庭院设计外文翻译

1、文献出处：作者：Marian Moffett, Michael W. Fazio期刊或书名：A world history of architecture出版社：New York: Harper & Row, Publishers, Inc.出版时间：2009页码：17-24庭院设计Courtyard Design1 Layout of Courtyard DesignThe creation of courtyard atmosphere is up to the layout plan of courtyard design. A reasonable layout can mak

2、e a small graden rich and full of fun, while a big garden filled with a good gratation. When designing a courtyard, we should obey the following principles.1.1 Unified DiversityMany aespects in courtyard design should follow the principle of unity, such as form and style, gardening materials, color

3、and lines etc. We preferred the garden to be regarded as a whole from main theme to details, but we do not like rigid atmosphere because of over unification. That is why we often describe it as unified diversity, which means to seek unity in changes.Nowadays, there are three popular courtyard styles

4、 in the world:(1)Natural-styleGarden designs were influenced by the pursuit of natural basic daily necessities after the 20* century with the slogan of "back to nature". Chinese-style garden should be regarded as the originator of natural-style garden, for it pursues elegant and secluded n

5、ature with vibrant and vigorous plants.(2)Western-styleKnown as regular courtyard, western-style garden is a symmetrical and graceful landscape layout with an axis and grand scale, whose plants are pruned to be geometric-shaped. It is more and more popular at current times with significant developme

6、nt, resulting in a large area of unnatural man-made artificial landscapes.(3) Mixed StyleOriginally, natural and regular styles are mutually contradictory, but it has been very common to see both these styles in one garden, as the improved lady Cheongsam in the fashion industry. It is a new trend to

7、 combine Chinese and western style in one design, so we still need a long time to prove its advantages and disadvantages, similar to the other styles.1.2BalanceThe sense of balance is an overall sense of objects' weight on both sides from a person's visual center. If there are a couple of ob

8、jects of the same weight and size in the front-let's imagine they're a couple of stone lions, people will have a sense of balance. However, the lack of any one would cause visual imbalance. The designer should pay attention to this principle in the courtyard design.1.3ProportionIt is necessa

9、ry to consider the proportion of every part in the courtyard, such as the proportion between a part and the whole courtyard, or even proportion between a small piece of wood or stone and the environment. As people's facial or body features, it is easy to be noticed, if non-conforming proportion

10、appears in courtyards, which won't be treated as "beauty".1.4RhythmRhythm refers to the repetition of similar rhymes in accordance with a certain rule in music or poetry. Courtyard design should also take this into consideration, for visitors can get a sense of rhythm only after a clev

11、er use of a variety of synchronized rhythm.1.5ContrastIn courtyard design, one local landscape desplayed together with another one whose shape, color, texture etc. are in contrast with those of the former one will creat a sharp visual contrast and at the same time give tourists a clear aesthetic tas

12、te.1.6HarmonyHarmony refers to a sense of dynamic unity with the color, shape, line of a scene in time and space. Winter scene should be paid more attention to avoid visual emptiness, because most ornamental plants are withered in winter. As a result, evergreen plants will be a better choice in wint

13、er.1.7TextureTexture refers to thickness and sense of biological and non-biological organisms in the courtyard. For example, soft lawn, and deep green moss can make people feel reluctant to step on or even to touch them. If we put a smooth rock in the river sand, a harmony scene will be generated by

14、 these landscape elements of the same texture and features.1.8SimplicitySimplicity used in courtyard design means a simple elegant arrangement of scenery. Courtyard design pursues and imitates natural beauty, which needs to be refined to artistic beauty. Just as what western gardeners said "Sim

15、plicity is beauty", choices should be made under the simple and elegant principle.1.9"Human Viewing Human""Human viewing human" is a new topic developed with ethological theory in recent 20 years, which is directly applied to courtyard design. That is to say, the most eye-ca

16、tching design principle in courtyard design should consider the "human" behavior first. A good design should be able to sensitively respond to the needs of people, amuse them as much as possible, raise their spirits, and keep interest in other people's activities in or near the courtya

17、rd meeting their behavioural needs.1.10 Pursuit of Artistic ConceptionSuch works of art as courtyard will be a recreation place for visitors, once it becomes a habitat. A charming courtyard can attract visitors to come for several hundreds of years. This shows that the image of creativity and fun ha

18、s triggered the visitors' thinking and imagination, in other words, They have sensed an "artistic mode", which is mainly reflected as follows:(1)Poetic charmPeople often say "One's emotion is roused by the scene." It means people's emotion are roused by, also includin

19、g imagination and fantasy what they see.(2)Picturesque sceneCourtyard is thebody of the picture, which should be pleasant enough to satisfy visitors strolling in it.2 Courtyard Style Design and Orientation2.1 The Needs of Family MembersThe first step to create a beautiful courtyard is to make a good

20、 plan. First of all, the designer should set the courtyard style according to environmental conditions, family composition and maintenance ability. The garden style can reflect the way of life of a family. If the family consists of a couple of office workers, it is better to plant some flower trees

