语法讲解(一)

1、-作者xxxx-日期xxxx语法讲解(一)【精品文档】 英语二语法讲解（一）Basic English Sentence Patterns(英语的基本句型)掌握句子的基本句型有助于了解句子的基本结构，便于进行句子分析，抓住句子的主线，尤其对于比较复杂的长难句，熟悉基本句型可以帮助我们从错综复杂的语言现象中理出头绪，从而理解句子的确切意思。句子由于所用的谓语动词不同（即系动词、及物动词和不及物动词），归纳起来共有五种基本句型。句子主要有下面这些成分：Subject: 主语 一句话的中心，整句话都谈它的情况；Predicate: 谓语 说明主语的主要情况，可表示动作，也可表示状态； Object:

2、 宾语 表示动作的承受者，也可表示动作的结果； Predicative:表语 和系动词一起构成谓语；Attribute:定语 修饰名词、代词等； Adverbial: 状语 修饰动词、形容词或副词； Verb: 动词I. 主语+系动词+表语 （SVP） 1. Supper is ready.2. The cocktail party will be at 7:30 p.m.II. 主语+谓语（不及物动词）(SV)1. She sings well.2. A traffic accident took place in the street.III. 主语+谓语（及物动词）+宾语（SVO）1.

3、We do not know how to use it.2. The foreign visitors enjoyed seeing Beijing opera.IV. 主语+谓语（及物动词）+ 间接宾语+直接宾语（SVOO）1. He makes us a present of his photograph.2. I showed them some old buildings on the campus.3. Pass me the sugar, please.V. 主语+谓语（及物动词）+宾语+补足语（SVOC）某些及物动词除了要求带宾语外，有时还需要有一个成分补充说明该宾语的动作、状

4、态、特征等，意思才完整，这个成分称为宾语补足语。1. We call the baby Xiao Hua.2. What causes an object to fall to the ground?Grammar Exercises:Write SV, SVP, SVO, SVOO or SVOC after each of the following sentences:1. Explain the new words and expression in English, please.2. To learn English well is no easy matter.3. Do you

5、 mind my opening the back door?4. Such an arrangement wont make him satisfied.5. People elected him the representative of the district.6. Could you tell me the way to the railway station?7. There are thousands of islands on the earth.8. Radar can help airplanes land safety.9. There seems no need to

6、go now.10. Electronics has made possible a new kind of higher education and research.Answer:1.(S)VO 2. SVP 3. SVO 4. SVOC 5. SVOC6. SVOO 7. SV 8. SVOC 9. SV 10. SVOCVerb Tenses(动词的时态)英语动词从时间上看，有现在、过去、将来以及过去将来之分。从体上看，有一般、进行、完成以及完成进行之区别。所谓“体”指的是事情在某一时间的进程或状态。动词的时间与体的结合即动词时态。英语时态共有十六种，现以动词write为例，将其十六种

7、形式列表如下：时间体现在过去将来过去将来一般时态writewriteswroteshallwritewillshould writewould进行时态amis writingarewas writewereshall be writingwillshould be writingwould完成时态have writtenhashad writtenshall Have writtenwillshould have writtenwould完成进行时态have been writinghashad been writingshall have been writingwillshould hav

8、e been writingwould这里我们讲解常用的十二种时态，其他时态可以在此基础上进行类推。一、一般现在时（simple present tense）主要有以下用法：1表示现在经常或反复发生的动作或存在的状态，常和often, always, usually, sometimes, every day, once a week等时间状语连用，例如：He takes a walk after supper every day.How often do you wash your hair?2表示主语的特征、性格、能力等，例如：She has great concern for other

9、s.Mary hates fish and never eats any.3表示客观事实或普遍真理，例如：The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.Japan lies to the east of China.4表示安排或计划好的将来发生的动作，例如：The plane takes off at 10:00 am.When does the train leave for Shanghai?5在时间或条件状语从句中表示将来的动作，例如：I cant leave unless my boss agrees.When you see her,

