enneagram九型人格英文版百科

1、The Enn eagram(also sometimes calledEnn eago n ) is a nin e-po in ted geometric figure. Theterm derives from two Greek words - ennea (nine) and grammos(something written ordraw n).The introduction of the Enneagram figure is credited toG.l. Gurdjieff , who introduced it in histeachi ngs as a uni vers

2、al symbol which displays the fun dame ntal cosmic laws. Gurdjieff did not disclose where the figure originally came from besides claiming that it was the emblem of secret societies.The Enneagram figure is now used for various purposes in a number of different teaching systems. In more recent years t

3、he figure has mostly come into prominence because of its use with what is ofte n called the Enn eagram of Pers on ality. The fun dame ntal con cepts of theEnn eagram of Pers on ality are attributed to Oscar Ichazo.The 3 stellationis cf an enneagonEnneagrams shown as sequential stellationsIn geometry

4、 an enneagram is a regular nine-sidedstar polygon , using the same points as theregular enneagon but connected in fixed steps.It has two forms: 9/2 and 9/4 conn ect ing every 2nd and every 4th poi nts respectively. Thereis also a star figure , 9/3, made from the regular enneagon points but connected

5、 as acompound of three equilateral trianglesThe moder n use of the Enn eagram figure is gen erally credited toG.I. Gurdjieff and his FourthWay teaching tradition. His teachings concerning the figure and what it represents does not have any direct conn ecti on to the later teach ings by Oscar Ichazo

6、and others concerning ego-fixations or personality types.The enn eagram figure is a circle with nine poin ts. In scribed within the circle is a tria ngle tak ing in points 9, 3 and 6. The in scribed figure resembli ng a web links the other six points in a cyclic figure 1-4-2-8-5-7. The rules of the

7、magic number142857 can be applied to the enneagram'sexpla nati ons of processes.According to Gurdjieff, the enneagram is the symbol of the "law of seven" and "the law of three" comb ined (the two fun dame ntal laws which gover n the uni verse), and therefore the enn eagram ca

8、n be used to describe any n atural whole phe nomenon, cosmos, process in life, or any other piece of kno wledge.A basic example of the possible usage of the enn eagram is that it can be used to illustrateG urdjieff's concept of the evolution of the three types of' food ' necessary for a

9、man: ordinaryfood, air and impressi ons. Each point on the enn eagram in this case would represe nt the stage and the possibility of further evolution of food at a certain stage in the human body.Most processes on the enn eagram are represe nted through octaves where the points serve asthe notes; a

10、concept which is derived from Gurdjieff' s idea of the law of seven. In an octave thedeveloping process comes to a critical point (one of the triangle points) at which help fromoutside is n eeded for it to rightly con tin ue. This con cept is best illustrated on the keys of thepia no where every

11、 white key would represe nt an enn eagram web point. The adjace nt whitekeys which are missing a black key (half note) in between represent the enneagram webpoints which have a tria ngle point in betwee n. In order that this point would pass onto the n ext, an exter nal push is required.In the ennea

12、gram a process is depicted as going right around the circle beginning at 9 (theending point of a previous process). The process can continue until it reaches point 3. At point threean exter nal aid is n eeded in order that the process con ti nues. If it does n't receive the' help ' , the

13、process will stop evolving and will devolve back into the form from which it evolved. The processcon ti nues un til point 6, and later 9, where a similar "push" is n eeded. If the process passes point 9,the in itial process will end, while giv ing birth to a new one.The line of developme n

14、t associated with the Fourth Way developed from the writ ings ofGurdjieff's students - principallyP.D. Ouspensky , Maurice Nicoll , J.G. Bennett and RodneyCollin . They developed Gurdjieff's ideas and left their own accounts. There is an extensivebibliography devoted to the Gurdjieff-Ouspe n

15、sky traditi on.A Gurdjieff foun dati on exists which claims an authority based on a line of successi on directlythrough Mr Gurdjieff. The foun dati on preserves Gurdjieff's music and moveme nts andcontinues its own work with the Enneagram figure.The enn eagram as a structured process was studied

