考研英语历年阅读理解真题精析--1999年part5

1、考研英语历年阅读理解真题精析-1999 年 part5Part FiveScience, in practice, depends far less on the experiments it prepares than on thepreparedness of the minds of the men who watch the experiments. Sir Isaac Newtonsupposedly discovered gravity through the fall of an apple. Apples had been fallingin many places for c

2、enturies and thousands of people had seen them fall. But Newtonfor years had been curious about the cause of the orbital motion of the moon and planets.What kept them in place? Why didn't they fall out of the sky? The fact that the applefell down toward the earth and not up into the tree answere

3、d the question he had beenasking himself about those larger fruits of the heavens, the moon and the planets.How many men would have considered the possibility of an apple falling up into thetree? Newton did because he was not trying to predict anything. He was just wondering.His mind was ready for t

4、he unpredictable. Unpredictability is part of the essentialnature of research. If you don't have unpredictable things, you don't have research.Scientists tend to forget this when writing their cut and dried reports for the technical journals, but history is filled with examples of it.In talk

5、ing to some scientists, particularly younger ones, you might gather theimpression that they find the "scientific method" a substitute for imaginativethought. I've attended research conferences where a scientist has been asked whathe thinks about the advisability of continuing a certain

6、 experiment. The scientisthas frowned, looked at the graphs, and said "the data are still inconclusive." "Weknow that," the men from the budget office have said, "but what do you think? Is itworthwhile going on? What do you think we might expect?" The scientist has been

7、 shocked at having even been asked to speculate.What this amounts to, of course, is that the scientist has become the victim of hisown writings. He has put forward unquestioned claims so consistently that he not onlybelieves them himself, but has convinced industrial and business management that the

8、yare true. If experiments are planned and carried out according to plan as faithfullyas the reports in the science journals indicate, then it is perfectly logical formanagement to expect research to produce results measurable in dollars and cents.It is entirely reasonable for auditors to believe tha

9、t scientists who know exactlywhere they are going and how they will get there should not be distracted by thenecessity of keeping one eye on the cash register while the other eye is on themicroscope. Nor, if regularity and conformity to a standard pattern are as desirableto the scientist as the writ

10、ing of his papers would appear to reflect, is managementto be blamed for discriminating against the "odd balls" among researchers in favor of more conventional tinkers who "work well with the team."17. The author wants to prove with the example of Isaac Newton that _.A inquiring

11、minds are more important than scientific experimentsB science advances when fruitful researches are conductedC scientists seldom forget the essential nature of researchD unpredictability weighs less than prediction in scientific research18. The author asserts that scientists _.A shouldn't replac

12、e "scientific method" with imaginative thoughtB shouldn't neglect to speculate on unpredictable thingsC should write more concise reports for technical journalsD should be confident about their research findings19. It seems that some young scientists _.A have a keen interest in predict

13、ionB often speculate on the futureC think highly of creative thinkingD stick to "scientific method"20. The author implies that the results of scientific research _.A may not be as profitable as they are expectedB can be measured in dollars and centsC rely on conformity to a standard patter

14、nD are mostly underestimated by managementUnit 6（1999）Part 5重点词汇：1. supposedly（大概；据推测）即 suppose+（e）d+ly，suppose（猜想；假设），-ed 形容词 后缀，-ly 副词后缀。2. Particularly（特别地；显著地）即 Particul+ar+ly，Particul（=Particle）微粒，-ar形容词后缀，-ly 副词后缀， substitute （v.替代 n.替代物）即 sub+stitute，sub-"在下"，stitute 词根"放置"

15、;，于是"在下面放置的""准备用作替换的"替代或替代物。3.imaginative （富想象力的）即 imagin（e）+ative，imagine（v.想象），-ative"多.的"。Anything one man can imagine, other men can make real.一个人能够想象出的任何 东西都会有别人把它变为现实。4.conference （会议；协商）即 con+fer+ence，con-一起，fer 词根"拿来"=bring，-ence名词后缀，"把意见拿到一起来协商&q

16、uot;会议。5. budget（v.n.预算）看作 bud+get。The only good budget is a balanced budget.只有 平衡的预算才是好的预算。6. worthwhile （值得的）worth+while。Love doesn't make the world go round. Love is what makes the ride worthwhile.爱情并不推动世界，它只是使人生值得。7. speculate（推测；投机）即 specul+ate，specul 词根"看"=spect，-ate 动词后缀，联想：考研阅读

17、题每个都不会做，对四个选项"看"来"看"去，希望看（推测）出答案，未果，最后 只能看天由命（投机）了，于是悄悄拿出两枚硬币.8. victim（受害者，牺牲品）。9. consistently（始终如一地）即 con+sist+ent+ly，con-一直，sist 词根"站"，-ent 形容词后缀， -ly 副词后缀， " 一直站在那里地 " 始终如一地；形容词形式为 consistent con+sist+ent；名词形式为 consistencycon+sist+ency 名词后缀。10. convince?（