10、just tell her that I am all right.6代替过去时表示某些文学作品中的情节描写，或用来引述书刊材料，例如：The little boy goes up to the policeman and says, “Theres a car accident over there.”二、一般过去时一般过去时（simple past tense）主要用来表示过去某时发生的动作或状态，常和表示过去的时间状语，yesterday, last week, three years ago，in 1978等连用。例如：She bought a Santana last week.Sh

11、e often came to help me at that time.三、一般将来时一般将来时（simple future tense）主要用于表示将来发生的动作或情况，例如:Well have be careful in doing business with themWe wont be free tonight.在时间或条件状语从句中，一般不用将来时，而是用现在时代替，例如：If you see him, tell him I miss him very much.一般将来时还有以下形式构成：1am (is, are) going to + 动词原形这种形式主要用来表示最近打算去做的

12、事情或可能要发生的事情。例如：We are going to visit the Museum of Chinese History tomorrow.2. am (is, are) about to +动词原形这种形式用来表示即将发生的动作，例如：We are about to leave, so there is no time to visit her now.3. am (is, are) to +动词原形这种形式用来表示必须或计划要进行的动作，例如：The girl are to go to school next week.四、过去将来时过去将来时(future-in-the-pa

13、st tense)主要用来表示过去某一时间内将要发生的动作或存在的状态，例如：He told me that he would see me off at the station.过去将来时也可用was(were)going to + 动词原形，was(were) about to +动词原形，或was(were) to + 动词原形等形式表示过去某时间内计划、打算或一定要进行的动作。例如：They were going to have a meeting to discuss the matter.五、现在进行时现在进行时（present continuous tense）表示现在正在进行的

14、动作。例如：What are you doing?有些动词（go, come, stay, leave, start等）的现在进行时形式也可以表示将来即将发生的动作，例如： He is coming to see you tomorrow.有些表示状态和感觉的动词不用于（或在某个词义上不用于）进行时，如hate, like, love, believe, think（以为），look，mind, have (有)， seem, sound，remain等。六、过去进行时过去进行时（past continuous tense）表示过去某一时刻或某段时间内正在进行的动作。例如：When I saw

15、 her, she was working at the computer.与现在进行时相类似go, come, stay, leave等动词的过去进行时形式可以表示过去将要发生的动作。例如：She asked me whether I was starting the next day.七、将来进行时将来进行时（future continuous tense）用来表示在将来的某一段时间正在发生的动作，或按计划在未来将要进行的动作，例如：This time next week she will be working in that company.八、现在完成时现在完成时用来表示过去开始，但持

16、续到现在的动作，或表示过去发生的动作，但对现在仍留下某种后果和影响。例如：Most of us have studied English for more than five years.九、过去完成时过去完成时（past perfect tense）用来表示过去某个时间或某个动作之前已经完成的动作，或者表示过去某个时间开始一直延续到过去另一个时间的动作。例如：He said that he had written her a letter.十、将来完成时将来完成时（future perfect tense）用来表示在将来某一时间以前已经完成的动作，例如：Ill have done all t

17、he work by the time you are back this evening.十一、现在完成进行时现在完成进行时（present perfect continuous tense）用来表示从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在的动作，这个动作可能刚刚结束，或者可能要继续进行下去。例如：She has been working in Shenzhen since 1985.十二、过去完成进行时过去完成进行时（past perfect continuous tense）用来表示过去某个时间以前已经开始而又延续到过去这个时间的动作。这个动作可能刚刚停止，也可能还在继续。例如：She said

18、 she had been expecting your good news.被动语态英语动词有主动和被动两种语态。主动语态（active voice）表示主语是动作的执行者；被动语态（passive voice）表示主语是动作的承受者。一、被动语态的形式被动语态由助动词be+及物动词的过去分词构成。助动词be有时态、人称和数的变化。以give为例，将各种时态被动语态的形式列表如下：体时间一般进行完成现在is (am, are) givenis (am, are) being givenhas (have) been given过去was ( were) givenwas (were) bei

