PT入职培训3解剖学与人体动学

1、chapter 3anatomy and kinesiology解剖学和人体运动学ch 3 - 1/20101anatomical position解剖学位置ch 3 - 1/20102矢状面 sagittal 冠状面 frontal 水平面 horizontalch 3 - 1/20103general joint action terms常用关节动作术语n屈曲关节角度变小 (多数屈曲动作是向前的 除了膝关节) flexioncharacterized by the joint angle diminishing (most flexion movements are forwards, e

2、xcept for the knee joint)n伸展屈曲的相反动作; 关节角度增大 extensionreturn from flexion; joint angle increasesn外展远离身体中心线的运动 abductionmovement away from the midline of the bodyn内收接近身体中心线的运动 adductionmovement toward the midline of the bodyn旋转绕轴的运动 rotationmovement around an axisn环旋环绕 360的运动 circumductionmovement in

3、a 360 circlech 3 - 1/20104shoulder (gleno-humeral) joint actions肩关节动作(浅窝肱骨) 1. 肩屈曲 shoulder flexion2. 肩伸展 shoulder extension3. 肩外展 shoulder abduction4. 肩内收 shoulder adduction5. 肩水平内收 (或屈曲) shoulder horizontal adduction (or flexion)6. 肩水平外展 (或伸展) shoulder horizontal abduction (or extension)7. 肩内旋 sho

4、ulder internal rotation8. 肩外旋 shoulder external rotation9. 肩环旋 shoulder circumductionch 3 - 1/20105shoulder girdle (scapular) actions肩胛动作1.肩胛上提 scapular elevation2.肩胛下压 scapular depression3.肩胛缩回 scapular retraction (内收) (adduction)4.肩胛前引 scapular protraction (外展) (abduction)5.肩胛上旋 scapular upward ro

5、tation6.肩胛下旋 scapular downwardrotation7.肩胛上斜 scapular upward tilt8.肩胛下斜 scapular reduction ofupward tiltch 3 - 1/20106 the spine脊柱nflexion屈曲nextension伸展nrotation旋转nlateral flexion侧屈cervical 颈椎thoracic 胸椎lumba 腰椎sacrum 骶骨；荐骨coccyx 尾骨ch 3 - 1/20109pelvis骨盆* anterior pelvic tilt骨盆前倾* posterior pelvic t

6、ilt骨盆后倾* lateral pelvic tilt骨盆侧倾hip joint髋关节1. hip flexion髋屈曲2. hip extension髋伸展3. hip abduction髋外展4. hip adduction款内收5. hip horizontal adduction(flexion) 髋水平内收（屈曲）6. hip horizontal abduction(extension) 髋水平外展（伸展）7. hip internal rotation 髋内旋8. hip external rotation髋外旋9. hip circumduction髋环旋ch 3 - 1/2

7、01010knee joint膝关节* flexion屈曲* extension伸展ch 3 - 1/201011ankle joint踝关节ndorsiflexion 足背屈nplantarflexion 足跖屈neversion 外翻ninversion 内翻ch 3 - 1/201012six (6) major upper body muscle groups:6组上身主要的肌肉群：1. bicepselbow flexion肱二头肌：肘屈曲2. tricepselbow extension肱三头肌：肘伸展ch 3 - 1/201013biceps brachii肱二头肌 * elbo

8、w flexion肘屈曲ch 3 - 1/201014triceps brachii肱三头肌 * elbow extension肘伸展ch 3 - 1/201015upper body muscle groups, contd上半身肌肉群3.三角肌：肩屈曲, 肩外展 (前和中间部分) deltoids: shoulder flexion, shoulder abduction (anterior and medial portions)4.阔背肌： 肩伸展肩内收 latissimus dorsi: shoulder extension, shoulder adductionch 3 - 1/2

9、01016deltoids三角肌(前和中) (anterior and medial) * 肩屈曲 shoulder flexion * 肩外展 shoulder abductionch 3 - 1/201017latissimus dorsi阔背肌 * 肩伸展 shoulder extension * 肩内收 shoulder adductionch 3 - 1/201018upper body muscle groups, contd5.胸大肌: 肩水平内收, 肩屈曲 (锁骨的), 肩内收和伸展 (胸骨的) pectoralis major: shoulder horizontal add