18、使信服）。The best way to convince a fool that he is wrong is to let him have his own way.使愚人认识错误的办法，是让他走自己的路。11. faithfully（忠实地；守信地）faithful+ly。Books are those faithful mirrors thatreflect to our minds thoughts of sages and heroes.书籍是忠实的镜子，把圣贤英杰的 思想反映到我们的头脑中。12. auditor ?（审计员）用熟词 editor（编者）记：auditor 与 e

19、ditor 的工作都是审查，但 auditor 审查的是钱，故以 au 开头金的化学符号即 Au。13. distract?（v.分散；扰乱）即 dis+tract，dis-（=away），tract 词根"拉"，"把注意力 拉出去"分散注意力。14. register （注册；自动计数器）。History, which is, indeed, little more than theregister of the crimes, follies, and misfortunes of mankind.历史实在不过是人类的罪行、蠢事与不幸的记录。15.

20、conformity （遵守；顺从）conform+ity 名词后缀。conformity - the jailer of freedom and the enemy of growth 顺从-自由的狱卒，成长的大敌。16. inquire （v.调查；询问）=enquire。Luck stops at the door and inquires whether prudence is within.好运在节俭的门前止步，问讯它是否在家。17. profitable ?（有益的，有利可图的）即 profit+able，profit（v.n.收益；利润），-able可.的。Genuine ign

21、orance is. profitable because it is likely to be accompaniedby humility, curiosity, and open-mindedness.真正的无知.不无益处，因为它很可能伴有谦虚、好奇、及思想开放。18.underestimate （ v.n. 低 估 ） under+estimate 估 计 ； 反 义 词 为 overestimate over+estimate高估。Never underestimate a man who overestimates himself.切勿低估 一个过高估计他自己的人。19.cut a

22、nd dried 千篇一律；odd ball 古怪的人。难句解析： The fact that the apple fell down toward the earth and not up into the tree answeredthe question he had been asking himself about those larger fruits of the heavens, the moon and the planets.这个句子的主干是 The fact answered the question。复杂之处在于主语 fact 跟了一个同位语从句，解释的是 fact 的

23、内容，注意这个从句中 and 省略了与前面相同的主语谓语 theapple fell；后面的宾语带了一个定语从句，这个从句的引导词 that 或者 which 省略了，about短语是对 question 的解释，those larger fruits of the heavens 指的就是 the moon and the planets。找出这个句子的主干，再看主语和宾语的修饰性短语，再一个需要注意的是 larger fruits of the heavens 和后面 the moon and the planets 的复指关系。 In talking to scientists, Par

24、ticularly younger ones, you might gather theimpression that they find the "scientific method" a substitute for imaginative thought.这个句子的主干是 you. gather the impression.，但是它的主要内容集中在 impression后面的同位语从句中。在这个解释 impression 的从句中有一个动词结构 find+n.+n.，意思是"觉得.是."，在本句中是"觉得科学方法是一种替代品"

25、，for 后面的短语解释了是什么的替代品。句子开始的介词短语充当的是状语，表示的是这种形象形成的时刻。可以撇开前面的状语短语，只看主干，重要的是理解 that 从句中 find 后面跟两个名词的用 法。 If experiments are planned and carried out according to plan as faithfully as thereports in the science journals indicate, then it is perfectly logical for management to expect research to produce r

26、esults measurable in dollars and cents.这个主从复合句中的前半部分是 if 引导的条件从句，这个从句中有一个 as. as.的结构，比较施行中的和书面所说的试验的真实度（faithfully），注意后一个 as 后面跟的是一个句子，其中 the report 谓语是 indicate；后半部分是主句，句中的 it 是形式主语，代替的是后面 for. to.的结构，这是真正的主语。还需要注意的是 results 后面跟的形容词短语 说明的是 results 的衡量方式。准确理解 as. as.结构，弄清 faithfully 这个副词修饰的是动词 plann

27、ed and carried out，再就是主句中形式主语的用法，要找到作为真正主语的不定式短语。 It is entirely reasonable for auditors to believe that scientists who know exactlywhere they are going and how they will get there should not be distracted by thenecessity of keeping one eye on the cash register while the other eye is on the microsco

28、pe.这个简单句的主语用的是形式主语 it，真正的主语是 for 后面的部分。believe 后面跟的是一个 that 引导的宾语从句，主干是 scientists. should not be distracted by.，其中的主语 scientists 跟了一个 who 引导的定语从句，这个定语从句的宾语分别是 where 和how 引导的两个从句。by 后面名词跟了一个 of 前导的动名词短语，后面还有一个 while 引导 的伴随状语，表示同时发生的动作。注意动词词组 keep an eye on 的用法。抓住 believe 后面宾语从句的意义，尤其是主语 scientists 的限定性从句以及 by 后面名词 短语的修饰作用。 Nor, if regularity and conformity to a standard pattern are as desirable to thescientist as the writing of his papers would appear to reflect, is management to beblamed for discriminating against the "odd balls&q