SI 科研写作之摘要写作课件

1、specific writing skills of abstracts in bio-medical research papersoutline:1 introduction of abstracts2 compositions of structured abstract3 writing skills4 conclusion5 assignmentsintroduction of abstractswhat is abstract? an abstract is defined as an abbreviated , accurate representation of the con

2、tents of a document, prepared by its author (s) for publication with it. such abstracts are also useful in access publications and machine-readable data bases. -american national standards institutetypes of abstracts(1) indicative abstract 指示性摘要指示性摘要(2) informative abstract 报道性摘要报道性摘要(3) informative

3、-indicative abstract 报道报道-指示性摘要指示性摘要(4) structured abstract 结构式摘要结构式摘要 (5) critical abstract 评论性摘要评论性摘要indicative abstractkey points involved onlyno information of methods and materialsno information of data and results not very long sentences (some are even with one or two sentences)generally, pres

4、ent tense and perfect present tense are used论原发性胃肠道淋巴瘤论原发性胃肠道淋巴瘤 primary lymphomas of the gastrointestinal tract 本文综述了治疗原发于胃肠道淋巴瘤的主要经验本文综述了治疗原发于胃肠道淋巴瘤的主要经验，并就该病的临床、病理及治疗等问题进行了讨论。，并就该病的临床、病理及治疗等问题进行了讨论。 abstract: an institutional experience with primary gastrointestinal lymphoma (pgl) is reviewed. th

5、e clinical, pathologic, and therapeutic aspects of pgl are discussed. informative abstractconcrete information are included:a: brief introduction：background, objective/purpose, explanation; b: procedure and result of the researchc: conclusiond: future prospects恶性高血压与吸烟恶性高血压与吸烟 (malignant hypertensio

6、n and cigarette smoking ) 摘要： 将48例高血压患者与92例非恶性高作了吸烟习惯的对比研究。初诊时已吸烟的恶性高血压患者有33例，非恶性患者34例，两者之间有明显差异。即使对男性患者进行比较，或将白人与黑人分别进行比较，这种差异也仍然显著。本研究表明：恶性高血压是一种与吸烟有关的疾病。 american journal of chinese medicinenature medicinestructured abstract the most popular type and example -structured abstract dr. haynes firstl

7、y used structured abstract on annal of internal medicine内科学记事in 1987 since then, this type of abstract has been widely used by biological and medical journals, esp. medical journals famous medical journals like jama, newengland journal of medicine, etc.factor v leiden and ptg20210a gene mutation in

8、patients with venous thrombosis and healthy blood donorsabstract: objective: to evaluate the incidence of factor v leiden and prothrombin gene g20210a mutation in patients with venous thrombosis and healthy volunteers.methods: factor v leiden and prothrombin gene g20210a mutation were analyzed in 97

9、 cases of venous thrombosis and 100 healthy volunteers with the methods of one-step pcr-rflp. results: pcr products for the factor v gene (175bp) and for the prothrobin gene (118 bp) were identified to 157 bp and 98 bp fragments by electrophoreses after taq i treatment. no factor v leiden and prothr

10、ombien gene g20210a mutation were found in either group.conclusion: the low incidence of factor v leiden and prothrombin gene g20210a mutation suggest that they are not the major genetic risk factors for thrombophilia in the chinese population. - international journal of hematology, 2007 springercom

11、positions of structured abstract （1）omrac/ amrac format (international committee of medical journal editors, vancouver style, 1997) (国际医学期刊编辑委员会温哥华格式) objective/purpose/aim 目的methods 方法results 结果conclusion 结论the pattern for most journals of both domestic & international. 2) special requirements

12、of some international famous journalsthe new england journal of medicine: background; methods; results; conclusionslancet: background; methods; findings; interpretationjama (journal of american medical association): context(背景); objective; design, setting(地点), and participants; main outcome measure(

13、主要观察指标); results; conclusion.characteristics of structured abstract(1) assist health professionals in selecting clinically relevant and methodologically valid journal articles for its clear & reasonable structure 、large amount of information 结构合理、条理分明信息量大(2)guide authors in summarizing the conte

14、nt of their manuscripts precisely 准确而具体地表达论文的主要内容(3) facilitate the peer-review process for manuscripts submitted for publication 便于审编、校对和阅读 (4) enhance computerized literature searching 便于计算机输入、存储和检索writing skills macro- structure micro-structuremacro- structureresearch (实证研究实证研究) 中美医学论文英文摘要文本对比分析

15、医学论文英文摘要的体裁分析micro-structuretensevoicepronouncommon wordsother issues (esp. chinese medicine articles) writing skills for structured abstract 1 objective1.1 时态 (past tense / present tense) the purpose of this study was to test the safety and effectiveness of we aimed to determine whether the victori

16、an measles surveillance system had missed hospitalized cases of measles during an inter-epidemic period. this paper describes the use of a personality-based approach to the establishment of the therapeutic alliance. 1.2 常用结构和句型常用结构和句型 1.2.1 表示“目的”的常用词及用法 aim/ attempt-n. & v. the aim of this inve

17、stigation/ the present study was to the aims of this study were to the research was aimed at identifyingthis study was aimed at documenting the existence of in a first attempt to elucidate its function, we examined an attempt was made/undertaken to the authors attempt to evaluate the degree goal/int

18、ent/purpose-n.a major goal is prevention of acceleration-induced lossof consciousness. the intent of the study was to is described for the purpose of intend-v. this report/paper is intended to in this study, we intended to test the hypothesis that it is intended to remind the reader of this patholog