19、ng givenhad been given将来will (shall) be given过去将来would (should) be given二、被动语态的用法常用于以下情况：1. 当不知道谁是动作的执行者时，例如：His car is stolen a week ago.2. 当我们认为没有必要指出或不想指出谁是动作的执行者时，例如：Television ads are usually repeated over and over again.3. 虽然需要同时指出动作的执行者，但我们强调或突出的是动作的承受者，此时动作的执行者用介词by加代表动作执行者的名词和代词表示，例如：Her pl

20、an has not been approved by the management.三、被动语态的几种特殊结构1. 含有情态动词的被动语态结构这种结构的构成是：情态动词+be+及物动词的过去分词，例如：Coal could be used in place of oil in this case.2. 短语动词的被动语态结构短语动词应作为一个整体看待，变为被动语态时不能丢掉构成短语动词的介词、副词或名词+介词等成分，例如：The nurse takes good care of the children.The children are taken good care of by the n

21、urse.3. 含有两个宾语的主动结构变为被动结构主动语态结构中若有两个宾语，变为被动语态结构时，只将其中一个宾语变为主语，另一个宾语不变，通常称为保留宾语，例如：An hour was allowed him to get to the airport.4. 含有复合宾语的主动结构变为被动结构主动语态结构中如有复合宾语，变为被动语态时只将原复合宾语中的宾语变为主语，宾语补足语部分不变，语法上将其称为主语补足语（subject complement）, 例如：We advised him to practice speaking English.He was advised to practi

22、ce speaking English.5. 英语中有很多动词可用主动形式表示被动意义，汉语中这种结构更常见，例如：The cakes sell quickly. The car drove easily.当把行为看作一个独立的事实而根本不涉及行为主体时使用这种句型更简单和生动。Grammar Exercises:1. Ann _ a dress for herself at the moment. She _ all her own clothes.A. makes, is making B. is making, makesC. will make, made D. has made, i

23、s going to make2. He _ school last year and is now earning his living as a postman.A. is leaving B. had left C. has left D. left3. My watch _ ten minutes ago.A. had stopped B. has stoppedC. stopped D. is stopping4. We _ in Beijing for more than ten years.A. are B. wereC. had been D. have been5. I _

24、any radio since I left the shop.A. havent repaired B. am not repairingC. did not repair D. do not repair6. “John has had a lot of teaching experience, hasnt he?” “Yes, indeed. _ physics since 1970.”A. Hes teaching B. Hes taughtC. Hed taught D. He taught7. Peter hasnt ridden any motorcycle since he _

25、 his leg.A. breaks B. was brokenC. has broken D. broke8. Do you think we _ the manager the day after tomorrow?A. see B. sawC. shall see D. have seen9. If you go to England you _ many differences from your country.A. notice B. will noticeC. is going to notice D. have noticed10. My sister _ in the hos

26、pital next month.A. has practiced B. practicesC. are to practice D. is going to practiceAnswer:BDCDA BDCBC非谓语动词动词根据它能否单独作谓语动词可以分为谓语动词和非谓语动词。顾名思义，非谓语动词在句中不能单独作谓语动词。非谓语动词有三种形式：动词不定式、分词和动名词。The Infinitive(不定式)I. 动词不定式的形式1动词不定式由不定式符号“to+动词原形”构成。不定式符号“to”不是介词，无词义。不定式有一般、完成、进行几种常用的形式，也有主动和被动语态的区别，以study为例

27、：主动被动一般式to studyto be studied进行式to be studying完成式to have studiedto have been studied2. 动词不定式保持动词的一些特征，即可带宾语、状语等，这样就构成不定式短语，如：to help them in their work3. 不定式的否定形式是在不定式前面加not, never等，如：They told me not to open the window.4.不定式有时带疑问词，如what, when, where, which, whom, why, whether, how等，如：He didnt know

