从干嘉的理必之学看朴学中的科学要素

1、“言吾言科学研究”的计划报告2013年6月27日一、背景：语言科学的由现1.1. 语法分析是一槿技街/»:50 年中期，老一辈国际著名语言学家Hockett Charles (1958)在 A Course in Modern Linguistics(P147)里面指出：“Specialistshave been working for a long time on the problem of analyzing, describing, and comparing grammatical systems and the degree of accuracy achieved is

2、 much greater than the layman world suspect. At the same time, there remain many pints on which precision is till impossible. Some linguists like to believe that grammatical analysis has become a completely objective operation, but this is not true. Phonemic analysis has been brought much nearer suc

3、h a state: complete precision is not always possible, but we can at least pinpoint the areas of indeterminacy and usually see why they remain indeterminate. But grammatical analysis is still, to a surprising extent, an art: the best and clearest descriptions of language are achieved not by investiga

4、tors who follow some rigid set of rules, but by those who through some accident of life- history have developed a flair for it.”有些语言学家很乐观地认为：语法分析已然成为完全客观的操作，但这不是事实。语音实验学近乎这种境界但语法分析还任然处在，令人惊奇的艺术境地。(霍恺得1958年)1.2. 当代语言学的革命然而，就在同时， Robert Lee 在他的 “ Review of Syntactic Structure ” (1957:377-378)吹响了当 代语言科

5、学的号角：“Chomsky' bsok on syntactic structures is one of the first serious attempts on the part of a linguist to construct within the tradition of scientific theory-construction a comprehensive theory of language which may be understood in the same sense that a chemical, biological theory is ordina

6、rily understood by experts in those fields. It is not a mere reorganization of the data into a new kind of library catalogue, nor another speculative philosophy about the nature of Man and Language, but rather a rigorous explication of our intuitions about our language in terms of an overt axiom sys

7、tem, the theorems derivable from it, explicit results which may be compared with new data and other intuitions, all based plainly on an overt theory of the internal structure of languages; and it may well provide an opportunity for the application of explicit measures of simplicity to decide prefere

8、nce of one form over another form of grammar.乔姆斯基的 句法结构是第一个首次以语言学家的身份认真严肃地尝试在科学理论构建传统之下建立的一个有关语言的整理理论 一个在化学或生物学领域、为其中科学家所理解的意义上的理论；他不是类似于把(语言)材料重新组织为图书馆的分类条目，也不是有关人与语言自然属性的哲学设论；而是有关我们自然语感的，一种严格清晰的、诸多定理可以由此派生的公理系统。Robert所说的"科学理论”的要点是The Key Points:(1) The tradition of scientific theory-construct

9、ion科学理论构建的传统(2) An overt axiom system 明确的公理系统(3) Theorems derivable from it 公理可派生的定理1.3. 什么是“公理系统axiom-system "?什么是“可派生定理 derivable theorems ”呢？Marks Tomas 在他的 Formal Sciences (2005)里面说道：It is important to recognize that the theoriesgrouped together beneath the term Formal Science all utilize s

10、ome form of the axiomatic-deductive method and that, therefore, despite their many differences, they all involve the deduction of consequences (i.e., theorems) from a small set of intuitively obvious axioms or assumptions, and, as a result, they can be viewed as being unified by the same basic scien

11、tific method . In order for anaxiomatic-deductive system to be constructed at all, it is necessary to be able to state initial assumptions, to identify primary elements of some kind, and to make valid deductive inferences from these assumptions and elements. There are many areas of research that are

12、 not understood with sufficient precision to permit an axiomatic-deductive analysis. However, the ' formalsciences all attempt to utilize this methodology, and it is one of their characteristic features ."“关键要注意的是： 在形式科学这个概念下的(所有)理论，都使用不同形式的“公理-演绎”法，因此，除却其中的种种不同外，它们无不含有从"少数几个经验上显在公理或公设

