延续性动词和终止性动词

1、延续性动词和终止性动词一、延续性动词和终止性动词的概念 英语中，动词按其动作发生的方式、动作发生过程的长短，可分为延续性动词 和终止性动词。延续性动词表示能够延续的动作，这种动作可以延续下去或产生持 久影响。如： learn, work, stand, lie, know, walk, keep, have, wait, watch, sing, read, sleep, live, stay 等。 终止性动词也称非延续性动词、 瞬间动词或短暂性动词， 表示不能延续的动作， 这种动作发生后立即结束。如ope n, close, fini sh, begi n, come, go, arrive

2、, reach, get to, leave, move, borrow,bi等。二、延续性动词的用法特征1. 延续性动词可以用于现在完成时，其完成时态可与表示"段时间 "的状语连用。表示"段时间 "的短语有：for two years, duri ng the past three years, since last year, how lor等。如：I have lear ned En glish since I came here.从我来到这儿就学英语了。2. 延 续 性 动 词 不 能 与 表 示 短 暂 时 间 的 " 点 时 间 &

3、quot; 状 语 连 用 。 如 ： It raind at eight yesterday morning.（误）rain 为延续性动词，而 at eight 表示"点时间"， 前后显然矛盾。如果用延续性动词表示一瞬间的动作，可以借助come, begi n, get等终止性动词来表示。上句可改为：It began to rain at eight yesterday morning正）又如： -When did you get to know Jack?-Two years ago.-Then you've known each other for more

4、than two years.-That's right.三、终止性动词的用法特征1. 终止性动词可用来表示某一动作完成，因此可用于现在完成时。如：The train has arrived 火车至 U 了。Have you joined the computer group你加入电脑小组了吗？2. 终止性动词表示的动作极其短暂，不能持续。因此，不可与表示一段时间的状语连用 （只限肯定式 ）。如：（1）他死了三年了。误： He has died for three years.正： He has been dead for three years.正： He died three ye

5、ars ago.正： It is three years since he died.正： Three years has passed since he died.（2）他来这儿五天了。误： He has come here for five days.正： He has been here for five days.正： He came here five days ago.正： It is five days since he came here.正： Five days has passed since he came here.(1) 、(2)句中的 die、 come 为终止性动

6、词，不能与表示 "段时间"的状语连用。那么， 应如何正确表达呢？可以采用下面的四种方法：(1) 将句中终止性动词转换为相应的延续性动词，如上面两例中的第一种正确表达方式。下面列举几例： leave be away, borrow keep, bu尸 have, beg in/starHbe on, die f be dead, move tc live in, fin ish be over, jo in be in/be a member of, ope n sth keep sth. open, fall illbe ill, get upbe up, catch a

7、coldhave a cold。(2) 将句中表示 "段时间 "的状语改为表示过去确定时间的状语，如下面两例中的第二 种正确表达方式。用句型"It is+段时间+sin ce."表达原意，如上面两例中的第三种正确表达方式。 (4)用句型 "时间 +has passed+since.表" 达原意，如上面两例中的第四种正确表达方 式。3. 终止性动词可用于现在完成时否定式中，成为可以延续的状态， 因而可与表示一段时间的状语连用。如：He hasn't left here since 1986.I haven't heard

8、 from my father for two weeks.4. 终止性动词的否定式与 until/till连用，构成"not+终止性动词+until/till ."的句 型，意为"直到才"。如：You can't leave here un til I arrive直到我到了，你才能离开这里。I will not go to bed until I finish drawing the picture tonight. 今天晚上直到我画完画，我 才上床睡觉。5. 终止性动词可以用于 when 引导的时间状语从句中，但不可以用于 while 引导

9、 的时间状语从句中。 when 表示的时间是 "点时间 "(从句谓语动词用终止性动词 )，也 可以是"段时间"(从句谓语动词用延续性动词)。而while表示的是一个较长的时间或 过程，从句谓语动词用延续性动词。如：When we reached London, it was twelve o'clock. (reach为终止性动词)Please look after my daughter while/when we are away. (be awa为延续性动词短语 )6. 终止性动词完成时不可与 how long 连用(只限于肯定式 )。如：

