Abstract和Summary的区别

1、Lecturer: 邵聪颖邵聪颖Group Members:冯读玉、刘天一、孙亲冯读玉、刘天一、孙亲 孙腾、袁景景、赵卓文、镇风华孙腾、袁景景、赵卓文、镇风华The Distinction between Summary and Abstract A summary is a shortened version of an originaly longer text. It is a brief restatement, in your own words, of the content of a passage. An abstract is a short statement about

2、an article designed to give the a complete yet concise understanding of its research and findings.Definition1) a brief restatement, in your on words, of the content of a passage.2)focus on the passages central idea and indicate all the main points in the passage that support this central idea and th

3、e relationship btween them.3) objective, concise but complete4)be fathiful to the original text with none of your personal viewpoint.Character of Summary1)unified, coherent and concise.2)abstract can be divided into descriptive and informativeabstracts.descriptive abstracts describles what the artic

4、le is about withoutany specific informationinformative abstracts mainly focus on function,backgroundpurpose and so on(all these are optional according to the writers intentions)3) The present tense and the third person are often usedCharacter of Abstract Similarity1)highlight the major points in an

5、article2)express by own words that they are seperated from the articleDifference1.An abstract usually appears at the begining of an article while a summary at the end. 2.An abstract is more condensed and thus shorter than a summay (normally wih only one paragraph), which must contian key words(essen

6、tial in an article)Similarity and Difference (1) read the original passage carefully,get the overall picture and a thorough understanding of it;(2) find out the main points and list them in the note form;(abstract focus on theme, results and the creativity of an arcile)(3) rewrite the main points in

7、 your own words and correct them;(4)revise the rough draft.inserting trasitional words and phrases where necessary to ensure coherence;(5) write a fair copyHow to Write the processing of writing an abstract is almost the same as thatof writing a summary Brighter Prospects for Women in EngineeringSum

8、mary: The all-male image of engineering is changing ,and although women comprise only 1 percent of engineers, their ranks are growing. Female students are increasing while males decrease. Although female graduates easily find work ,only the outstanding are rapidly promoted. Those with average of low

9、er performance are often judged according to conventional myths about women in “male”professions.Abstract: The changing status of women in engineering is examined in terms of womens population increase, job opportunities, and promotions.Key words: status of women, engineers ExampleExample 考虑自变量误差的线性

10、回归迭代算法考虑自变量误差的线性回归迭代算法摘摘 要：要：针对线性回归中自变量含误差的平差问题，根据间接平差模型和总体最小二乘原理推导了一种总体最小二乘迭代算法，该算法推导过程简单且易于程序实现。通过算例分析并与其他算法进行比较，结果验证了算法的有效性和可行性。关键词：关键词：总体最小二乘；线性回归；自变量；迭代算法；平差模型 ExampleExample考虑自变量误差的线性回归迭代算法考虑自变量误差的线性回归迭代算法总总 结：结：1）对于自变量含误差的线性回归问题，采用总体最小二乘法求得的结果更合理。但不宜采用常规的迭代算法，因为常规的迭代算法不能顾及系数矩阵的常数列而是将系数矩阵所有元素都

11、当成含有误差来进行处理，这对线性回归是不合理的。2）本文的算法将线性回归模型进行等价转换，系数矩阵由自变量和因变量组成，平差模型的误差也只存在系数矩阵内，常数列向量是不含误差的。但本文转换模型是基于回归模型中存在常数项 ，如果不存在常数项就不能进行这样的转换，其总体最小二乘解算也可以采用奇异值分解法或常规的迭代算法。另外，如果不进行等价转换，就不能采用本文的算法。因为常规的平差模型中还有观测向量的误差，而本文通过转换后将观测向量（即因变量）的误差归入到系数矩阵中，原平差模型系数矩阵的常数列转换为常数向量。3）本文给出的迭代算法是针对自变量含误差的线性回归问题，即能充分考虑线性回归中自变量的误差

12、，又能顾及其平差模型中系数矩阵的常数列，得到的结果与采用混合总体最小二乘相同。而与混合总体最小二乘相比，本文算法推导过程简单且更适于程序实现。 ExampleExample 生态旅游浅析生态旅游浅析By 冯读玉冯读玉 From the third group Major in tourism management Abstract :abstract = 摘要摘要(学术界学术界/论文用论文用)He made an abstract of my lecture. 他将我的讲座做了摘要。summary = 摘要摘要/概要概要/总结总结 He made a summary of the case.