13、assumptions来推演结果(定理)”的演绎，因此，它们都可以被统一地看做是这一科学方法的产物。形式科学无不以此为其方法论，可以说这是它的属性特质之一。”形式科学 Formal Science” 的基本特征 ( characteristic features )1、公理-演绎法 axiomatic-deductive method2、 结果 (或定理) 的推演 deduction of consequences (i.e., theorems)3、构建公理演绎系统an axiomatic-deductive system 的必要程序：(1)建立元女台公设 state initial ass

14、umptions;(2)鉴定基本元素 identify primary elements;(3)基于(1)(2)的逻辑有效的推彳泞make valid deductive inferences from these assumptions andelements;综上所述，当代生成语言学已然具备了 “形式科学”基本特征，属于科学的范畴。这是人类历史上的第一次，世称“乔木斯基革命”。几年前生成语法学家Larson的句法教材直接取名为："Grammar as Science作为科学的语言学 ”6、形式科学的SOI步骤:8-TION操作法The theory forming Procedu

15、re 理论构建程序1. Observation尽观察、2. Classification准分类,3. Characterization掘属性4. Generalization建通理>(训练法)What I learned from the East!5. Abduction6. Deduction7. Prediction8. Verification溯因/回溯推理演绎推理预测有无核验现实What I learned from the West!三、形式科擘探索的理论模式（蒲月券利2000）预测ac2E5""c理论现实/55/555/*鞋工厂/皮鞋厂 *种植树/开玩笑

16、预测事实丧家犬（不早于西汉）1、自然音步2、2+1造词3、1+2造语4、韵律构词学5、韵律句法学6、秦汉双音化7、韵律文体五言诗（不先于三音词）四、7K例 (Gravity 意味着 The Big Bang theory 和 Imperfection)2+2 一 +1复印文件复印件复印文件印文件天天、星期星期；*负责任工作、*想透彻问题远古音步必单；没有三音春司，没有五言爵（不同畤代的不同文if）五、根at “形式科擘”的“擘循1理路”削造的最新擘科1、漠音吾音11律#w司小不减二，大不遇三二檄津，三建化、四事醴2、漠音吾音11律句法勤春司后只允有一低1成份；3、漠音吾音11律文三言爵、五言爵

17、、七言爵 的春司序辗法颠倒4、漠音吾音11律言吾黄和St 了一本善瞒黄和了一部傅言己M> 雅、ffi5、上古音II律音音1.远古二言诗歌的律断竹，续竹。飞土，逐肉。弹竹或鼓，或罢，或泣，或歌。易经中孚六三屯如，遭如；乘马，班如；匪寇，婚媾。易经屯六二凡诗之“行”必以两个音步为其最小极限，而天下绝无以“单音步诗行”之为律者，故诗行（二言）诗行（四言）据此，远古二言诗行必“二步诗行”若二言二步，则一言必一步音步音步音步音步AAAA断竹，doo n?tu g楙a楙a雎嫣续竹；yjo gtu g在河之洲飞土，p? lIha a?窈窕淑女逐肉。l ? wgnju g君子好逑下此理之必然，不烦旁证者也所以，本形式科擘演'之法，我们可以断言：远古汉语必然是一种单音步的语言2 . W （鱼部轻（/a/）、歌部重（/ai,ar/）,则上古韵律必以韵素计轻重）吾丧叁。庄子齐无论生为生，理为里。孟子公孙丑上且彼卷彼，我卷我，彼裸程，安能污 我？列女傅明傅丈夫也，出丈夫也，吾何畏 竺哉？滕文公僵以其富，度以吾仁，遽以其爵，理以吾义。孟子公孙丑下生，而忘勾践之杀女父乎？史记吴太伯世家史无我诈，为无生虞。左传成公元年生爱其羊，建爱其礼。论语八僧3 .理 Ita） “论语二句而我吾互用，毛诗一句而卬我杂称，盖同一 我义而语音轻重缓急不同，施之于