而定

25、摘要写作时所采用的时态应视情况而定, 力求力求表达自然、妥当表达自然、妥当. 写作中可大致遵循以下原则写作中可大致遵循以下原则 介绍背景资料时介绍背景资料时, 如果句子的内容为不受时间如果句子的内容为不受时间影响的普遍事实影响的普遍事实, 应使用现在时应使用现在时Agrobacterium rhizogenes causes hairy root disease in plants. Among plant secondary metabolites terpenoids are a structurally most diverse group 1.Synthetic genetic app

26、roaches often reveal potential interacting partners for any given target protein 33Tense of AbstractTense of Abstract 介绍背景资料时介绍背景资料时,如果句子的内容是对某种如果句子的内容是对某种研究趋势的概述研究趋势的概述, 则使用现在完成时则使用现在完成时 The advances in molecular biology have greatly improved our understanding of plant responses to stresses. DNA mi

27、croarrays have long been the established technology for measuring gene expression levels 1.It has been known that the transverse orientation is essential for normal cell morphogenesis 34Tense of AbstractTense of Abstract 介绍背景资料时介绍背景资料时,如果句子的内容是对某种如果句子的内容是对某种研研究趋势究趋势的概述的概述, 则使用现在完成时则使用现在完成时4, Water d

28、eficit-induced ABA accumulation is one of the most important stress signaling pathways in plant cells. Redox regulation of cellular signaling has currently attracted particular attention, but much less is known about its roles and mechanisms in plant signaling. 35Tense of AbstractTense of Abstract 在

29、叙述研究目的或主要研究活动时在叙述研究目的或主要研究活动时, 如果采如果采用用“论文导向论文导向”, 多使用现在时多使用现在时 (如如: This paper presents) This article summarizes research on self-initiated and professionally facilitated change of addictive behaviors. The paper aims to establish a feasible and meaningful method to describe . 1.This review focuses

30、on the contribution of electron techniques to our understanding of cellular processes36Tense of AbstractTense of Abstract 在叙述研究目的或主要研究活动时在叙述研究目的或主要研究活动时, 如果采用如果采用 “研究研究导向导向”, 则使用过去时则使用过去时(如如: This study investigated) This study investigated whether captopril could reduce morbidity and mortality in p

31、atients . Our aim was to explore the relationship between the response of antioxidant enzymes and temperature in the two invasive weeds The present study investigated whether NO activity is involved in the signaling of drought-induced protective responses 37Tense of AbstractTense of Abstract 概述实验程序、

32、方法时概述实验程序、方法时, , 通常用现在时通常用现在时 We describe a new molecular approach to analyzing .We present an analysis of atmospheric neutrino data from a detector We report here that immature thymocytes lacking .38Tense of AbstractTense of Abstract 概述实验程序、方法时概述实验程序、方法时, , 通常用现在时通常用现在时, ,但但描述的是具体已经发生的行为和动作时描述的是具体已

33、经发生的行为和动作时, ,用用过去时过去时 To investigate the mechanisms controlling flowering time, we screened for Arabidopsis mutants with late-flowering phenotypes. One mutant was identified with delayed flowering time. 1.A plant that is highly susceptible to this fungus was analyzed. 39Tense of AbstractTense of Abs

34、tract 概述主要结果时概述主要结果时, , 通常用现在时通常用现在时Our results indicate that p21 may be a universal inhibitor of cyclin kinases. The results we obtained demonstrate that this technique .1.We present the results of two analyses of DNA sequences from . 40Tense of AbstractTense of Abstract 概述主要结果时概述主要结果时, , 但是也有相当的刊物

35、但是也有相当的刊物用过去时用过去时The results showed that childrens material needs and basic requirements .1.Multivariate analyses revealed very high genetic correlations among the variables. 41Tense of AbstractTense of Abstract 叙述结论或建议时叙述结论或建议时, , 可使用现在时、臆测动可使用现在时、臆测动词或词或may, should, couldmay, should, could等助动词等助动词