10、误： How long have you come here?正： How long have you been here?正： When did you come here?延续性动词与非延续性动词及其转换动词按其动作发生的方式、 发生过程的长短可分为延续性动词与非延续性动词。一. 延续性动词表示能够延续的动作 ,如： learn, work, stand, lie, know, walk, keep, have, wait, watch, si ng, read, sleep, live, stay等。延续性动词可以与表示时间段的状语 连用。表示时间段的短语有 ：fo叶一段时间，for 2

11、 years; since从句,sinee he came here; since+时间点名词,since last year, since 5 days ago; how long; for a long tim等。例:He has lived here for 6 years. You can keep the book for 5 days. I stayed there for 2 weeks last year. How long did you stay there last year?二. 非延续性动词也称终止性动词， 表示不能延续的动作 ,这种动作发生后立即结 束。 如:ope

12、n, die, close, begin, finish, come, go, move, borrow, lend, bu等。 非延续性动词在肯定句中与表示时间点的状语连用，如： two years ago; at 5 o'clock; 例:He died 5 years ago.否定的终止性动词可以与表示时间段的时间状语连用。例:I have n't left here for 3 years.I haven't heard from him for 3 weeks.三. 延续性动词与非延续性动词之间的转换： leave - be away, borrow - ke

13、ep, buy - have, begin/start - be on, die - be dead, finish - be over, join - be in+ 组织机构 , be a member of+组织机构,open sth - keep sth open, fall ill - be ill, get up-be up, catch a cold - have a cold, come here - be here, go there - be there, become - be, come back - be back, fall asleep - be asleep, g

14、et to/ arrive/reach - be (in), leave - be away from, get to know - know, go (get) out beoiptut on wear catch a cold f have a cold 等。 例:The old man died 4 years ago. -The old man has bee n dead for 4 years. It is 4 years since the old man died. Four years has passed since the old mandied. He joined t

15、he Party 2 years ago. He has been in the Party for 2 years. I boughtthe book 5 days ago. I have had the book for 5 days.补充练习：1. When he arrived at the bus stop, the bus for 20 minutes.A. has left B. had left C. has been away D. had been away2. I the League for 5 years so far.A. joined B. have joined

16、 C. have been in3. The factory s i n ce the February of 1988.A . has been open B. has opened C. was open D. opened4. Mary and Rose friends since they met in 2000.A. have made B. have been C. made D. have become5. You mustn't u nt i l he comes back.A. be away B. leave C. be left6. The meeting for

17、 a week now.A. has finished B. has ended C. has been over7. Miss Gao this school for nearly 5 years.A. has been in B. has come to C. has taught8. Ben a teacher for 4 years .A. has been B. has become C. was D. became9. I home for a week.A. have returned B. have been back C. returned10. How long he ?A

18、. died B. has, died C. has, been dead11. He at eight yesterday afternoon.A. slept B. was sleeping C. has sleep D. had slept12. He the car for a week.A. bought B. has bought C. has had13. How long you ill ? Two weeks.A. did fall B. have, fell C. have, been14.Si nee 2000, hehis hometow n.A. has left B

19、. has moved away C. has bee n away from15.1 'll le nd you the book , but you can onlyit for 2 days.A. borrow B. keep C. take16. The buson the road for 2 hours so far.A. has stopped B. stopped C. has bee n17. Are youthe jacket these days?A. weari ng B. putt ing on C. dress ing D. on18. Hefoe 2 ho

20、urs.A. got up B. has got up C. has bee n up19. Tom is ill in hospital. Hea cold for several days.A. is B. catches C. has caught D. has had20. How long can Ithe book?Two weeks.A. borrow B. le nd C. get D. keepKey:1-5 D C A B B; 6-10 C A A B C; 11-15 B C C C B; 16-20 C A C D D初中英语中短暂性动词与延续性动词的用法英语中，按动

21、词延续的时间长短，可将动词分为延续性动词和短暂性动词。延续性动词如learn, study, work, play, wait等。短暂性动词是非延续性动词，即动作一 开始便结束的动词，又可称结束性动词，瞬间动词，如come, go, begi n, start, become,join, end, die, buy, arrive, reach, borrow, le nd, get to know等。一. 短暂性动词与延续性动词在现在完成时中的用法：现在完成时中用法（一）：表示发生在过去，迄今已经完成，并对现在产生影响或产生结果的动作，常用ever,yet, already, just等状语

