生物专业英语 lesson 1 inside the living cell

1、Lesson OneInside the Living Cell: Structure and Function of Internal Cell PartsWarmingupWords and phrasesText AnalysisSimple exercises Additional InformationContentsWarmingup植物细胞模式图植物细胞模式图动物细胞模式图动物细胞模式图Glossary -about the proteins and organelles inside the living cellStructure and Function- about th

2、e organelles inside the living cellFocus inA globular contractile protein. In muscle cells, actin interacts with another protein, myosin, to bring about contraction.1. actin n. 肌动蛋白肌动蛋白Words and phrases2. n肌球蛋白肌球蛋白 肌动蛋白肌动蛋白3. Microfilaments are solid rods made of a protein known as actin. 4. Microtu

3、bules are biopolymers that are composed of subunits. 5. cytoskeleton n细胞骨架细胞骨架 6. cytoplasm n.胞质胞质 7. centriolen. 中心粒中心粒An organelle located close to the nucleus in most animal and lower plant cells but absent from prokaryotes and higher plants.8. chemotaxis n. 动物动物 化学向性；化学向性； 生物生物趋化现象；趋药性趋化现象；趋药性 A

4、 locomotory movement of an organism or cell in response to, and directed by, an external directional stimulus.9.A plastid in which photosynthesis is carried out. Chloroplasts occur in all photosynthetic organisms except photosynthetic bacteria and blue-green algae.10. A DNA-histone thread residing i

5、n the nucleus of a cell. Each chromosome possesses two telomeres and a centromere, and some contain a nucleolus organizer. 11. n. 纤毛纤毛 Numerous short, hairlike structures projecting from the cell surface that enable locomotion.12. 13. 14. 15. 16. n拟核，类核，核质体拟核，类核，核质体 17. n核仁核仁 18. n胞核，神经核，核胞核，神经核，核 1

6、9. n吞噬作用吞噬作用 20. 21. n.质体，成形粒质体，成形粒质体是植物细胞中质体是植物细胞中由由双层膜包裹双层膜包裹的一的一类细胞器的总称，类细胞器的总称，可分为可分为白色体、有白色体、有色体和叶绿体色体和叶绿体。 22. 23. 24. n子座；基质子座；基质 25. 26. 27. endoplasmic reticulum n. 内质网内质网 The endoplasmic reticulum plays an important role in the biosynthesis, processing, and transport of proteins and lipids

7、.28. nuclear envelope n. 核膜，核被膜核膜，核被膜 29. Golgi complex n. 高尔基复合体高尔基复合体 30. basal body n. 基体基体 纤毛和鞭毛的微管组织中心纤毛和鞭毛的微管组织中心Words and phrases:Actin myosin centriole nucleoid chemotaxis nucleoli chloroplast nucleus chromosome phagocytosis cilia pinocytosis cytoplasm plastid cytoskeleton polysome dynein ri

8、bosome flagella stroma lysosome tubulin microfilament vacuole microtubule mitochondrion II. Text Analysis1. Cytoplasm: The Dynamic, Mobile FactoryMost of the properties we associate with life are properties of the cytoplasm. Much of the mass of a cell consists of this semifluid substance, which is b

9、ounded to the outside by the plasma membrane. Organelles are suspended within it, supported by the filamentous network of the cytoskeleton. Dissolved in the cytoplasmic fluid are nutients,ions, soluble proteins, and other materials needed for cell functioning.1.细胞质：动力工厂细胞质：动力工厂 与生命相关的大部分特性都与生命相关的大部分

10、特性都来自于来自于胞质中。胞质中。绝大多数细胞都绝大多数细胞都由由这种质膜这种质膜包被包被的半流体胞质组的半流体胞质组成。在胞质中悬浮着各种细胞器，并成。在胞质中悬浮着各种细胞器，并由由丝状的细丝状的细胞骨架胞骨架所所支撑。营养物质、金属离子、可溶性蛋支撑。营养物质、金属离子、可溶性蛋白以及维持细胞生理需求的其他物质溶于胞质流白以及维持细胞生理需求的其他物质溶于胞质流体中。体中。2. The Nucleus: Information CentralThe eukaryotic cell nucleus is the largest organelle and house the genetic