16、 byJoh n G. Benn ett and his associates.Benn ett showed how it applied to someth ing as mundane as a restaura nt as well as to something as spiritual as the Beatitudes. It is currently being used to explicate the idea of self-orga ni zati on in man ageme nt.The Enn eagram of Perso nality is derived

17、from (established in U.S. Court 970 F.2d 1067, 1075.2nd Circuit, 1992) partial un dersta ndings of the in sights of Oscar Ichazo., the Bolivia n-bor n foun der of the Arica School (established in 1968). No evide nee has appeared before Ichazo's offerings for using the Enneagram figure with conce

18、pts such as "ego fixations" or "personality types" or in deed in any way where each point is described in a way that can be viewed as a typology. All historical documentation of this kind of terminology appears only after Ichazo's orig inal teachi ngs.Ichazo claims that somet

19、ime in the 1950s he received in sight into how certa in mecha ni stic and repetitive thought and behavior patter ns can be un derstood in conn ecti on with the Enn eagram figure and with what he called Trialectic logic as part of a complete and integrated model of the huma n psyche. The purpose of I

20、chazo's teach ings was to help people tra nsce nd their identification with - and the suffering caused by - their own mechanistic thought and behavior patter ns.The theory was foun ded upon the basic premise that all life seeks to continue and perpetuate itself and the huma n psyche must follow

21、the same com mon laws of reality as such. From this, Ichazo defined three basic human instinets for survival (Conservation, Relations and Adaptation) and two poles of attraction to self-perpetuation (Sexual and Spiritual). With a baseline of a psyche in a state of unity as a prototypical model, the

22、Fixations were defined as aberrati ons from this baseli ne, much as the DSM is an observati on ally based tool for recog nizing pers on ality disorders .In fact, Ichazo has related the Fixati ons with the DSM Diag no stic and Statistical Man ual of Men tal Disorderscategories to show that Fixati ons

23、 are theprecursor to mental illness. Each Fixation is diagnosed from the particular experience of psychological trauma a child suffers when the child's expectations are not met in each respective In sti net. Since a child is completely self-ce ntered in its expectati on s, it is in evitable that

24、 the child will experience disappointment of expectation viewed by the child as a matter of one of the three fun dame ntal attitudes (attracted, un attracted or dis in terested are the on ly possible attitudes), and thus experie nce trauma and beg in to form mecha ni stic thought and behavior patter

25、 ns in an attempt to protect itself from experie ncing a recurre nce of the trauma.This basic, irrefutable un dersta nding of three fun dame ntal In sti nets and three possible attitudes along with the un dersta nding that a huma n being can be in a state of uni ty, an alyzed with Trialectic logic f

26、orms a solid foundation upon which the theory of Fixations is based. As such, the theory of ego Fixati ons has a particular foun dati on which can be tested. The idea of "Pers on ality Types" is an inven ti on of in tuiti on without any particular foun dati on bey ond the theory of ego Fix

27、ati ons, and as such can be in terpreted to mean whatever any of the Enn eagram of Pers on ality prop onents chooses it to mean whe never they choose to so interpret it. Thus we understand why there is no specific, solid agreement among the various prop onents of "Pers on ality" as someth

28、ing objective and any thi ng more tha n a propositi on to obfuscate huma n sufferi ng.By un dersta nding on e's Fixati ons and through self observati on, the hold on the mind, and sufferi ng caused by the Fixati on s, is reduced and eve n tran sce nded. There was n ever an intention or purpose i

29、n Ichazo's original work to use this knowledge to reinforce or manipulate what is essentially a source of human suffering. Therefore almost all later interpretations of the Enn eagram of Pers on ality are viewed by Ichazo as unfoun ded and therefore misguided and psychologically harmful as well

30、as spiritually harmful (i n the sense of coming to see on e's process as such) in light of his original intentions. In other words, the Enneagram Movement can be con sidered, in most cases, to actually be promot ing the stre ngthe ning of the basis for the personality disorders we find expositio