13、他为这个案件做了一个总结。他为这个案件做了一个总结。 摘摘 要要：通过分析生态旅游的提出和国内外研究的现状,文章将现有生态旅游概念系统地归纳为5种学说,即保护中心说、居民利益中心说、回归自然说、负责任说、原始荒野说,并分别进行了深入剖析。在此基础上,作者从生态旅游产生的背景、生态旅游的市场、生态旅游的资源、生态旅游者的动机和出游目的等角度,全面阐述了生态旅游的真实内涵,并提出了具有市场操作性的生态旅游概念。 Abstract:To picked through the analysis of ecological tourism and the present situation of the

14、 research, both at home and abroad ,the chapter will existing ecological tourism concept systematically summarized as five kinds of theories, namely Protection center said, Residents interests center, Return to nature, Responsible, Pristine wilderness, and Carried on the thorough analysis, Respectiv

15、ely. On this basis, the author from the eco-tourism background, ecological tourism market, ecological tourism, ecological tourist resources, motivation and travel purpose, comprehensively expounds the connotation of ecological tourism, and put forward the market operationalconcept of ecological tour

16、ism. 小小 结结：国内外对生态旅游定义的研究,绝大多数都是将生态旅游作为一种理念进行研究,其内涵不能适合我国现阶段的国情,只有将环境作为生态旅游的研究对象,将环境资源作为生态旅游开发的主要内容,从旅游动机、旅游目的、旅游市场出发进行研究,才能将生态旅游落到实处,才能在市场上具有可操作性,也才能使生态旅游真正实现可持续的目标。 Summary: Definition of ecological tourism at home and abroad, the vast majority are will to study the ecological tourism as a concept,

17、 its connotation can not suitable for our countrys current national conditions, only put the environment as the research object of ecological tourism, the environmental resources as the main content of ecological tourism development, starting from the tourism motivation, tourism, tourist market, to

18、be operable in the market, and truly realize the goal of sustainable ecological tourism . 民间手工艺之庆阳香包的艺术研究Study of folk arts and crafts of qingyang sachets of art By 孙腾孙腾 庆阳，位于甘肃以东、陕甘宁交界处，典型的大西北黄土高原风貌，有“陇东盆地”的美誉，是甘肃省重要的文化古城之一。庆阳民俗文化种类繁多，有刺绣、香包、剪纸、泥塑、皮影等。 庆阳香包是庆阳传统的明间工艺，是传统服饰中随身佩戴之饰物，即可彰显人们的身份地位，同时又具有

19、盛放小物件的实际用途，在男女恋爱时作为定情信物，节庆之际又是馈赠亲朋的最佳礼品。关于庆阳香包的起源说法很多，多数来自民间传说，香包的历史发展时期也很漫长，最早出土的庆阳“太岁香包”距今已有八百多年，本文通过论文对庆阳香包文献的考证以及历史的追根潮源，探讨庆阳香包的形成与发展，时代地域对香包的影响以及庆阳地区的工艺传承和经济发展，从探讨香包的制作工艺，找寻与中国传统刺绣之间的联系，从而具体分析甘肃庆阳香荷包的针法、纹样、色彩等发面内容，体现了庆阳香包独特的美感和艺术价值。此外，本文还从庆阳香包的用途出发，分析了香料的功效、分类和选择，研究了香包更多的功能和效用，发掘香包除了具有本身的实用价值以外