28、whether to wait or go home.II. 不定式或不定式短语的用法：可作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语和补足语1不定式或不定式短语作主语时，谓语动词用第三人称单数，如：To serve the people well is our duty.不定式短语作主语时，往往放在谓语动词的后面，用引导词it 作形式上的主语，例如：It is our duty to serve the people well.在系动词be, seem, appear等之后，如：He appears to have caught a cold.be+动词不定式表示应当、打算、计划做什么的意思，如:Pete

29、r is to arrive at seven this morning.有些及物动词常用不定式作宾语，如：agree, begin, decide, desire, determine, expect, forget, mean, offer, plan, pretend, promise, refuse, regret, remember, try, want等。如果不定式作宾语而又跟有补足语时，要用“it”作形式宾语，而将真正的宾语（即不定式）放到补足语后面去，如：We find it impossible to finish the work in such a short time.

30、用来修饰名词，位于被修饰名词的后面，如：This is the best way to solve the problem.常用不定式作定语的名词有：ability, agreement, attempt, chance, claim, decision, determination, failure, freedom, hope, need, opportunity, plan, promise, refusal, way等；序数词the first, second以及last, only, best 等也常用不定式作定语，如：He was the only one to realize t

31、he danger.5. 作状语通常表示目的、结果、原因等，如：In 1998 she left home never to return.不定式作目的状语，可用so as to , in order to 引出；不定式作结果状语可用soas to, tooto, enough to等引出，6作补足语有宾语补足语和主语补足语两种1）作宾语补足语，如：The trainer made the elephant dance before audience.通常要求带to不定式作宾语补足语的动词有：advise, allow, ask, cause, consider, expect, find,

32、imagine, know, tell, think, want, wish等；要求不带“to”的不定式作宾语补足语的动词有，一般为表示“感觉”或“使役”的动词：feel, have, hear, let, make, notice, see, watch, listen to, look at；help后面的作宾语补足语的不定式带“to”或不带“to”都可以。2）作主语补足语带有宾语补足语的谓语动词变为被动语态时，宾语成了主语，宾语补足语也就相应的成为主语补足语，如：Their children are allowed to make their own decisions.III. 不定式

33、的逻辑主语如要求表明不定式或不定式短语的动作发出者（即逻辑主语），就要在不定式前用for+名词（或代词宾格），如：The conference is too important for you to miss.IV. 不定式的完成式和进行式的用法1完成式表示的动作发生在句子谓语表示的动作之前，如：Im sorry not to have come on Thursday.2.进行式一般表示正在进行中的动作，强调与谓语动词所表示的动作几乎同时发生，如：I happened to be lying in bed when she came in.Grammar Exercises:1. _ all

34、 his homework, he went to bed.A. Doing B. Being done C. To do D. Having done2. Instead of _ for the teacher to explain, they tried to find the patterns and the rules for themselves.A. wait B. to wait C. waiting D. being waited3. For passengers, ships have the advantage of _ cheaper than trains or pl

35、anes.A. having been B. to have beenC. being D. to be4. They sat together, _ carefully the blueprint of the building.A. and study B. to study C. studying D. and studying5. What _ next will be discussed at the next meeting.A. to do B. is doing C. will do D. shall we doAnswer:DCCCAThe Gerund(动名词)I. 动名词

36、的形式动名词与动词不定式一样，也是一种非谓语动词形式，在句中不能单独作谓语。它可以带宾语、状语等构成动名词短语。动名词由动词原形+ing构成，没有人称和数的变化，但是有语态的变化，并且有一般式和完成式，以study为例：主动被动一般式studyingbeing studied完成式having studiedhaving been studiedII. 动名词的用法动名词（或动名词短语）在句中起名词的作用，可用作主语、表语、宾语（动词或介词的宾语）和定语等；1作主语Swimming is never as fast as running.动名词作主语时，有时句中使用形式主语it, 如：It i

37、s no use talking about it.It is 后面常见的动词有no good, no use, useless, waste, worthwhile, dangerous等。2作表语Our duty is programming the computer.注意：be+动名词（表语）与be+现在分词（构成进行时态）在形式上相同，但在前一结构中，be 是系动词，有词义，而后一结构中，be是助动词，只是用来构成一种谓语时态，无词义。3作宾语They began studying psychology last week.1) 很多及物动词都可用动名词作宾语，常见的动词有：avoid