36、We suggest that climate instability in the early part of the last interglacial may have delayed the meting of .1.Our data suggest that overexpression of the HbNHX1 gene could improve the tolerance of transgenic tobaccos to salt42摘要的人称和语态摘要的人称和语态 有相当数量的作者和审稿人认为有相当数量的作者和审稿人认为， 科技科技论文的撰写应使用第三人称、过去时和被动论

37、文的撰写应使用第三人称、过去时和被动语态语态。但调查表明但调查表明， 科技论文中被动语态的科技论文中被动语态的使用在使用在1920 1970年曾经比较流行年曾经比较流行， 但由于但由于主动语态的表达更为准确主动语态的表达更为准确， 且更易阅读且更易阅读，因因而目前大多数期刊都提倡使用主动态而目前大多数期刊都提倡使用主动态，国际国际知名科技期刊知名科技期刊Nature、 Cell等尤其如此等尤其如此， 其中第一人称和主动语态的使用十分普遍。其中第一人称和主动语态的使用十分普遍。43摘要的常用句式摘要的常用句式 引言部分引言部分回顾研究背景回顾研究背景, 常用词汇有常用词汇有: review, s

38、ummarize, present, outline, describe等等We review evidence for this view of . This paper outlines some of the basic methods and discusses related theoretical and practical issues.We summarize searches for hypothetical particles such as .We present estimators for several .1.We describe the conceptual b

39、ackground and development of .44摘要的常用句式摘要的常用句式 引言部分引言部分阐明写作或研究目的阐明写作或研究目的, 常用词汇有常用词汇有: purpose, attempt, aim等等; 另外还可以用动词不定式充当目的另外还可以用动词不定式充当目的状语来表达状语来表达We attempt to recover a function of unknown smoothness from noisy sampled data.To investigate the mechanism of Bcl-2s effect, we examined whether Bc

40、l-2 interacted with other proteins.For comparison purposes we present some . 1.With the aim to provide observational constraints on the evolution of the galactic disk, we have derived .45摘要的常用句式摘要的常用句式 引言部分引言部分介绍论文的重点内容或研究范围介绍论文的重点内容或研究范围, 常用的词汇有常用的词汇有: study, present, include, focus, emphasize, emp

41、hasis, attention等等 This paper presents basic methodology of MCMC, emphasizing the relationship with .This paper focuses on the promise of artificial neural networks.We emphasize the following points .The paper lays particular emphasis on the calculation of .1.We draw attention to two problems associ

42、ated with .46摘要的常用句式摘要的常用句式方法部分方法部分介绍研究或试验过程介绍研究或试验过程, 常用词汇有常用词汇有: test, study, investigate, examine, experiment, discuss, consider, analyze, analysis等等 We tested this hypothesis in various human T cells .This paper examines how the molecular shapes of . This paper discusses a class of models for .1

43、.This article considers the role of the hippocampus in memory function.47摘要的常用句式摘要的常用句式方法部分方法部分说明研究或试验方法说明研究或试验方法, 常用词汇有常用词汇有: measure, estimate, calculate等等 This study presents estimates of lifetime . We assume a standard reddening law and use the colors of elliptical galaxies to measure the redden

44、ing per unit flux density of 100 m emission.1.We provide a analytic procedure to calculate the equilibrium profiles48摘要的常用句式摘要的常用句式方法部分方法部分介绍应用、用途介绍应用、用途, 常用词汇有常用词汇有: use, apply, application等等 Our program uses a maximum likelihood approach.As an application, we implement a compact image coding algor

45、ithm.1.We apply the network to the source separation problem.49摘要的常用句式摘要的常用句式结果部分结果部分展示研究结果展示研究结果,常用词汇有常用词汇有:show,result,present,demonstrate等等We show this cell death to be dependent upon expression of .Our results show that p53 exerts a significant in .1.The results we obtained demonstrate that this

46、 technique will contribute to .50摘要的常用句式摘要的常用句式结果部分结果部分介绍结论介绍结论, 常用词汇有常用词汇有: summary, introduce, conclude等等We introduce a procedure that suppresses noise.We conclude that PQL is of practical value for .1.We give a summary of the main physics component of .51摘要的常用句式摘要的常用句式讨论部分讨论部分陈述论文的论点和作者的观点陈述论文的论点