20、，还更具有社会价值和经济价值。几届中国香包文化节的成功举办及大量的招商引资，更加让香包的经济价值得以体现。 今天，现代化科技的高度发达，直接冲击着民间手工艺的生存空间。庆阳香包要在稳中求发展，这其中仍会有很多的不足需要改进和完善，除了应该更多的关注传承，还应该从材料到制作工艺上都加以保护、传播和发扬，使我国传统民间工艺得以生生不息。 Abstract:Qingyang, Gansu province is located in the East, the Gan Ning junction,thepical of the Great Northwest Loess Plateau landsc

21、ape,also known as the “longdong basin”.Gansu province is an important culture of the ancient city of.Oingyang folk custom culture variety embroidery,paper cutting,clay scupture,sachet,shadowgraph. Qingyang sachet is a traditional Chinese folk arts and crafts, traditional costumes to wear accessories

22、 to highlight the status of the people, but also has a bloom small items of practical use,as a keepsake tokens of love in the love in the love of the men and women, festivals the occasion is the best gift of gift for friends and relatives.Qingyang sachet of origin there are many explanations,most fr

23、om the folkore very long historical period of the sachet,the Qingyang Jupiter sacher first unearthed daring back over 800 years.Qingyang sachet literature research as well as the history traced through papers explore the formation and development of the Qingyang sachet,craft heritage and economic de

24、velopment in the era of geographical impact on the sachet and Qingyang.From the production process to explore Hong purse,looking for links between the traditional Chinese embroidery,and the a concrete analysis of the Qingyang Hong purse,stistic value. In addition,starting from Qingyang sacher of use

25、 and analysis of the sffectiveness of classification and selection of spices,Sachet more features and utility to explore Hong bag In addition to a practical value,but also more social and economic value,Sessions of the Chinese sachet Cultural Festival was successfully held and a lot of investment,mo

26、re so the economic value of the sachet will be reflected. Today,modern technology is highly developed, the direct impact on the living space of the arts and crafts.Qingyang sachet in the steady development,which will still have many deficiencies need to be improved and perfected, should be more conc

27、erned about the heritage should also be from the material to the production process to protect,disseminate and carry forward, so that our According to legend, traditional arts and crafts to be biood and prosperous. 香包，从寻常百姓家一路走来，踏进了大户人家，跨入了官宦府衙，一直登上了皇帝的龙椅，出现在民间和皇室所有的日常生活以及节庆习俗中，成为最拨动人们情怀的宠物。馈赠也好，情定也

28、好，都是人们对美好生活的愿望和祝福。本文从庆阳香包的源头入手，分析其制作、技艺、文化、传承，目的是希望对于庆阳香包的研究有个好的开始。尤其是源于自己对于香包的懵懵懂懂发展到熟悉热爱，这各式各样的香包一直在吸引着我，让我不能停下来，还要继续的去观察、去挖掘。文中力求能对庆阳香包进行深入的分析，多角度、多层次的表现出所选题材的研究价值。不仅是对基本知识以及名俗民风等方面的研究，更多是为了体现庆阳香包的历史价值、文化价值、艺术价值、经济价值及传承价值。当然，论文中还是存在着诸多的不足和疑问需要我不断地去完善和修改，我还会继续收集整理有关庆阳香包和其他地区香包的资料，力争使研究更加充实具体。 Summ

29、ary:Sachets, from ordinary people along the way, into a large house, into the office of official, has been on the emperor, the emperor appeared in the folk and the royal family of all the daily life as well as festival customs, become the most moving the pet of the people feelings. Gift, kiss, it is

30、 peoples wishes and blessings for a better life. This article obtains from the origin of qingyang sachets, analysis of its production, art, culture, heritage, the purpose is to hope for the research of qingyang perfume bag has a good start. Especially his for the ability development of sachets to be

31、 familiar with the love, the all kinds of sachets has been attracted me, let I cant stop, will continue to observe, to dig. This paper makes every effort to in-depth analysis of qingyang sachets, multi-angle and multi-level showed the selected topic research value. Not only for basic research of kno

32、wledge and a common folk, more is to reflect the history of the qingyang sachets value, cultural value, artistic value, economic value and the value of heritage. , of course, the thesis still exist many deficiencies and questions you want me to constantly improve and modify, I will continue to colle