11、 material (DNA) on chromosomes. ( In prokaryotes the hereditary material is found in the nucleoid). The nucleus also contains one or two organelles-the nucleoli-that play a role in cell division. A pore-perforated sac called the nuclear envelope separates the nucleus and its contents from the cytopl

12、asm. Small molecules can pass through the nuclear envelope, but larger molecules such as mRNA and ribosomes must enter and exit via the pores.2. 2.细胞核细胞核: :信息中心信息中心 在真核生物中在真核生物中，细胞核是最大的细胞器，细胞核是最大的细胞器，细胞核的染色体上细胞核的染色体上携带着携带着遗传物质遗传物质DNADNA（原（原核生物的遗传物质位于拟核中）。细胞核含有核生物的遗传物质位于拟核中）。细胞核含有1 12 2个核仁，个核仁，核仁核仁主要

13、在细胞分裂的过程中发主要在细胞分裂的过程中发挥作用。含有多个核孔的核膜将胞核和胞质隔挥作用。含有多个核孔的核膜将胞核和胞质隔开，小分子物质能自由通过核膜，而大分子物开，小分子物质能自由通过核膜，而大分子物质如质如mRNAmRNA、核糖体等则必须通过核孔、核糖体等则必须通过核孔穿梭于穿梭于胞质和胞核中。胞质和胞核中。3. Organelles: Specialized Work UnitsAll eukaryotic cells contain most of the various kinds organelles, and each organelle performs a speciali

14、zed function in the cell. Organelles described in this section include ribosomes, the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi complex, Vacuoles, lysosomes, mitochondria, and the plastids of plant cells.3. 3.细胞器细胞器: :各司其职各司其职 所有的真核生物都包含着多种细胞器，所有的真核生物都包含着多种细胞器，每一种细胞器又行使着不同的功能。本文每一种细胞器又行使着不同的功能。本文主要介绍核糖体、内质网、

15、高尔基体、液主要介绍核糖体、内质网、高尔基体、液泡、溶酶体、线粒体和植物细胞中的质体泡、溶酶体、线粒体和植物细胞中的质体等。等。The number of ribosomes within a cell may range from a few hundred to many thousands. This quantity reflects the fact that ribosomes are the sites at which amino acids are assembled into proteins for export or for use in cell processes.

16、 A complete ribosome is composed of one larger and one smaller subunit. During protein synthesis the two subunits move along a strand of mRNA, “reading” the genetic sequence coded in it and translating that sequence into protein. Several ribosomes may become attached to a single mRNA strand; Such a

17、combination is called a polysome. Most cellular proteins are manufactured on ribosomes in the cytoplasm. Exportable proteins and membrane proteins are usually made in association with the endoplasmic reticulum. 细胞中核糖体的数量细胞中核糖体的数量往往从几百到几千不往往从几百到几千不等等，数量之众反映出在细胞加工过程中核糖体，数量之众反映出在细胞加工过程中核糖体提供了氨基酸装配合成蛋白质

18、的场所，提供了氨基酸装配合成蛋白质的场所，合成的合成的蛋白蛋白就地使用或运到别处。完整的核糖体由大、就地使用或运到别处。完整的核糖体由大、小两个亚基组成。在蛋白质合成的过程中，两小两个亚基组成。在蛋白质合成的过程中，两个亚基沿着个亚基沿着mRNAmRNA移动，移动，读取读取mRNAmRNA上编码的上编码的遗传信息并将其翻译成蛋白。几个核糖体遗传信息并将其翻译成蛋白。几个核糖体往往往往串连串连到一条到一条mRNAmRNA单链上，这样形成的单链上，这样形成的复合体复合体叫做多聚核糖体。叫做多聚核糖体。大多数细胞蛋白是由细胞质大多数细胞蛋白是由细胞质中核糖体中核糖体合成，转运蛋白和膜蛋白的合成则通合

19、成，转运蛋白和膜蛋白的合成则通常与内质网有关。常与内质网有关。The endoplasmic reticulum, a lacy array of membranous sacs, tubules, and vesicles, may be either rough (RER) or smooth (SER). Both types play roles in the synthesis and transport of proteins. The RER, which is studded with polysomes, also seems to be the source of the