31、ns of in the DSM.From the 1970s Ichazo's partial and misu nderstood Enn eagram teachi ngs were adapted and developed by a n umber of others, first by the Chilea n-bor n psychiatrist,Claudio Nara njo , whowas a member of a trai ning program in Arica, Chile with Ichazo for some mon ths in 1969.Nar

32、a njo taught his un dersta nding of the Enn eagram of Pers on ality to a n umber of his America n stude nts, in cludi ng some Jesuit priests who the n taught it to sem in aria ns.It is believed by Enneagram theorists that the points of the Enneagram figure indicate a n umber of ways in which nine pr

33、in cipal ego-archetypal forms or types of huma n pers on ality (also ofte n called "Enn eatypes") are psychologically conn ected. These nine types are ofte n given names that indicate some of their more distinctively typical characteristics. Such names are in sufficie nt to capture the com

34、plexities and nuan ces of the types which require study and observati on to un dersta nd in depth.Some brief descripti ons of the Enn eatypes are as follows:One : Reformer, Critic, Perfectionist - This type focuses on integrity. Ones can be wise, discer ning and in spir ing in their quest for the tr

35、uth. They also tend to dissociate themselves from their flaws or what they believe are flaws (such as negative emotions) and can become hypocritical and hyper-critical of others, seeking the illusion of virtue to hide their own vices.The One's greatest fear is to be flawed and their ultimate goa

36、l is perfection. The corresponding"deadly sin" Ones isAn ger and their "holy idea" or esse nee isHoly Perfecti on . Un der stressOnes express qualities of Fours and whe n relaxed qualities of Seve ns.Two : Helper, Giver, Caretaker - Twos, at their best, are compassi on ate, thoug

37、htful andast onishin gly gen erous; they can also be prone to passive-aggressive behavior, cli ngin ess and manipulation. Twos want, above all, to be loved and needed and fear being unworthy of love.The corresp onding "deadly si n" of Twos is Pride and their "holy idea" or esse n

38、ee isHoly Will .Un der stress Twos express qualities of Eights and whe n relaxed qualities of Fours.Three : Achiever, Performer, Succeeder - Highly adaptable and changeable. Some walk the world with con fide nce and un sti nting authe nticity; others wear a series of public masks, act ing the way th

39、ey think will bring them approval and losing track of their true self. Threes are motivated by the n eed to succeed and to be see n as successful. The corresp onding "deadly sin" of Threes is Deceit and their "holy idea" or essence is Holy Law . Under stress Threes express qualit

40、ies of Nines and whe n relaxed qualities of Sixes.Four : Romantic, Individualist, Artist - Driven by a desire to understand themselves and find a place in the world they often fear that they have no identity or personal significance. Fours embrace in dividualism and are often profou ndly creative an

41、d in tuitive. However, they have a habit of withdraw ing to in ter nalize, searchi ng desperately in side themselves for somethi ng they n ever find and creati ng a spiral of depressi on. The corresp onding "deadly sin" of Fours isEnvyand their "holy idea" or essence isHoly Origi

42、n . Under stress Fours express qualities of Twosand whe n relaxed qualities of On es.Five : Observer, Thinker, Investigator- Fives are motivated by the desire to understand theworld arou nd them, specifically in terms of facts. Believ ing they are only worth what they con tribute, Fives have lear ne

43、d to withdraw, to watch with kee n eyes and speak only whe n they can shake the world with their observations. Sometimes they do just that. However, some Fives are known to withdraw from the world, beco ming reclusive hermits and fending off social con tact with abrasive cyni cism. Fives fear in com

44、pete ncy or useless ness and want to be capable and kno wledgeable above all else. The corresp onding "deadly sin" of the Five isAvarice and their "holy idea" or esse nee isHoly Omni scie nee . Un der stress Fives expressqualities of Seve ns and whe n relaxed qualities of Eights.