33、ct the qingyang sachets and other parts of the sachets, strive to make the research more specific and substantial. 中国地质公园地质背景浅析和中国地质公园地质背景浅析和世界地质公园建设世界地质公园建设By 袁景景袁景景 ：2000年以来，中国基于自身丰富的地质遗产资源和保护经验，正式分2批命名了44家国家地质公园，其分布和特征受地质构造背景和新构造运动的控制。地地遗 迹的保护和开发产生了很好的社会、经济和环境效益。同时也为世界地质公园的申报创造了条件。关键词关键词：国家地质公园；地

34、质背景；社会、经济、环境意义；世界地质公园申报 地质遗迹(Geological Remains或Geosites)是指地质历史时期保存遗留下来，可用以追索地球演化历史的重要地质现象。这些地质作用的产物是不可再生的，是人类通往了解46亿年地球历史的必经之路 ，是获取地球演化变迁过程珍贵信息的唯一来源。因此，当今人们已把地质遗迹视为地球母亲赐与子民们的宝贵遗产，称为地质遗产(GeologicalHeritages)，继承和珍视这笔失而不可复得的地球遗产已逐渐成为地球村居民的共识。 引引 言言 1 中国地质公园的建立中国地质公园的建立2 中国地质公园建立的社会经济意义中国地质公园建立的社会经济意义

35、2.1 提高了中国地学界的国际地位 2.2 提高了旅游行业的科学知识含量 2.3 保护地质遗迹和地质环境已成为共识 2.4 推动地方经济发展和当地居民就业3 中国国家地质公园的地学意义中国国家地质公园的地学意义 3.1 中国地学景观资源形成的地质背景 3.2 中国地质公园类型划分和地学背景4 世界地质公园网络工作指南的要点世界地质公园网络工作指南的要点 论文行文思路论文行文思路 本文通过对中国和世界地质公园建设研究，及地质公园的社会经济意义和地学意义的研究，意识到保护地球遗产的重要性，又从保护地球遗产的长期过程中找到了最佳办法和最好途径，这就是建立地质公园，使之成为保护地球遗产和地质生态环境的

36、特殊景观区。同时地质公园为知识旅游、科学旅游、环保旅游提供服务取得的收入来支撑地方经济的发展，为当地居民创造就业机会，进而推动当地政府、经济实体和居民自觉融入地质遗产的保护工作。随着世界地质公园网络的建设和形成，可以预期，人类在保护自身历史文化遗产的同时，必将揭开保护地球遗产事业的新篇章。 结结 论论 Public Attitudes towards Science Lecturer:孙亲孙亲 The public attitudes toward science were investigated in this work. It was found that the publich as

37、a great interest in science, but they dont understand it. Whats more, most people were frightened by the way that science was taught. In conclusion, it is recommendable that mass media educate the public in a favorable way.Key words : science and technology ; public attitudes Abstract The world we l

38、ive in is changing, some people want to go back to an earlier age without advanced technology.Science and technology cannt be prevented from developing, and the public is still interested in it. Scientists tend to present science in terms of equations, a form that not accepted by the rest of us. Oln

39、y a few people read science books and magazines, mass media such as TV programmes reach a mass audience, however, the programmes are more entertaining than educational. Summary Spatiotemporal variation analysis of driving forces of urban land spatial expansion using logistic regression: A case study

40、 of port towns in Taicang City, China Lecturer:镇风华镇风华 Abstract：Understanding the driving mechanisms of urban land spatial expansion (ULSE) is crucial for the guidance of rational urban land expansion. Previous studies have primarily focused on single large cities, with few explorations of the spatio

41、temporal differences in driving forces of ULSE of different towns in the same administrative region. This study aims to fill this gap. Three port towns of Taicang, located in Chinas Yangtze River Delta region, were taken as examples to analyze the expansion process of urban land during 1989-2008. Ei

42、ght factors, including ecological suitability, prime croplands, etc., were selected from four aspects of natural eco-environment, land control policies, accessibility and neighborhood. Binary logistic regression was employed to investigate the effects of various factors on ULSE during various period