10、uction, shoulder flexion (clavicular), shoulder adduction and extension (sternal)6.中斜方肌，菱形肌，后三角肌：肩胛缩回，肩胛水平外展 mid-trapezius, rhomboids, and posterior deltoid: scapular retraction, shoulder horizontal abductionch 3 - 1/201019pectoralis major 胸大肌 * 肩水平内收 shoulder horizontal adduction * 锁骨部分: 肩屈曲 clavic

11、ular portion: shoulder flexion * 胸骨部分: 肩内收和肩伸展 sternal portion: shoulder adduction and shoulder extensionch 3 - 1/201020中斜方肌 和菱形肌 * 肩胛 缩回posterior deltoid后三角肌*肩水平外展rhomboidsmid-trapeziusch 3 - 1/201021upper body muscle groups, contdscapular protractors:肩胛前引serratus anterior前锯肌pectoralis minor (also

12、responsible for scapular depression胸小肌（肩胛下压） ch 3 - 1/201022serratus anterior pectoralis minor前锯肌 胸小肌 * scapular protraction * scapular protraction肩胛前引 肩胛前引 * scapular depression 肩胛下压ch 3 - 1/201023other upper body muscles其他上半身肌肉群rotator cuff muscles:肩袖肌群（肌腱套肌肉群） : * subscapularis肩胛下肌: shoulder inte

13、rnal rotation肩内旋 * infraspinatus and teres minor冈下肌和小圆肌: shoulder external rotation肩外旋 * supraspinatus冈上肌: shoulder abduction肩外展 ch 3 - 1/201024rotator cuff muscles肩袖肌群infraspinatus冈下肌shoulder external rotation肩外旋teres minor小圆肌shoulder external rotation肩外旋supraspinatus冈上肌shoulder abduction肩外展subscap

14、ularis肩胛下肌shoulder internal rotation肩内旋25 ch 3 1/2010torso muscles and their joint actions躯干肌肉及关节动作rectus abdominis腹直肌: 脊柱屈曲external and internal obliques 腹内外斜肌: spinal flexion with rotation带旋转的脊柱屈曲transverse abdominis腹横肌: 腹部下压，或用力吐气erector spinae:竖脊肌 脊柱伸展quadratus lumborum:腰方肌 脊柱侧屈ch 3 - 1/201026re

15、ctus abdominis腹直肌 * spinal flexion脊柱屈曲ch 3 - 1/201027external obliques 腹外斜肌internal obliques腹内斜肌* 带旋转的脊柱屈曲 spinal flexion with rotationch 3 - 1/201028transverse abdominis腹横肌 * abdominal compression 腹部下压 * vigorous exhalation and expulsion 强力吐气ch 3 - 1/201029竖脊肌erector spinae* spinal extension 脊柱伸展lo

16、ngissimus:最长肌spinalis:棘肌illiocostalis:髂肋肌capitis:头部cervicis:颈部thoracis: 胸部lumborum:腰部ch 3 - 1/201030multifidus (multifidi)多裂肌裂肌 * spinal extension,脊柱伸展spinal rotation,脊柱旋转spinal lateral flexion脊柱侧屈ch 3 - 1/201031quadratus lumborum腰方肌 * spinal lateral flexion 脊柱侧屈ch 3 - 1/201032hip joint muscles and

17、their primary joint actions髋关节肌肉和主要肌肉动作1.iliopsoas and rectus femoris髂腰肌和股直肌: hip flexion髋屈曲2.gluteus maximus and hamstrings臀大肌和后腿腱肌群: hip extension髋伸展3.gluteus medius臀中肌: hip abduction髋外展4.adductor longus长收肌, adductor magnus大收肌, adductor brevis短收肌, gracilis股薄肌, pectineus耻骨肌: hip adduction髋内收5.glute

18、us minimus臀小肌: hip inward rotation髋内旋6.gluteus maximus and the 6 outward rotators臀大肌和六块外旋肌: hip outward rotation髋外旋ch 3 - 1/201033hip flexors 髋屈肌rectus femoris 股直肌 * hip flexion髋屈曲 iliopsoas 髂腰肌 * hip flexion 髋屈曲ch 3 - 1/201034hip extensors髋展肌gluteus maximus臀大肌 * hip extension髋伸展 后腿腱肌群 hamstrings *

