高考定语从句讲解稿Word版

1、定语从句基本概念：在复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。定语从句在句中的作用相当于一个形容词，因此也叫形容词性从句。先行词：定语从句所修饰的名词或代词称为先行词。它与定语从句的位置关系为：先行词 + 定语从句。引导定语从句的词叫关系词。关系词分为关系代词和关系副词两种。关系代词和关系副词在句中起引导定语从句的作用，同时又在定语从句中担任主语，宾语，表语，定语和状语等成分。常用的关系代词：who, whom, whose, that, which ，as . 常用的关系副词：when, where, why . 分类：定语从句可分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两种。I限制性定语从句 在此

2、类从句中，先行词代表一个、一些或一类特定的人或事物，这种定语从句已和被修饰词构成了一个完整的意思，定语从句不能拿掉，否则剩下的主句将失去意义而不能成立。A关系代词的用法先行词是人1作主语 who, that e.g. The girl who/ that is standing under the tree is my sister.1 / 262. 作宾语 (who, whom, that)e.g. The girl (who/ whom/ that )he is talking to is my sister.3. 作定语 whosee.g. The girl whose hair is

3、red is my sister.先行词是物1 作主语 which / that e.g. The book which/ that is on the table is mine. 2 作宾语 (which/ that)e.g. The book (which / that) you bought yesterday is good.3 作定语 whosee.g. The book whose cover is blue is mine.The man _ you were talking with just now is my uncle.Do you know the woman _ i

4、s selling the vegetables there.I like the room _ windows face south.The glass _ you bought yesterday is very good.The old man didnt allow his daughter to marry the man _ family is poor.The fruit _ my father planted is delicious.I bought the book in the shop _ is in the corner of the street.I dont li

5、ke the apples _ are not fresh.He visited the factory _ his father once worked in.My mother likes the places _ have the beautiful scenery.The teacher _ is respected by the students is his aunt.I know the man _ you are shaking hands with.A plane is a machine _ can fly.The noodles _ I cooked were delic

6、ious.Who is the man _ is reading a book over there?The girl _ we saw yesterday was Jims sister.They planted some trees _ didnt need much water.The fish _ we bought this morning were not fresh.The foreigner _ visited our class yesterday is from Canada.The boy _ broke the window is called Tom.The pers

7、on _ you just talked to is Mr. Li.Mrs. Read is the person _ you should write to.B在定语从句中如介词提前，关系代词用法如下：先行词是人 介词+ whom e.g. The girl to whom he is speaking is my sister. The girl _ he is speaking to is my sister.先行词是物 介词+ whiche.g. The room in which he used to live is very big.C. 关系代词 as的用法 1）as也可作关系代

8、词，引导非限制性定语从句，指整个主句的概念，常译为“正如”之意，在句中作主语，宾语或表语 。 2）as引导的定语从句既可放在主句之前，也可放在主句之后，位置很灵活。e.g. More than seventy percent of the surface of the earth is covered with water, as we all know. （作宾语）As is reported in the papers , our country has launched another manmade earth satellite. （作主语）The experiment is ver

9、y important, as indeed it is. （表语）常用这类似结构还有： as is said above; as is already mentioned above; as it is; as is often the case (with)这是常有的事； 事情通常就是这样; as is reported in the newspaper等等He is often late for school, as is often the case with him.As is often the case with old people, my grandfather is fon

10、d of talking about good old days.3）as引导的限制性定语从句还常放在 the same，和such, as后。e.g. This is the same one as I showed you the other day.Keep away from such things as will do you harm.4) 经常用于非限制性定语从句中，表示“众所周知”的表达有以下几种： as we all know, as is known to all, as everybody/everyone knows, D. 关系副词的用法1). whenwhen在定语

11、从句中作时间状语。e.g. Einstein had to stop his research work in the year when the First World War broke out. That happened on the day when I saw you.2). wherewhere在定语从句中作地点状语。e.g. What is the name of the town where we stayed last year?My neighbor bought this TV set in the shop where her brother works.名词situ

12、ation, point, case, stage, scene等后可接where引导的定语从句I understand the situation where a woman falls in love with a married man.It gets to the point where communication is possible.They have reached the point where they have to separate.3) why why 在定语从句中作原因状语，多放在名词the reason后。e.g. The reason why he did it