20、nuclear envelope after a cell divides. The SER lacks polysomes; it is active in the synthesis of fats and steroids and in the oxidation of toxic substances in the cell. Both types of endoplasmic reticulum serve as compartments within the cell where specific products can be isolated and subsequently

21、shunted to particular areas in or outside the cell. 内质网是一个内质网是一个连续的膜囊和膜管网连续的膜囊和膜管网，可分，可分为粗糙内质网和光滑内质网两种类型，两种都为粗糙内质网和光滑内质网两种类型，两种都与蛋白质的合成和运输有关。其中的糙面内质与蛋白质的合成和运输有关。其中的糙面内质网上网上附着附着多聚核糖体，它可能是细胞分裂后形多聚核糖体，它可能是细胞分裂后形成核膜的来源；光面内质网无多聚核糖体，主成核膜的来源；光面内质网无多聚核糖体，主要作用是脂肪和类固醇的合成以及细胞内有毒要作用是脂肪和类固醇的合成以及细胞内有毒物质的氧化。物质的氧化。

22、总之，总之，两种类型的内质网都可以两种类型的内质网都可以发挥隔离室的作用，相关产物在其中进行分流发挥隔离室的作用，相关产物在其中进行分流或运输到细胞外。或运输到细胞外。Transport vesicles may carry exportable molecules from the endoplasmic reticulum to another membranous organelle, the Golgi complex. Within the Golgi complex molecules are modified and packaged for export out of the

23、cell or for delivery else where in the cytoplasm. 转运囊泡能够将转运分子从内质网转运到转运囊泡能够将转运分子从内质网转运到其他的膜包被的细胞器（高尔基体）中，在高其他的膜包被的细胞器（高尔基体）中，在高尔基复合体中修饰，包装后输出细胞或传递到尔基复合体中修饰，包装后输出细胞或传递到细胞质中的其他场所。细胞质中的其他场所。Vacuoles in cells appear to be hollow sacs but are actually filled with fluid and soluble molecules. The most prom

24、inent vacuoles appear in plant cells and serve as water reservoirs and storage sites for sugars and other molecules. Vacuoles in animal cells carry out phagocytosis (The intake of particular matter) and pinocytosis (vacuolar drinking). 液泡看似一个空囊，实则充满了流质和可液泡看似一个空囊，实则充满了流质和可溶性分子。大液泡存在于植物细胞中，溶性分子。大液泡存在于

25、植物细胞中，储留储留水水分、糖分和其他分子。动物细胞中的液泡主要分、糖分和其他分子。动物细胞中的液泡主要起胞吞和胞饮的功能。起胞吞和胞饮的功能。A subset of vacuoles is the organelles known as lysosomes, which contain digestive enzymes (packaged in lysosomes in the Golgi complex) that can break down most biological macromolecules. They act to digest food particles and to

26、 degrade damaged cell parts. 溶酶体是液泡的溶酶体是液泡的亚单位亚单位，其中含有的多种，其中含有的多种消化酶是由高尔基体包装转运的。这些消化酶消化酶是由高尔基体包装转运的。这些消化酶能够能够降解降解大多数生物大分子、食物颗粒和损伤大多数生物大分子、食物颗粒和损伤的的细胞碎片细胞碎片。Mitochondria are the sites of energy-yielding chemical reactions in all cells. In addition, plant cells contain plastids that utilize light ener

27、gy to manufacture carbohydrates in the process of photosynthesis. It is on the large surface area provided by the inner cristae of mitochondria that ATP-generating enzymes are located. Mitochondria are self-replicating, and probably they are the evolutionary descendants of what were once free-living

28、 prokaryotes. 线粒体是所有细胞中线粒体是所有细胞中细胞中细胞中化学产能化学产能的场的场所所。另外，植物细胞中的质体在光合作用中利。另外，植物细胞中的质体在光合作用中利用光能产生碳水化合物。线粒体用光能产生碳水化合物。线粒体内嵴内嵴上上提供了提供了很大的表面积很大的表面积并并分布分布着产着产ATPATP酶。线粒体自我酶。线粒体自我复制，可能是独立生存的原核生物在进化中形复制，可能是独立生存的原核生物在进化中形成的后代。成的后代。There are two types of plastids: Leucoplasts, which lack pigments and serve as