38、, deny, dislike, enjoy, excuse, finish, keep, mind, miss, practice, require, suggest, cant help, give up, insist on等；2) 在下列动词后，只能跟不定式：agree, decide, desire, determine, expect, hope, pretend, promise, refuse, wish等；3) 既可以跟动名词也可跟不定式作宾语的动词有：attempt, begin, continue, forget, hate, need, propose, remembe

39、r, regret, stop, try, want等；有时两种结构之间意义差别不大，如表示抽象的、泛指的一般倾向多用动名词；如指特别的或具体某一动作，则用不定式多些，如：I like traveling very much.Would you like to eat lunch with me?有些动词后面用动名词还是不定式作宾语，其含义有明显的差别，常见的有remember, forget, regret, try等，如：1） stop后面跟动名词，通常表示“停止或不再做某事”；跟不定式表示“停止或不再做正在做的事，而去做别的事”，如：Stop arguing and start work

40、ing.I didnt know how to get there so I stopped to ask the way.2) remember后面跟动名词，通常表示“回忆过去而记得”，跟不定式通常表示“记住去干，别忘了”，如：I remember reading a review of that book.Please remember to book seats for them today.The Reading Room of the British Museum is a large round hall.III. 动名词的时态和语态动名词分一般式和完成式，一般式表示一般性的动作概

41、念，不明确动作发生的时间，有主动和被动语态，如：Besides reading, he is fond of collecting stamps.This matter is far from being solved.动名词的完成式用来表示发生在谓语动作之前的动作，也有主动和被动语态，但是用的较少，有时动名词表示的动作虽然发生在谓语动作之前，也常用动名词的一般式来代替，如：I remember having read the article on economic systems.After having been tested, the instrument was sent to the

42、 laboratory.After being desalted, sea water can be used for drinking.在need, require, want 等动词后面，一般不用动名词的被动形式，即使表示被动意思，也用动名词主动形式代替，如：The house wants repairing.The Participle(分词)I. 分词的形式分词也是一种非谓语动词，在句中不能单独作谓语，没有人称和数的变化，可以带宾语、状语和表语构成分词短语，分词有现在分词和过去分词两种。1. 现在分词和过去分词的构成现在分词由动词+ing构成，过去分词分两类，一类是规则动词，由动词+e

43、d构成，一类是不规则动词，需要记忆。2分词的时态和语态现在分词有一般式和完成式，并有主动和被动语态。过去分词只有一种形式，以study为例：主动被动现在分词一般式studyingbeing studied完成式having studiedhaving been studied过去分词studied在时态上，通常现在分词表示进行，过去分词表示完成，如：the developing countrythe developed country在语态上，现在分词表示主动，过去分词表示被动，如：a moving filma moved film在句中可作定语、状语、补足语和表语1 作定语单个现在分词作定语

44、时，放在被修饰的词的前面；单个过去分词作定语时，放在被修饰的词前或后，如：The growing plants in our garden need more sunlight.There are nine known planets in the solar system.Scientists believe that sea water contains every natural element known.分词短语作定语时，一般总是放在它所修饰的词之后，如：Most of the kinds of tools made out of iron are very old.2. 作状语分词

45、或分词短语作状语，说明谓语表示的动作发生的时间、条件、原因、结果、伴随情况、行为方式或对谓语加以补充说明等，如：Not knowing his address, I can't visit him personally. (作原因状语)When laboring to open a farm in the forest, Lincolns grandfather was killed by the Indians. （作时间状语）She went down steps into the kitchen, followed by her little daughter. (作伴随状语)分词的独立结构：分词或分词短语作状语时，一般分词所表示的动作或状态的主体是句子的主语，但有时分词或分词短语作状语时，还可带自己的动作主体，一般用名词或代词表示，放在分词前面，这种结构称为分词独立结构，如：The work done, the