13、 will always remain a mystery.I dont know the reason why he always looks at me coldly. The reason _ he explained is reasonable.E. 有时关系副词可以等同于介词加关系代词which. when = 介词 + whichI will never forget the day when / on which I joined the army.where =介词 + whichI visited the factory where / in which my mother

14、once worked.why =介词 + whichI will tell you the reason why / for which I was late.注意：当定语从句中的谓语动词是带介词或副词的固定短语动词时，不可把短语动词的各个部分拆开，也就是说不能将介词提前。These are the children whom you need to look after.The post office which you are looking for is at the other end of the street.注意以下的情况：from where, since when 为介词+

15、关系副词结构， 也可引导定语从句We stood on the top of the hill, from where we could see the whole town.He left in 1989, since when he has been working in a bank.This is a book _ tells about space rocket technology.The letter _ I received yesterday was from my brother.The book _ they sent me is very good.He lives i

16、n the house _ is opposite ours.The dog _ was lost has been found.This is the pan _ I boiled milk in.The hotel _ I stayed in last month is over there.This is the magazine _ you are looking for.The dog _ Aunt Li takes care of is lost.She is the girl _ you saw in school.They live in a house _ was built

17、 200 years ago.Here is the car _ I told you about.Who is the man _ shook hands with you just now?Is he the man _ you shook hands just now?Here comes the girl _ wants to see you .Jim began to talk to a girl _ sat next to him.I wanted to find someone _ I could discuss music.This is the man_ I gave it

18、to.The man _ you were talking is my father.This is the man _ I wrote.The girl _ I spoke is my sister.Id like a room _ windows looks out onto the sea.Please pass me the dictionary _ cover is black.The doctor _ name was Johnson lived in a small town in the north of England.She heard a terrible noise,

19、_ brought her heart into her mouth.We are living in an age _ many things are done by computer.Yesterday I met Mr. Li _ told me the whole matter.I dont know the reason _ she didnt agree to our study plan.This is the man _ daughter is in my class.Well never forget the day _ we traveled abroad.We have

20、visited the factory, _ my father once worked.Hangzhou is famous for the West Lake, _is known to all.The day will soon come _ man will set foot on another planet.Do you know the person _ you discuss the problem?The games _ the young men competed were difficult.He came back to the college _he taught c

21、hemistry 20 years ago.Fthat也可用作关系副词，在定语从句中作状语，常用在the day, the time , the moment ,the year, the way ,the reason等名词之后（也可省略）。This was the reason (that) (=why) we raised the output .This is the first time (that) I came to Guangzhou.1949 was the year (that) (=when) the Peoples Republic of China was found

22、ed.By the time (that) you are dressed, breakfast will be ready.The moment (that) he entered the room, everybody became silent .G注意关系代词和关系副词的用法区别。不受先行词意义的干扰。This is a place (which /that) Ive longed to visit.(因先行词a place 作visit的宾语，所以用(which/that)，而不用where.)Do you remember the years (which/that) we spe

23、nt in the countryside? （因先行词the years 作spent的宾语，所以用(which/that)，而不用when）H. “one of the+复数名词” 后面定语从句谓语单复数情况A 。one of the+复数名词后面的定语从句的谓语动词通常用复数形式，跟定语从句所靠近的那个复数名词在数上保持一致。This is one of the most wonderful novels that have been published since 1990.She is one of the few persons who know Spanish.B如果one of

24、 the+复数名词前面带有定冠词the或the only, the very之类的限定词，后面的定语从句的谓语动词通常用单数形式 这是因为定语从句在意义上修饰the one, the only one, the very one.而不是那个复数名词。He is the one of the teachers who knows French in our school.He is one of the teachers who know French in our school.This is the only one of the rooms that is free now.This is

25、 one of the rooms that are free now.I有些定语从句缺少所修饰的先行词，应该先加上先行词the one再跟上关系代词或关系副词构成定语从句.试比较：Is this the room (which/ that ) we visited yesterday?Is this room the one (which/that) we visited yesterday?Is this the room in which/ where we once lived ?Is this room the one in which/ where we once lived? J

26、. the way意为“方式，方法”时,作方式状语时，关系代词用 in which, that, / I dont like the way in which/ that/ -you talk to me.Lets go the way (that) we went yesterday. II非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，如省略，主句意思不受影响。非限制性定语从句与主句之间要用逗号分开，常与主句分开翻译，相当于一个并列句。Charles works in a chemical plant, where he holds an important position.We c