21、or perennial flowers in the courtyard, because they are too busy to take care of them. For the family with children, it is better to lay a lawn to place toys and plant some colorful annual or biennial herbaceous flowers and flower bulbs; if someone in the family is interested in plant maintenance an

22、d management, they can plant some seasonal herbaceous flowers, thus build a perfect ornamental garden. In short, courtyard style and cultivation of plant species should be based on composition and age structure of the family.There are various garden styles, whose basic forms are generally based on t

23、he owners' preferences. As referred before Garden styles can be simply divided into three categories regular, natural and mixed style. At present, private courtyard styles can be divided into four basic schools: Chinese and Japanese styles in Asia, French and British styles in Europe. Buildings

24、have various styles and types, such as the gap between classical and modern, the contrast between avant-garde and traditional, the differences between Eastern and Western. Choice of garden type is often made according to the building style. In the past, typical Japanese-style courtyards, such as gar

25、den-style courtyard and tea courtyard, often integrate natural scenery with the garden, giving people a sense of quietness and elegance. However, Japanese-style courtyard and western-style buildings can not be harmonized, while Japanese-style architecture is also incompatible with the regular courty

26、ard style, therefore designers should take into consideration the harmony between garden style and building. For those who love simplicity, they can plant some grasses and flowers in the yard or make a green plant nursery. If you want to achieve a more desirable landscape effect, you may ask profess

27、ional designers to design and decorate your courtyard. For example, winding roads with tall trees on both sides will make people feel that "The courtyard is deep." and curve-shaped arches, carved railings, and banister with carefully pruned bushes will be showing a European style.2.2 Court

28、yard ColorColor is one of the factors influencing the courtyard style. One technique of color design is to decide the main hues of the garden based on the colors of buildings nearly. Foliage plants are very important in garden design, and it is natural in the United Kingdom and the other European co

29、untries to plant some foliage plants in flower beds. Variegated-leaf-plant, such as species with white spots, imbedded in green leaf-plant, are brighter than pure green species, for example senecio cineraria and Asagiri Haocao with silver leaves can set the flower bed even brighter. Other color-leaf

30、ed plants with orange, red or purple leaves can form a sharp contrast increasing the brightness of the hue. In addition, differences of leaf shapes and texture can also be taken into consideration.Summer is a season when many varieties of plants are flourishing; therefore, we can apply diverse color

31、 combination and use wild perennial flowers to embellish the garden. In summer, it will not give people a sense of clutter, even though we use a combination of several different bright-colored flowers. For example, we can use some bright-colored snapdragons of different color tones to make several l

32、ively color blocks, and we can add some silver-leaf plants or white-flower sweet alyssum to neutralize the effect.2.3Impact of Garden Drainage and LightDrainage, light, ventilation, soil, and so on will affect plants' growth, especially whether light is sufficient or not is an important conditio

33、n to determine the choice of flowers. Generally speaking, the ideal place to build a garden is the place heading south with enough sunshine. Therefore, the designer should first make it clear the geographical conditions of the villa garden, for example the sunshine time in one day, the location of s

34、unny and shady sides etc. On this basis, we can choose suitable species in such environment. However, we can also build a garden on shady side.2.4Courtyard AreaA larger house has more choices of garden styles, because the larger the area is, the more plant species can be chosen, then the more comple

35、x the collocation will be. However, we must consider consistency of the whole when planting trees and flowers and avoid conflict between them. A small house only has limited applicable area, so we should make a careful plan and plant less species.3 Courtyard Plant Design and Classification3.1Chinese

36、 gardensThe overall layout of Chinese gardens requires deepness and adjacent emptiness, stresses "isolated scene" and "hidden scene" in space, and demands circulation and endlessness to create infinite charm in a limited space. In the creation of plant landscape, Chinese gardens

37、strive for personification of plants, trying to integrate poetic and scenic charm. It often uses plant to name buildings and garden scenic spots. Finally, in respect of plant configuration, Chinese gardens need more woody plants and less herbaceous plants to reproduce the state of plant shapes creat

38、ing landscapes.3.2Japanese-Style CourtyardThe Japanese-style courtyard is composed of the Zen garden, Circuitous tour garden and tea tao garden.The Zen garden basically uses no flower plants, because it mainly pursues spiritually the extreme state of "cleanness, emptiness and nothingness".