29、 storage sites for starch, proteins, and oils; and chromoplasts, which contain pigments. The most important chromoplasts are chloroplasts-organelles that contain the chlorophyll used in photosynthesis. The internal structure of chloroplasts includes stacks of membranes called grana, which are embedd

30、ed, in a matrix called the stroma. 质体有两种类型，质体有两种类型，分别是白色体和有色体。分别是白色体和有色体。白色体不含色素，是淀粉、蛋白质、油脂的储白色体不含色素，是淀粉、蛋白质、油脂的储存库；有色体含有色素，存库；有色体含有色素，其中最重要的其中最重要的一类是一类是叶绿体。叶绿体含有光合作用所需的叶绿素，叶绿体。叶绿体含有光合作用所需的叶绿素，其内部结构由基质和嵌入其中基粒（膜包被的其内部结构由基质和嵌入其中基粒（膜包被的类囊体垛叠在一起）组成。类囊体垛叠在一起）组成。4. The cytoskeletonAll eukaryotic cells hav

31、e a cytoskeleton, which is a convoluted latticework of filaments and tubules that appears to fill all available space in the cell and provides support for various other organelles. A large portion of the cytoskeleton consists of threadlike microfilament composed mainly of the contractile protein act

32、in. They are involved in many types of intracellular movements in plant and animal cells. A second protein, myosin, is involve in the contraction of muscle cells. 4. 4.细胞骨架细胞骨架 所有的真核生物都有细胞骨架，细胞骨架所有的真核生物都有细胞骨架，细胞骨架是由细丝和小管形成的是由细丝和小管形成的交错盘旋的网格结构交错盘旋的网格结构，这种结构几乎这种结构几乎充斥了充斥了细胞中所有可利用的空间细胞中所有可利用的空间并且对细胞器提供

33、支持作用。细胞骨架主要由并且对细胞器提供支持作用。细胞骨架主要由微丝组成，微丝主要是可伸缩的肌动蛋白。动微丝组成，微丝主要是可伸缩的肌动蛋白。动植物细胞的许多种类型植物细胞的许多种类型细胞内细胞内运动与肌动蛋白运动与肌动蛋白有关。第二类蛋白是肌球蛋白，它与肌肉细胞有关。第二类蛋白是肌球蛋白，它与肌肉细胞的收缩有关。的收缩有关。Another main structural component of the cytoskeleton consists of microtubules, which are composed of the globular protein tubulin and t

34、ogether act as scaffolding that provides a stable cell shape. 细胞骨架的另一个细胞骨架的另一个主要的结构成分是主要的结构成分是微管，微管，它由球状微管蛋白组成，起稳定细胞形态的它由球状微管蛋白组成，起稳定细胞形态的支架作用。支架作用。Cytoskeletal intermediate filaments appear to impart tensile strength to the cell cytoplasm. Mechanoenzymes such as myosin, dynein, and kinesin interact

35、 with the cytockeletal filaments and tubules to generate forces that cause movements.细胞骨架的中间纤维提供了细胞质伸缩动力。细胞骨架的中间纤维提供了细胞质伸缩动力。 “ “机机械酶械酶”类如肌球蛋白、动力蛋白、驱动蛋白与微丝类如肌球蛋白、动力蛋白、驱动蛋白与微丝和微管相互作用从而产生动力，驱动细胞运动。和微管相互作用从而产生动力，驱动细胞运动。5. Cellular movements 细胞运动细胞运动Although the cytoskeleton provides some stability to c

36、ells, its microtubules and filaments and their associated proteins enable cells to move by creeping or gliding. 尽管细胞骨架提供了细胞的某些尽管细胞骨架提供了细胞的某些稳定性稳定性，微管、，微管、微丝及其相关蛋白却仍能够使细胞以微丝及其相关蛋白却仍能够使细胞以爬行爬行或或滑滑翔翔的方式运动。的方式运动。Such movements require a solid substrate to which the cell can adhere and can be guided by t

37、he geometry of the surface. 这种运动需要一个能使细胞附着的固体基质，这种运动需要一个能使细胞附着的固体基质，并通过表面几何形状的改变而运动。并通过表面几何形状的改变而运动。Some cells also exhibit chemotaxis, the ability to move toward or away from the source of a diffusing chemical.有些细胞还表现出有些细胞还表现出趋化能力趋化能力，即趋向，即趋向或逃离扩散开的化学源。或逃离扩散开的化学源。Certain prokaryotic cells can swim