19、hip extension 髋伸展ch 3 - 1/201035gluteus medius臀中肌 * hip abduction髋外展ch 3 - 1/201036hip adductors髋内收肌大收肌长收肌短收肌耻骨肌股薄肌adductor adductoradductormagnus longusbrevispectineus gracilisch 3 - 1/201037gluteus minimus臀小肌 * hip inward rotation 髋内旋ch 3 - 1/201038hip outward rotators髋外旋肌6块外旋肌：梨状肌、闭孔内肌、闭孔外肌、股方肌上孖

20、肌、下孖肌。 臀大肌 gluteus maximusn ch 3 - 1/201039knee joint muscles and their joint actions膝关节肌肉及关节动作nquadriceps股四头肌群 (rectus femoris 股直肌, vastus lateralis 股外侧肌, vastus intermedius 股中间肌, vastus medialis 股内侧肌): 膝伸展 knee extensionn后腿腱肌群(股二头肌, 半腱肌, 半膜肌): 膝屈曲 hamstrings (biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semime

21、mbranosus): knee flexionch 3 - 1/201040quadriceps股四头肌群 * knee extension 膝伸展rectus femoris股直肌vastus lateralis股外侧肌vastus intermedius股中间肌vastus medialis股内侧肌ch 3 - 1/201041hamstrings后腿腱肌群 * knee flexion膝屈曲1. biceps femoris 股二头肌 2. semitendinosus 半腱肌 3. semimembranosus 半膜肌ch 3 - 1/201042major ankle joint

22、 muscles and their actions主要踝关节肌肉和关节动作nanterior tibialis 胫骨前肌: ankle dorsiflexion 踝关节背屈ngastrocnemius and soleus腓肠肌和比目鱼肌: ankle plantarflexion踝关节跖屈nanterior tibialis and posterior tibialis胫骨前肌和胫骨后肌: ankle inversion踝关节内翻nextensor digitorum longus 趾长伸肌, peroneus tertius第三腓骨肌, peroneus longus腓骨长肌, and

23、peroneus brevis 腓骨短肌: ankle eversion踝关节外翻ch 3 - 1/201043anterior tibialis胫骨前肌 * ankle dorsiflexion 踝关节背屈ch 3 - 1/201044ankleplantarflexors踝关节跖屈肌* ankle plantarflexion 踝关节跖屈 腓肠肌 比目鱼肌ch 3 - 1/201045anterior tibialis 胫骨前肌&posterior tibialis胫骨后肌 * ankle inversion 踝关节内翻ch 3 - 1/201046ankle evertors踝关

24、节外翻肌趾长伸肌第三腓骨肌腓骨长肌腓骨短肌extensor peroneus peroneus peroneusdigitorum tertius longus brevislongus51. ch 3 1/2010connective tissues结缔组织结缔组织 nligamenta non-elastic band of fibrous tissue that connects bone to bone and provides joint stability 韧带 一种无弹性的纤维束，能把骨骼连接在一起，它附着于骨骼的可活动部分，起到固定关节的作用伤。 ntendondense, f

25、ibrous tissue that forms the end of a muscle and attaches muscle to bone 腱一种连接肌肉和骨骼的由结缔组织所构成的高密度纤维束或膜。 nfasciafibrous tissue that forms sheaths for individual muscles, fasciculi, and muscle fibers 筋膜指肌肉的坚韧部分。附于骨节者为筋，包于肌腱外者为膜。是联络关节、肌肉，主司运动的组织。 ncartilagewhite, semi-opaque tissue that cushions joints

26、and prevents wear on joint surfaces 软骨种半透明的有弹性的组织 ，用来充填关节，并防止关节表面组织的撕裂。 ch 3 - 1/201048roles muscles play肌肉功能n主动肌或原动肌直接负责你所看到运动的肌肉 agonist or prime moverthe muscle directly responsible for the movement that you seen对抗肌跟主动肌运动相反的肌肉 antagonistthe muscle that works in opposition to the prime mover n辅助肌辅

27、助运动的肌肉 assistorthe muscle that assists in performing a movementn稳定肌保持静态或等长收缩的，避免不必要运动的肌肉 stabilizera muscle that maintains a static or isometric contraction and prevents unwanted movementch 3 - 1/201049muscle actions肌肉动作n等长保持住的静态肌肉动作，关节角度和肌肉长度都没有发生变化。 isometrica held, static muscle action in which there is no change in the joint angle or muscle lengthn等张/动态关节发生运动 isotonic/dynamicjoint movement occurs2种类型: two types:* 向心缩短的动作 concentricshortening action* 离心拉长的动作 ecc