43、s in different regions. 摘要：研究目的：了解城市土地空间扩张的驱动机制对于指导城市土地合理扩张具有重要的意义。以往的研究主要集中于单一大型城市，很少有对同一行政区域内不同城镇的城市土地空间扩张的驱动因素的时空差异方面的研究。本文弥补了这方面的不足；研究方法：我们以长三角地区太仓市的三个港口城市1989-2008年的城市土地扩张过程为例进行分析。我们从自然环境、生态适宜性、可达性以及相邻关系四个方面选出包括生态适应性、基本农田在内的八个指标。采用二元回归法来调查研究不同时间段不同区域城市土地空间扩张不同影响因素的作用.Abstract Results reveal tha

44、t over the past two decades, urban land expanded rapidly in the three towns, but with different expansion speeds and growth rates. Diversified ULSE factor combinations exist during different periods in different regions, and the factors relative importance also varies with time and space. The four t

45、ypes of driving factors simultaneously affect ULSE, among which the accessibility is dominant. Based on the findings, we suggest that differentiated policies should be formulated to guide reasonable expansion of urban land. This study can help us better understand the driving mechanism of urban land

46、 expansion in small cities and towns, thus has important implications for urban planning and management in China and similar countries.结果表明：三个城镇在研究时段城市土地快速扩张，但扩张速度和增长率各有差异。不同区域在不同时段表现出具有差异化的城市土地空间扩张因素组合，且这些因素的相对重要性存在差异。在影响城市土地空间扩张的四种驱动因素中，可达性居于首要地位；结论：应采取差别化的措施来指导城市土地的合理扩张。本文能够帮助我们更好地了解小城镇城市土地扩张的驱动机

47、制，对中国以及相似国家城市规划以及管理具有重要的启示。AbstractBy using binary logistic regression, we analyzed the spatiotemporal differences among the driving forces of ULSE in the three port towns of Taicang City, and some distinctive features behind ULSE at the town-scale were revealed. This study extends our understanding

48、 of urban land expansion especially in towns in China, thus is meaningful to policy-making and other related researches. The results show that combinations of driving factors of ULSE, as well as various factors relative influences vary with periods or regions. The accessibility is always the dominan

49、t driver, in which the distances to town centers, to main roads are the dominant factors in Huangjing and Liuhe, while the distance to ports and docks is always the most important factor in Fuqiao. Meanwhile, the influences of town centers and river ways decrease and main roads become increasingly i

50、mportant.采用二元逻辑回归法分析了太仓市三个港口城镇城市土地空间扩张驱动因素的时空差异并且揭示了县级城市土地空间扩张的特点。本文扩展了对于中国，尤其是中国县级城市土地空间扩张的认识，对于政策制定和其他相关研究的开展具有十分重要的意义。结果表明，在不同时段或不同区域，城市土地空间扩张驱动因素的组合以及它们的相对影响各具差异。可达性作为影响最大的驱动因素，在璜泾镇和六合镇主要表现为和城镇中心的距离以及和主干道的距离，而在浮桥镇主要表现为与港口码头的距离。同时，城镇中心和河流的影响力减小，而主干道的影响力越来越大。 SummaryHowever, the exits of thruways

51、only affect the adjacent fast-developing regions. In addition, Chinas specific land control policy (prime cropland protection) has an important influence on ULSE especially in fast-developing areas since its implementation. Whats more, the variation of natural ecoenvironment factor (ecological sensi

52、tivity) and neighborhood factors indicates that urban land expands in the form of low-density sprawl in Chinese small cities and towns, without giving adequate attentions to the eco-environment. China has entered a period of dramatic urbanization. The spatial expansion of urban land in towns is an i

53、mportant aspect of urban land expansion, irrational ULSE in those areas will threaten the protection of eco-environment and farmland in China. 但是，高速公路只影响到邻近快速发展的区域。另外，中国的土地管理政策（基本农田）自实施以来对城市土地扩张，尤其是快速发展地区具有重大的影响。此外，不同的自然环境因素（生态适宜性）和相邻因素表明，中国城镇土地扩张主要是以低密度的扩张为主，而生态环境没有得到足够的重视。中国已经进入了快速城镇化阶段。县级城市土地空间扩张

