英语写作 段落写作ppt课件

1、Paragraph WritingParagraph WritingParagraph Writing1;What is the structure of a paragraph?2;The Topic SentenceSupporting sentencesThe concluding sentence3; This is the structure of a paragraph! Generally speaking, these three different types of sentences play different roles in a paragraph:Topic sen

2、tence;Supporting sentences;Concluding sentence. a sentence to tell the reader what the paragraph is mainly about.sentences to give more detailed information about the topic sentence.a sentence to end a paragraph or to summarize(总结）总结） the ideas.(主题句主题句 )(扩展句扩展句/阐述句阐述句 )(结论句结论句/结尾句结尾句 )4;如如 ： My moth

3、er has passed along to me a rule for getting along with others. Dont argue with parents; they might think you dont love them. Dont argue with children; they might think themselves victimized(受到伤害）受到伤害）. Dont argue with spouses; they might think you are a tiresome mate. Dont argue with strangers; the

4、y might think you are not friendly. My mothers rule, in fact, is quite universal. 请找出主题句、推展句和结论句。请找出主题句、推展句和结论句。5;The Topic SentenceThe characteristics of a topic sentenceThe positions of a topic sentence6;The Characteristics 1) The topic sentence must be a complete sentence. 2) The topic sentence s

5、hould always contain both a topic 主题主题 and a controlling idea 限制义限制义. The Topic Sentence = Topic + Controlling Idea3) The topic sentence should be neither too general nor too specific, and it should focus on only one topic. 7;The topic 与文章主题词相呼应。与文章主题词相呼应。The controlling idea 将主题限制在特定范围之内。将主题限制在特定范围

6、之内。Note: a controlling idea commits the paragraph to a specific aspect of the topic. e.g.1) Convenience foods are easy to prepare. 2) Alcoholic beverages should be banned from college campuses for two reasons. 3) There are also a few superstitions about marriage in China . 8;Read the following topic

7、 sentences and then identify the topic and the controlling idea in each sentencePeople can avoid burglaries by taking certain precautions. There are several advantages to growing up in a small town. Most US universities require a 550 point TOEFL score for a number of reasons. Air pollution in Mexico

8、 City is the worst in the world for a number of reasons. Fixing a flat tire on a bicycle is easy if you follow these steps. Riding a bicycle gives pleasure. 9;There are several enjoyable ways to travel between the US and Queretaro. Animals in danger of becoming extinct come from a wide range of coun

9、tries. Effective leadership requires specific qualities that anyone can develop. Industrial waste poured into Lake Michigan has led to dramatic changes in its ability to support marine life. In order to fully explore the wreck of the Titanic, scientists must address several problems. 10;Discussion:

10、which of the following topic sentence is general, specific or suitable?Group 11) American food is terrible. 2) American food is tasteless and greasy because Americans use too many canned, frozen, and packaged foods and because everything is fried in oil or butter. 3) American food is tasteless and g

11、reasy. (too general)(too specific)(suitable)11;Group 21) Many voters supported the candidate.2) Many voters passively supported the candidate.Group 3To play any kind of musical instrument, one needs to know something about the instrument.2) TO play any kind of drum requires a good sense of rhythm.(t

12、oo general)(too general)(suitable)(suitable)12;Here are some examples of sentences that cannot be used as topic sentences. Can you figure out why they are inappropriate? 1) My hometown is famous because it is located by Wheaton River, which is very wide, and because it is built near an unusually ste

13、ep hill called Wheaton Hill.Analysis: The problem with this sentence is that it contains too many details. Topic sentences are general, and details should appear later in the paragraph. Revised: My hometown is famous for several amazing geographical features. 13;2) There are two reasons why some peo

14、ple like to buy cars with automatic transmission and two reasons why others like cars with manual transmission.Analysis: This sentence is not appropriate as a topic sentence because it mentions two topics, not just one. Paragraphs are usually about one main thing and so their topic sentences should

15、also be about only one main thing.Revised:a) There are two reasons why some people like to buy cars with automatic transmission. OR (in a different paragraph):b) There are two reasons why some people like cars with manual transmission. 14;3) Clouds are white.Analysis The problem with this sentence i

16、s that it is too general. It is also very boring! Would you like to read a paragraph with this topic sentence? Most people would not. RevisedThe shapes of clouds are determined by various factors. 15;Different Positions Of a Topic SentencetypeThe positions of the topic sentence At the beginning of a