19、y, which is often forgotten because of its rarity. 1.2.2 表示表示 “目的目的” 的常见不定式结构（的常见不定式结构（infinitive structures ） to analyze / ascertain/ assess/ characterize/ clarify/ describe/ determine/ distinguish/ elucidate/ establish/ estimate/ evaluate/ construct/ estimate/ examine/ explore/ expose/ identify/ i

20、nvestigate/ provide/ report/ study/ test/ understand/ validate/to analyze whether patients with ra have an intrinsic defect in t cell proliferation and survival to characterize the regulation of matrix metalloproteinase(mmps) by adenosine. to further explore the characteristics of various fibrous ma

21、terials, we studied to investigate patterns of synovial and systemic cytokine messenger rna expression in mice 2 methods2.1 时态(past tense ) several outcome measures were applied , and the results were compared with findings in previously described cohorts. oligonucleotide primers were developed for

22、nested pcr based on chlamydia, ureaplasma, and neisseria dna sequence. five of the patients had been treated with progesterone(黄体酮). multiple meningiomas (脑膜瘤)were observed in 2 patients. 2.2 表示表示“方法方法”的常用词及用法（的常用词及用法（common words or phases ） carry out / conduct hyperthermia was carried out/ conduct

23、ed using a novel waster-filled , infrared-a radiation technique. develop an on-line thermo-spray liquid chromatography mass spectrometry method was developed to we have also developed methods for the analysis of design this study/ the present study was designed to perform/ undertake we performed a p

24、rospective study in our teaching hospital to human studies have been undertaken to test this thesis. for this reason an attempt was undertaken for quantitativeevaluation of 2.3 常用结构和句型常用结构和句型 2.3.1 表达研究方法的句型 (using / by using /employing) using a rabbit model of pneumococcal meningitis , we compared

25、by using a multivariate risk algorithm involving the combination of afp 56.5% of down syndrome cases could be detected 2.3.2 表达分组的句型 be (randomly) divided/ categorized/separated/allocated /assigned intogroups / be randomized into/ perform a randomized study 2.3.3 各种检查与手术治疗的句型 neonates also were exam

26、ined for neurobehavioral assessments by68 patients underwent esophageal replacement for benign disease all patients received satisfactory anesthesia for operation. ligation of the common carotid artery was done in one patients in as much as 217 patients were operated on for extra-cranial occlusive c

27、arotid disease. 2.3.4 有关“剂量”的表达 in a dose / each dose; daily dose/ the dosage in a day; the initial dose; a/ the total dose2.3.5 “疗效” 的表达curative/ therapeutic effect; efficacy of the treatment/ drughigh efficacy; good curative effect/ respond well to criteria to test the efficacy / effectiveness3 re

28、sults3.1 时态(past tense) we found that the level of plasma obese protein in the niddm patients was significant lower than that of the normal subjects and the obesity patients , and was closely correlated to the symptom of polyphagia(贪食症). two patients developed diffuse alveolar damage due to acute re

29、spiratory distress syndrome(急性呼吸窘迫综合症) and were ventilator dependent for more than 20 days. twenty-two of 24 patients who underwent the combined procedures were glad that they had both procedures concomitantly. 3.2 表达结果的句型表达结果的句型 3.2.1 叙述观察结果 we found/ observed that it was found/ observed/ noted/ se

30、en/ recorded that 3.2.2 量的变化 (1) the prevalence increased with age estrogen replacement therapy reduced excretion of zinc level rapidly declined in hl-60 cells following but were transiently elevated by two other apoptosis (2) cell number increased by almost 50% during the first 24 hours zinc excret

31、ion decreased by 35% aster 3 months and 3.2.3 评价效果及其他 overall clinical effects were excellent in 2, good in 12 with an efficacy rate of 100%. the direct health care costs forpatients exceeded those for patients by almost 2-fols. 4 conclusion4.1 时态(present tense) this study suggests that ivig can ame

32、liorate the symptoms and improve the functional capability of ra patients . combination pelvic floor surgery provides good outcomes and is cost effective. this approach should be offered to women with concurrent problems in conclusion, patients infected with influenza a subtypes h5n1 are at risk of

33、major complications, especially severe primary viral pneumonia. rapid viral diagnosis is feasible and useful in clinical management.4.2 表达结论常用句型 4.2.1 作者结论的表达 show(s) / showed suggest(s)/ -ed results confirm(s)/ -ed findings indicate(s)/ -ed (1) the /our studies demonstrate(s) /-d data support(s)/ -

34、ed observation accord(s)/-ed with analysis point(s)/ -ed out reveal(s)/ -ed provide(s) this study suggests that ivig can ameliorate the symptoms and improve the functional capability of ra patients. the results strongly support the hypothesis that plasma kallikrein is present in synovial fluid. resu

35、lts indicate that growth hormone or its secondary mediators may directly stimulate the cells of the epidermis(2) it is concluded that / in conclusion / we (the author concluded that / our conclusion is that on the basis of the obtained results, it has been concluded that we thus concluded that (1) v

36、itamin c significantly alleviates the symptoms of the common cold; (3) we feel/ think/ believe/ consider that the authors propose/ recommend that it is proposed/ recommended that our /the authors opinion is that / the authors are of the opinion that we suspect that / it is suspected that 4.2.2 其他常用句型(1)（1）表示关系的句型 there was a /an association of a with b. did not demonstrate an association of a with b correlation was found between