欧洲文化入门1PPT课件

1、01 Science02 Philosophy,Politics and Literature in England03 Descartes;French Classicism04 Art目 录CONCENT第1页/共11页General Introduction In the 17th century Europe advanced from the Middle Ages to the modern times. This advance began in science ,in astronomy,physics and pure m a t h e m a t i c s , o i

2、n g t o t h e w o r k o f G a l i l e o , K e o l e r, N e w t o n a n d Descartes.Their work helped to creat modern science and in a sense,the modern world. The new science and philosophy gave a great push to the political struggle waged by the newly emerged class,the bourgeoisie,and other classes.

3、The seventeenth century saw the intense political struggle,shown in revolution in England and absolute monarchy in France ,which marked the growth of modern state power.第2页/共11页Gottfried Wilhelm von LeibnizSir Isaac NewtonGalileo GalileiFrom Copernicus to KeplerScience第3页/共11页From Copernicus to Kepl

4、erCopernicuss The Theory of Celestial Movement marks the separation of natural sciences from theology.Kepler was the first important scientist after Copernicus to adopt the theory of the Sun Center.Kepler proved , developed and corrected Copernicuss idea and discovered three laws of planetary motion

5、, collectively known as Keplers Laws.第4页/共11页Galileo GalileiGalileos observations from the telescope confirmed Copernicus assumption.Galileo was the ancestor of dynamics in physics. He discovered the law of inertia and the law of falling bodies.He discovered the law of inertia and the law of falling

6、 bodies.第5页/共11页Sir Isaac NewtonNewton used Galileos discovery to obtain the law of universal gravitation, which laid the foundation for the development of modern science.Newton and another important scientist, Leibniz, are the founders of calculus.第6页/共11页Gottfried Wilhelm von LeibnizLeibniz divide

7、s human understanding into self-consciousness, consciousness, and subconscious.This theory laid the foundation for Freuds psychoanalysis.第7页/共11页Invention of New Instruments The 17th century was remarkable in many other ways connected with science.The invention of many scientific instruments was ano

8、ther great progress. The microscope was invented in 1590,the telescope was invented in 1608 by a Dutchman and the pendulum clock appeared in 1656.第8页/共11页Two Merits Shared by the Great Scientists of the 17th Century First,they showed boldness in farming hypotheses.they had the courage to challenge t

9、he deep-rooted beliefs and assume that what had been accepted as true since ancient times might be false. Second ,they all had immense patience in observation .They put their hypotheses to tests and drew conclusions on the basis of patient observation and careful collection of facts. The combination of the two merits brought about funda