38、freely in liquid environments, propelled by whiplike cilia or flagella. 某些某些原核细胞原核细胞可在液体环境中通过鞭子可在液体环境中通过鞭子似的似的纤毛纤毛或或鞭毛鞭毛推动进行自由地泳动。推动进行自由地泳动。Both cilia and flagella have the same internal structure: nine doublets(pairs of microtubules) are arranged in a ring and extend the length of the cilium or fla

39、gellum, and two more microtubules run down the center of the ring. 纤毛和鞭毛具有相同的纤毛和鞭毛具有相同的内部结构内部结构：9 9对微管排列成环沿对微管排列成环沿纤毛或鞭毛长轴延长，另有两根或两根以上微管在环纤毛或鞭毛长轴延长，另有两根或两根以上微管在环的中央位置。的中央位置。Every cilium or flagellum grows only from the cell surface where a basal body is located. Movement is based on the activities o

40、f tiny dynein side arms that extend from one of the microtubules of each doublet.纤毛或鞭毛自细胞表面的基体长出，其运动纤毛或鞭毛自细胞表面的基体长出，其运动基于每个联管上的一个微管延伸出的由微小基于每个联管上的一个微管延伸出的由微小的动力蛋白的形成的臂。的动力蛋白的形成的臂。Nutrients, proteins, and other materials within most plant cells are moved about via cytoplasmic streaming. 大多数植物细胞内部的营养物

41、质、蛋白质和大多数植物细胞内部的营养物质、蛋白质和其它物质通过其它物质通过胞质流动胞质流动进行运动。进行运动。The process occurs as myosin proteins attached to organelles push against microfilaments arrayed throughout the cell. Microfilaments and microtubules are responsible for almost all major cytoplasmic movements. 这个过程这个过程伴随伴随附着在细胞器上的肌球蛋白推附着在细胞器上的肌球

42、蛋白推动遍布于整个细胞中的微丝动遍布于整个细胞中的微丝而发生而发生。微丝和微管负责几乎所有主要的胞质内运动。微丝和微管负责几乎所有主要的胞质内运动。During cell division, microtubules of the spindleassembled from tubulin subunits near organelles called centriolesmove the chromosomes.在细胞分裂期间，靠近中心粒的微管蛋白亚基装配成在细胞分裂期间，靠近中心粒的微管蛋白亚基装配成纺锤体的微管，这些微管负责染色体的移动。纺锤体的微管，这些微管负责染色体的移动。Revie

43、w the words:Actin -肌动蛋白肌动蛋白 centriole -中心粒中心粒 chemotaxis -趋化性趋化性 chloroplast -叶绿体叶绿体 chromosome -染色体染色体 cilia -纤毛纤毛 Cytoplasm-胞质胞质 cytoskeleton -细胞骨架细胞骨架 flagella-鞭毛鞭毛 lysosome -溶酶体溶酶体 microfilament -微丝微丝 microtubule -微管微管mitochondrion -线粒体线粒体myosin -肌球蛋白肌球蛋白 nucleoid -拟核拟核 nucleoli -核仁核仁 nucleus-细胞

44、核细胞核 phagocytosis -吞噬作用吞噬作用 pinocytosis- 胞饮作用胞饮作用 plastid -质体质体 polysome -多聚核糖体多聚核糖体 dynein -动力蛋白动力蛋白 stroma -基质基质 lysosome -溶酶体溶酶体 vacuole -液泡液泡 ExercisesI Key terms: matchingMatch each term on the left with the most appropriate description on the right1. Polysome a. protein synthesis2. Pinocytosis

45、 b.baglike structure3. Exocytosis c. power generator4. Plastid d. where flagella grow5. Golgi complex e.toward or away from a chemical stimulus6. Flagella f. engulfment7. Phagocytosis g.RNA and ribosomes8. Lysosome h. weblike9. Basal body i. in plants only10.Chemotactic j. control room11.Nucleus k.