22、，谓语动词既可是延续性动词，也可是短暂性动词。女口： She has just borrowed the book from the library.（borrow是短暂性动词）I have learned a little about Japanese. （lean是延续性动词）现在完成时中用法（二）：表示始于过去某时并一直延续到现在的动作或状态，常与表示始于过去某一时刻并 一直延续到现在的时间状语连用。如：They have lived in Na ntong si nee 1990. （live 是延续性动词）Mr. Black has worked here since he came

23、 to China.（worl是延续性动词）I have learned English for two and a half years.（learn是延续性动词）所以，在现在完成时中用法（二）中，在表示持续一段时间的句子中，应将短暂性 动词转化为相同意义的延续性动词或状态动词。初中英语中常见的有：结束性动词延续性动词go, leave, movebe away (off), be out ofarrive, come, reachbe here , be in +某地pin, becomebe in , be a (an) + n.buy, get(得到)havefall ill (asl

24、eep)be ill (asleep)fini sh, endbe overbeg in , startbe onbeg in to lear n (work ,read, rai n)learn, work , read, raingo outbe outget upbe upborrowkeepget to knowknowdiebe deadosebe lost例如：1. His gran dfather has died for ten years.(F)His gran dfather has bee n dead for ten years.(T)2. My brother has

25、 joined the army for five years.(F)My brother has been in the army for five years.(T)My brother has bee n an armyma n for ten years.(F)3. He has gone away for a week.(F) He has bee n away for a week.(T)4. The film has begun for fifteen minutes.(F)The film has been on for fifteen minutes.(T)但是，短暂性动词的

26、现在完成时的否定形式可以表示一种延续的状态，因此可以和 表示一段的状语连用。如：(1)Mrs. Smith has n't left her hometow n for twenty years.史密斯太太已有二十年没有离开家乡了。(2) The little girl has n't come to my home for a long time.这个小孩已有好长时间没来我家了。(3) I have n't borrowed the books from the library for two mon ths. 我已有两个月没从这个图书馆借书了。二. 在When, w

27、hile, as引导的时间状语从句中短暂性动词与延续性动词的运用。 when, while, as引导的时间状语从句都可表示"当时"，但也有区别。when可指一段时间，也可指一点时间，既可表示短暂性，一时性的动作，又可表示 延续性的动作。由when引导的状语从句其谓语动词可以是延续性动词也可以是短暂 性动词。while只能表示延续性的动作或状态，不能表示一时性或短暂性的动作，引导的状语 从句中谓语动词是延续性动词。as所表示的动作与主句动作同时发生，具有延续的含义，一般同延续性动词连用。as和while可译为一边一边”，正当的时候”。例如：(1) She came into

28、 the room whe n (while, as) the meet ing was going on .(go on 为延续性 动词词语)正当开会的时候，他走进了房间。 (指一段时间)(2) When she comes, I shall tell her to wait for you.(come是短暂性动词) 她来的时候我会叫她等你的。 (指一点时间，不能用 while)(3) I made many friends when (while) I lived in Beijing. (live 是延续性动词 ) 我住在北京时交了许多朋友。 (指一段时间)(4) While ( As)

29、 Helen was reading , Jack was writing.(read是延续性动词) 海伦阅读时，杰克在写东西。 (指一段时间)三. (not) .till / until句式中短暂性动词与延续性动词的运用。till和until这两个词的意思都是"直到",引导一个表示一端时间的状语，其后的介词宾语或从句表明这段时间的终点，用法相近，但在句首只能用un til。在肯定句中，主句要用延续性动词；正在否定句中， until 或 till 可以和非延续性动词连用， 这时, until 和 before 同义， not.until 和 not.before 意思相同，表示 "直到才","在以前不 "。例如：( 1) My father kept working in the office till (until) twelve o'clock last night. 我父亲昨晚在办公室一直工作到十二点。(2) I waited there till (until) noon yesterday.我昨天在那儿一直等到中午。 She stood there till (until) he had passed o