47、和作者的观点, , 常用词汇有常用词汇有: : suggest, report, present, explain, expect, suggest, report, present, explain, expect, describedescribe等等The results suggest that abnormalities in male sex development .In this study, we described a psychobiological model of .We present the derivation of a new molecular mechan

48、ical force field for . Exciting new research has elaborated several important findings that . 1.We expect the uncertainties in the relative ages to be about 25%, although the absolute errors may be larger.52摘要的常用句式摘要的常用句式讨论部分讨论部分阐明论证阐明论证. 常用词汇有常用词汇有: support, provide, indicate, identify, find, demon

49、strate, confirm, clarify等等 We showed that it is possible to identify constituents which represent .These results demonstrate that p53 is required for radiation-induced cell death in .Our conclusions are supported by a statistical analysis of . 1.Here we provide evidence from direct experiment of div

50、ersity by .53摘要的常用句式摘要的常用句式讨论部分讨论部分推荐和建议推荐和建议, 常用词汇有常用词汇有: suggest, suggestion, recommend, recommendation, propose, necessity, necessary, expect等等The authors suggest that the most promising route to effective strategies for .We suggest that information maximization provides a unifying framework for

51、.For the gene, we recommend that the italicized root symbol CYP for human . 1.We propose that the formation of these materials takes place by means of . 54The Abstract is always the last section written.This is because you wont know what to include until you have completed a full version of the pape

52、r.Steps for writing abstractsSteps for writing abstracts在准备一篇论文时，什么时候着手写摘要？在准备一篇论文时，什么时候着手写摘要？55Steps for writing abstractsSteps for writing abstracts 在准备一篇论文时，通常是全文基本撰写完之后在准备一篇论文时，通常是全文基本撰写完之后才着手准备摘要。撰写摘要应按照下列步骤完成：才着手准备摘要。撰写摘要应按照下列步骤完成： Reread the paper with the goal of abstracting in mind. After y

53、ouve finished rereading the paper, write a rough draft without looking back at what youre abstracting. Revise your rough draft to correct weaknesses in organization. Print your final copy and read it again to catch any glitches that you find. 56Steps for writing abstractsSteps for writing abstractsR

54、eread the paper with the goal of abstracting in mind. Look specifically for these main parts of the paper: purpose, methods, scope, results, conclusions, and recommendation. Use the headings, outline heads, and table of contents as a guide to writing your abstract. 57Steps for writing abstractsSteps

55、 for writing abstractsAfter youve finished rereading the paper, write a rough draft without looking back at what youre abstracting. Dont merely copy key sentences from the paper，youll put in too much or too little information. Dont rely on the way material was phrased in the paper, summarize informa

56、tion in a new way.58Steps for writing abstractsSteps for writing abstracts Use one or two concise sentences to summarize the most important aspects of your project for each section listed below. Project Title (the same as the title of your scientific paper) Introduction (What is this project about?

57、Why is this project interesting or important?) Hypothesis (What did you think you would find? Why?) 59Steps for writing abstractsSteps for writing abstracts Methods (Briefly explain your procedure.)Results (What did you find when you performed your experiment?) Discussion (Are your results consisten

58、t with your initial hypothesis? Why or why not?)Conclusion (What is your interpretation of what these results mean? Why should anyone become excited about or interested in your findings?)60Steps for writing abstractsSteps for writing abstracts Motivation:Why do we care about the problem and the resu

59、lts?If the problem isnt obviously interesting“, it might be better to put motivation first But if your work is widely recognized as important, then it is probably better to put the problem statement first to indicate which piece of the larger problem you are breaking off to work on.1.This section sh

60、ould include the importance of your work, the difficulty of the area, and the impact it might have if successful. 61Steps for writing abstractsSteps for writing abstracts Problemstatement:What problem are you trying to solve? What is the scope of your work (a generalized approach, or for a specific