54、是城市土地空间扩张的一个重要方面，无序的城市土地空间扩张将对中国的生态环境和农田造成威胁。 SummaryIn order to ensure the sustainable urbanization, spatiotemporal variation of the driving forces should be understood, so as to formulate differentiated ULSE management policies. Besides, we suggest that the government should strengthen its guidanc

55、e, and some counter-measures from aspects of scientific planning of regional traffic networks and town centers, effective protection of prime croplands and natural eco-environment, etc. should be made, so as to guide reasonable urban land expansion. 为了确保城镇化的可持续性，我们应该深入了解这些驱动因素的时空差异，以便推进差别化的城市土地空间扩张管

56、理政策。另外。我们建议，政府应该加强指导并且从对区域交通网络和城镇中心的科学规划、基本农田和生态环境的有效保护方面采取一些应对措施来指导城市土地的合理扩张。 SummaryThe distinction between abstract and summary植被叶面积指数（LAI）获取的 高光谱遥感综合反演算法研究Lecturer:赵卓文赵卓文 Abstract和Summary的区别摘要 也就是英文的 Abstract，是一篇文章摘出来的要点。其内容讲的是对文章内容的高度压缩，强调的是对文字本身的概括，不能夹带图表、参考文献。摘要（Abstract）写好了很不简单，原因是其对字数的限制比较严

57、格。一般SCI英文论文摘要允许200 - 300字，很少有超过500字的。摘要不论是在书里还是论文中，都是放在文前。许多SCI期刊对摘要的格式有不同的要求，比如 结构摘要，非结构摘要等。是出于出版形式的考虑，本质和目的不变。提要（或简介） 即英文的 Summary ：既然称之为提要，即包含提炼和要点两个方面。在科技文献和教科书中，提要强调对研究课题内容的概括，比如实验内容、目的、研究的展望等方面的简述。提要对字数的要求比较灵活，可长可短。既可以图文并茂，也可以广征博引。既可放在文前，也可以置于文后。和摘要 Abstract 相比，提要 Summary 更普及常用，不论是在学术界还是日常交流 中

58、都会经常出现，是个总结就可以称之为 Summary。以迅速掌握原文内容梗概为目的，不加主观评论和解释主要事实；略去不必要的细节简明、确切地表述原文的重要内容强调对研究课题内容的概括AbstractSummary能够让读者尽快了解论文的主要内容同时为文献检索数据库的建设提供原始数据。主要包括目的、方法、结果和结论具有独立性和自明性，即不阅读全文，就能获得必要的信息具有短、精、完整三大特点摘要 【摘要】叶面积指数是描述植被长势的一个重要参数。通过遥感技术获取 植被叶面积指数是一种高效可行的方法，其中的高光谱遥感技术由于其精细的光谱分辨率可以更精确地反演这一参数。论文利用国际上广泛认可的植被辐射传输

59、模型PROSAIL模拟大量的光谱和叶面积指数数据，进而建立基于归一化植被指数（NDVI）、差值植被指数（DVI）以及比值植被指数（RVI）的经验回归模型，实现了物理模型和经验模型相结合的综合反演算法。论文研究不同植被指数、不同回归模型以及不同光谱波段组合对叶面积指数反演精度的影响，通过实测数据验证了算法的可行性。研究结果表明，基于指数回归模型的归一化植被指数反演精度最优且在叶面积指数较小的阶段，反演精度较高，但在植被指数较大后，归一化植被指数有趋于饱和的现象，对叶面积指数的影响变得不 明显。 【关键词】PROSAIL模型；植被指数；叶面积指数；回归分析 Abstrct 【Abstrct】Lea

60、f area index is an important parameter to describe vegetation growth.Getting vegetation leaf area index by remote sensing technology is an efficient and feasible method,hyperspectral remote sensing technology can more accurately inverse this parameter because of its fine spectral resolution.Thesis u