46、expel12.Vacuole l. vacant13.Ribosome m. whiplike14.Cytoskeleton n. cell drinking15.Mitochondrion o. packagingII. True or false1. 1. The DNA of prokaryotic cell is concentrated in the nucleus.The DNA of prokaryotic cell is concentrated in the nucleus.2. Ribosomes are derived from the nucleoli.2. Ribo

47、somes are derived from the nucleoli.3. Unlike other cell membranes, the nuclear envelope has no pores.3. Unlike other cell membranes, the nuclear envelope has no pores.4. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is held in place by the 4. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is held in place by the cytoskeleton

48、.cytoskeleton.5. Structural proteins are exportable.5. Structural proteins are exportable.6. The nuclear envelope is produced by the rough endoplasmic 6. The nuclear envelope is produced by the rough endoplasmic reticulum.reticulum.7. Most cellular proteins are manufactured on ribosomes.7. Most cell

49、ular proteins are manufactured on ribosomes.8. White blood cells work by phagocytosis.8. White blood cells work by phagocytosis.9. Prokaryotic cells have microbodies.9. Prokaryotic cells have microbodies.10. Mitochondria are self-replication.10. Mitochondria are self-replication.11. Pinocytosis desc

50、ribes the intake of fluid into a a cell by a vacuole.11. Pinocytosis describes the intake of fluid into a a cell by a vacuole.12. Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have a supporting cytoskeleton.12. Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have a supporting cytoskeleton.13. Carotenoids 13. Caroteno

51、ids （类胡萝卜素）（类胡萝卜素） are colorless molecules. are colorless molecules.14. Grana 14. Grana （基粒）（基粒）are surrounded by stomataare surrounded by stomata（气孔）（气孔）. .III Completion1. 1. PhagocytosisPhagocytosis is a method of cell feeding that first requires that the is a method of cell feeding that first re

52、quires that the food be food be 2. The packages some fifty hydrolytic enzyme in 2. The packages some fifty hydrolytic enzyme in 3. 3. are are lysosomelysosome-like vesicles containing waste products. -like vesicles containing waste products. They are thought to involved with cellThey are thought to

53、involved with cell4. 4. Both and thought to have arisen from Both and thought to have arisen from endosymbiosisendosymbiosis.( .(内共生内共生) )engulfedengulfedGolgi complexGolgi complexlysosomeslysosomesLipofuscin granulesLipofuscin granules（脂褐质颗粒） agingagingmitochondriamitochondriaChloroplastsChloroplas

54、tsIII Completion5. The cytoskeleton is composed of very fine , 5. The cytoskeleton is composed of very fine , medium and largermedium and larger6. Creeping and gliding cell movements are usually 6. Creeping and gliding cell movements are usually -dependent.-dependent.7. Behavior is shown when a cell

55、 moves toward or 7. Behavior is shown when a cell moves toward or away from a chemical substance.away from a chemical substance.8. Glagella grow from the cell surface only at the 8. Glagella grow from the cell surface only at the microfilamentsmicrofilamentsIntermediate filamentsIntermediate filamen

56、tsmicrotubulesmicrotubulesanchorageanchorageChemotacticChemotacticbasal bodybasal bodyIV Multiple choice1. Most of the properties associated with processes of life are properties of_.A. The nucleusB. DNAC. The cytoplasmD. endosymbiontsE. None of the above2. Ribosmes_.A. are organelles involved in pr

57、otein synthesisB. are the cells sites for starchC. are involved in the breakdown of proteinsD. are the cells main energy sourceE. None of the above3. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum(SER) _.A. Lacks ribosomesB. is acive in fat and steroid synthesisC. is involved in the oxidiation of toxinsD. all of the

58、aboveE. none of the above4. ribosomes are manufactured in _.A. cytoplasmB. nucleoliC. mitochondriaD. SERE. RER5. lysosomes contain_.A. hydrolytic enzymesB. genetic materialC. stored fatsD. proteins6. During protein synthesis a single mRNA molecule may be associated with several ribosomes to form_.A. A geneB. A lysosomeC. A polysomeD. Smooth endoplasmic reticulumE. None of the above7. Proteins synthesized on endolasmic reticulum are modified_.A. in vacuolesB. in the cell membraneC. in the Golgi complexD. In lysosomesE. None o