39、 Circuitous tour garden is abundant in varieties of plants, for example, small stem maple which grows slowly, five needles pine with good shapes, small arbor of various appearances, shrubs and short plants covering on the rocks as well as podocarpus marcophyllu, Japanese hemlock and evergreen rhodod

40、endron. Evergreen plants not only can preserve the landscape appearance of the garden, but also can provide a green background for bright-colored flower plants and leaf plants, which makes the garden more colorful. Circuitous tour garden, absorbing the gardening characteristics of the Zen garden and

41、 the tea tao garden, combines the garden landscape of four seasons and the quiet and natural scenery of rural atmosphere. It amazes people by the elegance and quietness of plant shapes and the charm and gracefulness of plant colors, reflecting the nature and wildness which Chinese gardens is lack of

42、.3.3Italian-Style CourtyardAs the Italian peninsula borders on seas from three sides and is abundant in mountains and hills, gardens are often built on slopes. From buildings to the outside, the control of orderly shapes is lessened, which is special for its plants distribution, merging gardens into

43、 natural scenery, hi early times, there were many plant species in the garden, while later people attach more importance to the beauty of the plant itself. Erect and emerald green podocarpuses are often used as wayside trees or planted in rows; umbrella pines with conical crowns are used as backgrou

44、nd trees and are the most special plants in the garden. In plain areas, we can use carefully trimmed Chinese boxes to form a geometric pattern as green fences, and form a flower bed dividing flower plants and leaf plants.3.4French Regular StyleFrench gardens have terrace garden layout, due to the in

45、fluence of the Italian regular garden-building arts. However, as the terrain in France is flat, the French garden layout scale appears grander and more magnificent. People trim trees, build flower beds and plant plenty of flowers. On the verge of good-shaped trees, seasonal blooming flowers are plan

46、ted as a rim, which become an embroidered-style flower bed. On the lawn of a big area, people plant shrub flowers and grasses to form various textures and patterns.3.5 British Natural StyleThe Great Britain is a country of hills, whose climate is warm and humid. Natural style is the main style of Br

47、itish garden. Red geranium, blue Chinese lobelia and yellow calceolaria are commonly used in gardens of this style.3.6 Problems in Courtyard Design(1) No clear main point. Overemphasize pavement on the ground and the pavement is not harmonious with buildings. It appears more disordered when many har

48、d materials are used.(2) Each corner of the garden has become a center and everywhere is stuffed with top-notch gardening works. This problem is a common fatal habit, because we buy materials on impulse without considering their size and applicability. All these stuffs are placed in the garden, whic

49、h together with plants will make the garden in disorder and without any characteristic at all.(3) Most people will buy their favorite plants from the gardening center on impulse or accept the whole potted plant or a cupping given by friends or relatives as a gift. Therefore, people will place them f

50、reely without considering their needs and size because of too many plants.(4) Bad matching. Plants are bad matched, as a result the courtyard appears to be disordered and too similar without individuality or too complex.(5)People mechanically copy foreign courtyard styles without considering the cou

51、rtyard's practical scale and shapes as well as the local climate and geographical location.4 Matching of Courtyard PlantsIt is called 'plant storage' by landscape experts due to improper match of courtyard and plants, or mess growth of plants. In order to avoid disorder of plants and for

52、ming plants storage, we can arrange plants layout by following methods in details.A courtyard has various original shapes such as square, rectangular, wide-flat, long or narrow. You'd better make a plan of courtyard usage having a rest for a while or just walking through. Then you can decide the

53、 combination ways of laying bricks and virescence. For virescence, one should pay attention to arrangement of tall and short plants and color match. Besides, a courtyard is an extension of the indoor environment, and both sides should be in harmony with each other in aspects of visual effects and fu

54、nctions.4.1Gate and TreesThe gate is like a person's face and is significant for courtyard design. Concerning of this, Japan's green garden designers have created a lot of beautiful works: the combination of a certain number of trees to create a certain feature, or planting more trees to mak

55、e a green fence, and many designs making use of a hidden gateway to give the courtyard gate a sense of depth.4.2Gate and MossSoft moss often reminds us of carpet under our feet. As a result, if the approaches to courtyard are covered with green moss, it will give guests a warm feeling of pleasure. G

56、enerally, in addition to the trails, the earth's surface should be covered with moss, and sometimes some high ground is also covered by moss achieving the effect of a small hill. However, it is not appropriate to grow moss in dry areas, so the design is limited to humid environment.4.3Trails and

57、 TreesAs trails in a garden is for walking, the role of trees is to give people a peaceful and cozy feeling. Some trails are designed plain and simple, but the others are designed with careful thoughts: they can be either clustered by roadside bushes or accompanied by flower beds. Garden path and pl

58、ants design clearly reflect the owner's unique taste of life.4.4 Main Courtyard and TreesMost of the trees in a garden are planted with care and good maintenance, whose pretty form is a good reproduction of the Japanese garden model of the old era. In some cases, carefully trimmed bushes play a

59、role of setting off other trees in the garden. In recent years, the use of artificial modification of trees in the garden design particularly the use of ordinary hardwood, such as Zamu, has been common practice, However, Zamu maintenance is not an easy task. When garden is divided into several parts

60、, or have geometric shapes on the ground, tall trees and shrubs will become very important design factors. To some extent, trees are often the main materials to split garden.4.5Small Courtyard and TreesBamboos are more common used in a small garden, because of their beautiful, tall and straight trunks.