27、an talk in English now, which makes us very happy.The man , from whom I learned the news , is an engineer.She has two sons, one of whom/either of whom/ neither of whom is a doctor.She has two sons, both of whom are doctors.She has two sons, and one of them/either of them/ neither of them is a doctor

28、.She has two sons, and both of them are doctors.She has two sons; one of them/either of them/ neither of them is a doctor.She has two sons; both of them are doctors.关系代词as 和which 的区别A 共同点1 都可引导限制性和非限制性定语从句。2 都可指代整个主句的概念。B 不同点1 as有“正如、按照”的意思，而which没有。2 as的位置很灵活可放句首、句中或句尾，而which只能放在主句之后。3 As表示说话的依据、态度

29、、解释或评论等， 而which 表示某事的状态和结果。如：As is said, China invented the first paper money.He failed to show up at the party, which made her very sad.注意He won the game, as we had expected.He won the game, which we hadnt expected.注意下面的区别：I live in a room, whose windows face the south.I live in a room, the windows

30、 of which face the south.I live in a room, of which the windows face the south.There are fifty students in our class, two thirds of whom are girlsThere are fifty students in our class, of whom two thirds are girls.特别注意1关系代词指物时，在下面几种情况中只能用that，不能用which:1).先行词为 all , much, everything, nothing , someth

31、ing ,anything, nothing, none, the one等不定代词时。e.g. Is there anything here that I can do for you ? All that can be done has been done.2) 当先行词被only, any, few, little, no , all, just , very ,right等修饰时. The only thing that we could do was to wait. You can take any seat that is free.3). 当先行词是最高级或被形容词最高级修饰时

32、。 e.g. This is the most exciting trip that I have ever experienced.4). 当先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰时。 e.g. This is the first car that arrived this morning . 5).当先行词是数词时. e.g. Yesterday I caught two fish and put them in a basin of water. Now you can see the two that are still alive.6). 当先行词既指人又指物时。 e.g. They talk

33、ed for about half an hour of things and persons that they remembered in the school.7)如有两个定语从句，其中一个关系代词已用which，另一个关系代词则宜用 that。Edison built up a factory which produced things that had never been seen before.8) 主句是There be结构,修饰其主语的定语从句宜用that 作关系代词。There is still a seat in the corner that is free.9）被修饰

34、成分为表语,或者关系代词本身是定语从句的表语时，该关系代词宜用that。Thats a good book that will help you a lot.My hometown is no longer the place (that) it used to be.2定语从句中宜用which不宜用that的情况1). 当介词放在关系代词之前时。 e.g. The room in which she lives is a large one.2). 在非限制性定语从句中。 e.g. He showed me his new watch, which his father has bought

35、 him recently.3). 当关系代词指整个主句的概念时。 e.g. I said nothing ,which made him still more angry.He failed the exam, which made his father very angry.4). 在一个句子中有两个定语从句，其中一个定语从句的关系代词用了that，另一个宜用which。 Let me show you the novel that I borrowed from the library which was newly open to us. At the station I bought

36、 some magazine that might help me to pass the time on the train and which I could pass on to others when I finished them.5）当关系代词后面带有插入语时。 Here is the English grammar which, as I have told you , will help improve your English.3先行词是人时， 定语从句中宜用who而不宜用that的情况1） 先行词为one, ones, anyone, 或 those 时。The perso

37、n I want to learn from is one who studies hard and works well.Anyone who failed to come to the meeting yesterday must give his reason.Those who are not fit for their work should leave office at once.I dont like the ones (those) who talk big.2） 在There be结构中，修饰主语的定语从句宜用关系代词who指代人。Theres a gentleman wh

38、o wants to see you.There are several students in our class who are still not sure about the use of attributive clauses.3） 当先行词有较长的后置定语时。I met a foreigner in the park yesterday afternoon who could speak Chinese well.4） 在一个句子中有两个定语从句，其中一个定语从句的关系代词用了that，另一个宜用who。The student that was praised at yesterd

39、ays meeting is the monitor who is very modest and works very hard.6that引导定语从句与引导同位语从句的区别： that引导的定语从句与引导的同位语从句都是在名词之后，很容易混淆，但二者是完全不同的，主要表现在：引导定语从句时，that是关系代词，在定语从句中担任主语或宾语等成分；而引导同位语从句时，that是连接代词,that只起引导词作用，在从句中不担任任何成分。 e.g. We must face the fact that we are living in a changing world.He collected t

40、he facts that could prove heavy objects and light objects fall at the same speedHe told us the news that the new shop would be open on and after next Sunday.He told us the news that he got from his classmate this morning.Exercises1. The result of the experiment was very good, _ we hadnt expected.A.