17、 paragraphAt the end of a paragraphIn the middle of a paragraphNo clear topic sentence16; Work with your partners and find out the topic sentence of each paragraph !17;1 Smoking cigarettes is harmful to your health. Experiments show that cigarette smoking can cause cancer. Besides the most serious a

18、nd terrible disease (illness) - cancer, cigarette smoking can also cause other health problems. For example, it can give one a “smokers cough”. Finally, studies have shown it is easy for cigarette smokers to catch colds. Whether you get an unimportant cold or terrible killer, cancer, smoking is harm

19、ful. Is it worth it?18;2 Often no one looks more guilty than the innocent. On the other hand, nobody may look more innocent than a professional criminal. And the man who knows “everything” may really only be trying to hide his own weakness. So, it is foolish to try to judge a person only by his appe

20、arance.19; 3 Every bride wants her wedding to be the most wonderful day of her life. But perfect weddings require careful planning , whether the bride and bridegroom are planning a traditional wedding or just a registry office ceremony. Paying for the wedding, which is always a problem, will partly

21、decide the choice. 20; Tom studied for four years at the University of Paris and decided to leave before his graduation. He transferred to the University of Berlin and graduated with honors. Harvard Law School and, later, Boston College provided him with an excellent legal background. He is presentl

22、y a corporation lawyer in Miami, Florida.The main idea of this paragraph is that _.A. Tom, who had studied at Paris Universities for four years, moved to another university.B. Tom became a lawyer since his graduation from Harvard Law School and later from Boston College.C. Tom was an excellent stude

23、nt when he studied at Berlin university.D. Tom received an excellent education.detaildetaildetail21;Read the following paragraphs carefully and write a topic sentence for each paragraph in the space provided. . Famous inventor Thomas Edison, for instance, did so poorly in his first years of school t

24、hat his teacher warned his parents that he would never be a success at anything. Similarly, Henry Ford, the father of the auto industry, had trouble in school with both reading and writing. But perhaps the best example is Albert Einstein, whose parents and teachers suspected that he was retarded bec

25、ause he responded to questions so slowly and in a stuttering voice. Einsteins high school record was poor in everything but math, and he failed his college entrance exams the first time. Even out of school the man had trouble holding a job- until he announced the theory of relativity. Many scientist

26、s had very bad proficiency records in their school days22; As an industry, TV provides jobs for hundreds of thousands who make TV sets and broadcasting equipment. It also provides work for actors, technicians, and others who put on programs. As an art, television brings the theater and other cultura

27、l events into the home. Its influence on the life of average Americans is incalculable: it can influence their thoughts, their likes and dislikes, their speech, and even their dress. It can also add to their store of knowledge. Through advertising, television helps businesses and manufacturers sell

28、their products to millions of people. Television has brought political campaigns closer to the voters than in former days. Educational TV stations offer teaching in various subjects ranging from home nursing to art appreciation. Many large schools and universities have “closed-circuit” television eq

29、uipment that will telecast lectures and demonstrations to hundreds of students in different classrooms; and the lecture can be put on video tape to be kept for later use. Some hospitals use TV to allow medical students to get close-up views of operations.TV plays an important role in the life of Ame

30、ricans.23; Americans relaxing at home, for example, may put on kimonos, which is a Japanese word. Americans who live in a warm climate may take an afternoon siesta on an outdoor patio without even realizing that these are Spanish words. In their gardens, they may enjoy the fragrance of jasmine flowe

31、rs, a word that came into English from Persian. They may even relax on a chaise longue while sipping a drink with vodka, words of French and Russian origin, respectively. Many loan words have entered Americans daily life.24; We are awakened by electric alarm clocks and music pouring from our radio;

32、we operate our toaster, brush our teeth with an electric toothbrush, and shave with an electric razor. We read the days headlines from newspapers printed on huge electric presses, and we write a letter on our electric typewriter before leaving for work to operate a computer and word processor. Electricity has filled almost every part of our life. 25;Supporting sentences推展句-the extension and specification of the topic sentence.对主题句的延伸和细化基本要求 A: 在意义上完全支持主题句 ，应细化和典型化； B: 在形式上，注意连贯 coherence 和organization结构 C