45、Six : Loyalist, Devil's Advocate, Defender- Sixes long for stability above all else. They exhibitun waveri ng loyalty and resp on sibility, but once betrayed, they are slow to trust aga in. They are prone to extreme an xiety and passive-aggressive behavior. Their greatest fear is to lack support

46、 and guidanee. The corresponding "deadly sin" of the Six isCowardice and their "holyidea" or esse nee is Holy Faith and Stren gth . Un der stress Sixes express qualities of Threes and whe n relaxed qualities of Nin es. There are two kinds of Sixes - phobic and cou nterphobic.Phob

47、ic Sixes have a tendency to run or hide from thi ngs they fear while cou nterphobic Sixesare more likely to confront their fears.Seven : Enthusiast, Adventurer, Materialist, Epicure- Sevens are adventurous, and busy withmany activities with all the energy and enthusiasm of thePuer Aeternus . At thei

48、r best theyembrace life for its varied joys and won ders and truly live in the mome nt; but at their worst they dash fran tically from one new experie nee to ano ther, too scared of disappo in tme nt to actually enjoy themselves. Seve ns fear being un able to provide for themselves or to experie nee

49、 life in all of its richness. The corresponding "deadly sin" of Sevens isGlutttony and their "holy idea" oresse nee is Holy Wisdom" . Un der stress Seve ns express qualities of Ones and whe n relaxed qualities of Fives.Eight : Leader, Protector, Challenger - Eights value per

50、sonal strength and they desire to be powerful and in eon trol. They concern themselves with self-preservatio n. They are n atural leaders, who can be either friendly and charitable or dictatorially manipulative, ruthless, and willing to destroy anything in their way. Eights seek control over their o

51、wn lives and destinies, and fear being harmed or eon trolled by others. The corresp onding "deadly sin" of the Eight is Lust and their "holy idea" or esse nee is Holy Truth . Un der stress Eights express qualities of Fives and whe n relaxed qualities of Twos.Nine : Mediator, Peac

52、emaker, Preservationist - Nines are ruled by their empathy. At their best they are perceptive, receptive, gen tle, cal ming and at peace with the world. On the other hand, they prefer to dissociate from conflicts; they indifferently go along with others' wishes, or simply withdraw, acting via in

53、action. They fear the conflict caused by their ability to simultaneously un dersta nd oppos ing points of view and seek peace of mind above all else. The corresp onding "deadly si n" of the Ni ne is Sloth and their "holy idea" or esse nee is Holy Love . Un der stress Nines expres

54、s qualities of Sixes and whe n relaxed qualities of Threes.Whilst a person's Enneatype is determined by only one of the ego-fixations, their personality characteristics are also in flue need and modified in differe nt ways by all of the other eight fixations as well.Most Enn eagram teachers and

55、theorists believe that one of the prin cipal kinds of in flue nee and modificati on come from the two poi nts on either side of their Enn eatype. These two poi nts are known as the 'Win gs'.Observation seems to indicate, for example, that Ones will tend to manifest some characteristics of bo

56、th Nines and Twos. Some Enneagram theorists believe that one of theWings will always have a more dominant in flue nee on an in dividual's pers on ality, while others believe that either Wing can be dominant at any particular time depending on the person's circumsta nces and developme nt.This

57、 aspect of Enn eagram theory was orig in ally suggested by Claudio Nara njo and the n further developed by some of the Jesuit teachers.The lines of the tria ngle and hexago n are believed to in dicate psychological dyn amics betwee n the points conn ected depe nding on whether a pers on is in a more

58、 stressed or secure and relaxed state. Therefore the connecting points on the lines are usually called the 'Stress Points' and 'Security Points'. In Don Riso's teachings these lines are also called the 'Directions of Integration' and the 'Directions of Disintegration&

59、#39; as he believes that the security points also indicates the 'direction' towards greater psychological wellbeing and the stress points towards psychological breakdow n.The more traditi onal un dersta nding of the stress and security points is that whe n people are in a more secure or rela

60、xed state they will tend to express aspects of the 'security' or 'integration' type associated with their main type and aspects of the other directi on whe n stressed. Relaxed or secure Ones, for instanee, will tend to manifest some more positive aspects of the Seven pers on ality type, Ones tending to be highly self-i nhibitory whereas Seve ns give themselves permissi on to enjoy the mome nt. On the other hand, stressed Ones will express some more n egative aspects of the Four pers on ality, particularly the obsessive in trospecti on; they also s