41、when B. where C. which D. that 2. After living in Paris for fifty years he returned to the small town _ he grew up as a child.A. which B. where C. that D. when3. Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase, _was very reasonable.A. which price B. the price of whichC. the price of whose D. its price 4._

42、 is mentioned above, the number of the students in senior high schools is increasing.A. Which B. As C. That D. It5. Mary was always speaking highly of her role in the play, _, of course, made the others unhappy.A. who B. which C. this D. what6. It was an exciting moment for those football fans this

43、year, _ for the first time in years their team won the World Cup.A. that B. while C. when D. which7. I gave him a warning, _ he turned a deaf ear.A. of which B. for which C. to that D. to which8. The general controlled a thousand men, _ must obey his order in the war.A.all of whom B. all of whoC. al

44、l of them D. all of which9. The pen, _ I paid 13 yuan, was lost.A. which B. that C for which D. to which10. The factory _ is on the other side of the city.A. where he works B.he works inc. in which he works D.all of the above11. The manager _ company he works is very strict with his workers.A.who B.

45、 in which C whose D. in whose12. There is a mountain _ the top is always covered with snow.A. its B. that C. of that D. of which13. The young man _ talk _ we have just heard is a famous bull fighter.A. who; which B. who; /C. whose; / D. whom; which14. Is there a restaurant around _ I can have someth

46、ing to eat?A that B. what C. which D. where15. Finally, the thief handed everything _ he had stolen to the police.A. when B. what B. whatever D. thatHas all _ can be done been done?A. that B. what B. when D. for when16. Ill never forget the years _ I lived in the country with the farmers, _ has a gr

47、eat effect on my life.A. her; which B. when; whichC. which; that D. when; who17. This is the key school _ I graduated from two years ago.A. where B. in which C. / D. at which18. Hes got himself into a dangerous situation _ he is likely to lose control over the plane.A. where B. which C. while D. why

48、19. We will be shown around the city, school, museum, and some other places, _other visitors seldom go.A. what B. which C. where D. when20. John said hed been working in the office for an hour, _ was true.A. he B. this C. which D. who21. Many people came to the meeting, _ a number left early.A. to w

49、hom B. for whom C. at whom D. of whom22. Women _ drink more than two cups of coffee a day have a greater chance of having heart disease than those _ dont.A. who; / B. / ; whoC who; who D. / ; /23. The Beatles, _ many of you are old enough to remember, came from Liverpool.A. what B. that C. how D. as

50、24. I saw a woman running toward me in the dark. Before I could recognize who she was, she had run back in the direction _ she had come.A. of which B. by whichC. in which D. from which25. In an hour, we can travel to places _ would have taken our ancestors days to reach.A. where B. when C which D. w

51、hat 26. My most famous relative of all, _ who really left his mark on America, was Reb Sussel, my great-grandfather.A. one B. the one C. he D. someone27.The owner of the cinema needed to make a lot of improvements and employ more people to keep it running, _ meant spending tens of thousands of pound

52、s.A. who B. that C. as D. which28. We saw several natives advancing toward our party, and one of them came up to us _ we gave some beers and glasses.A. to which B. to whomC. with whom D. with which29. We are just trying to reach a point _ both sides will sit down together and talk.A. where B. that C

53、. when D. which30. Do you have anything to say for yourselves?-Yes, theres one point _ we must insist on.A. why B. where C. how D. /31. I was told that there were about 50 foreign students _ Chinese in the school, most _ were from Germany.A. study; of whom B. study; of them C.studying; of them D. st

54、udying; of whom32. After living abroad for many years he returned to the city _ he was born.A. which B. when C. that D. where33. _ is known to everyone , light travels faster than sound.A. It B. As C. Which D. What 34. My parents are satisfied with _ has been done.A. that B. which C. all that D. all what35. Is this book _ you referred to ?A. that B. which C. the one D. what36. Who is the man _ is