adverbial clauses

1、Adverbial clausesAdverbial clauses of timeAdverbial clauses of placeAdverbial clauses of causeAdverbial clauses of conditionAdverbial clauses of concessionAdverbial clauses of purposeAdverbial clauses of resultAdverbial clauses of comparison Adverbial clauses of mannerAdverbial clauses of timeAn adv

2、erbial clause can be introduced by when, while, as, before, after, till/until , since, as soon as, the moment/instant, hardly/scarcelywhen, no soonerthan, every time, directly, immediately, etc.a. Same timeBy “same time” we mean the happening of two simultaneous events.If the two actions are reitera

3、tive or habitual, the temporal clause can be introduced by when or whenever. When (ever) he goes to town, he visits his aunt.She felt ill when (ever) she ate oyster.When (ever) he goes to town, he brings us a present. = If he goes to townIf the two actions are durative and last for an equal length o

4、f time, the temporal clause can be introduced by when or while.The wind blew hard when the rain poured down.I was cooking the dinner while he was playing the piano.He worked as long as we played.In a complex sentence denoting two simultaneous short actions, the temporal clause may be introduced by w

5、hen, as soon as, just as, the instant, the moment, directly, immediately, etc.The dog barked the instant it heard a noise.I had hardly left when the quarrel started.The instant I saw him, I knew he was my lost brother.Ill tell you directly he comes.Tell me immediately you have any news.In a complex

6、sentence which indicates that one action happens in the process of another, the longer action is normally expressed by a durative verb either in the progressive or in the non-progressive, whereas the shorter action is generally expressed by a non-progressive form.When we arrived, she was cooking the

7、 dinner.I broke a glass while I was cleaning the room.I read a newspaper while I was waiting /waited.b. Earlier time and later timeThese terms are concerned with two or more actions happening one after another. This kind of temporal relationship can be expressed by these semantically-related subordi

8、nators.She looked both ways before she crossed the road.After he painted the windows, he painted the doors.When a when-clause is used to denote an earlier action, its verb usually occurs in the perfective aspect. When he had painted the windows, he painted the doors.= He painted the doors when he ha

9、d painted the windows.When before or after is used to indicate the sequence of time, the verb may take the perfective or the simple form, because lexically, these two subordinators have already given a clue to the temporal relationship. When I reached the station, the train had left.I reached the st

10、ation after the train (had) left.The train (had) left before I reached the station.Adverbial clauses of placeAn adverbial clause can be introduced by where, wherever, anywhere, everywhere.Generally, air will be heavily polluted where there are factories.Wherever you go, you should work hard.Where th

11、ere is a will, there will be a way.Where the ancients knew nothing, we know a little.Everywhere they went, the visitors were warmly received.Adverbial clauses of causeAn adverbial clause can be introduced by because, since, as, for, seeing that, now that, in that, considering that, given that.As the

12、re was no answer, I wrote again.Since the speaker cant come, well have to cancel the meeting.Coward as he was, Bob ran back as soon as the enemy attacked.My friends dislike me because Im handsome and successful.Now that everybody has come, lets begin our conference.Considering that he is no more tha

13、n 12 years old, his height of 1.80 m is quite remarkable.a. Both because and for can denote “direct reason” and “indirect reason”. By “direct reason” is meant the reason given as a cause of , or an explanation for, a fact, and “indirect reason” refers to the reason given as an explanation for the sp

14、eakers opinion about a fact.We hurried because / for it was getting dark.It must be very late because/ for the streets are quite deserted.In denoting cause or “direct reason” , because and for are interchangeable, but in current speech because is preferable to for which is commonly used in formal st

15、yle and sounds more or less artificial or bookish in current speech.A because-clause is mobile, it may appear either before or after the main clause, whereas a for-clause can only follow the main clause.A because-clause can stand alone as a response to a why-question, while a for-clause cannot.Becau

16、se can be negated by not or be modified by an adverb; it also admits of coordination by some correlatives such as “not becausebut because”, while for cannot be used this way.d. A because-clause can function as the focal element of a cleft sentence, whereas a for-clause cannot.Differences between bec

17、ause and forHe didnt go to the party, because he was not invited.Why didnt he go to the party? - Because he was not invited.He didnt go to the party not because he was busy, but because he was not invited.It was because he was not invited that he didnt go to the party.b. Compared with since and as,

18、because is the strongest in tone; since ranks next, and as next to since. When used to denote cause, because usually supplies new information; therefore, a because-clause can be used as an answer to a why-question and as the focal element of a cleft sentence. Since and as cannot be used in this way,

19、 because what is expressed by a since/ as clause is a kind of information supposed to be already known to the listener.c. Adverbial clauses of cause can also be introduced by in that, inasmuch as, now that, and seeing that. What are you going to do seeing (that) they wont agree? Seeing that/ Since/

20、As I was in the same class as George, I know him well.d. Adverbial clauses of cause can also be introduced by marginal subordinators such as on the grounds that, for the reason that, for fear that, etc. Adverbial clauses of conditionif, unless, as/so long as, only if, providing/provided that, suppos

21、ing that, in case that, on condition thatWell start our project if the president agrees.You will certainly succeed so long as you keep on trying.Provided that there is no opposition, we shall hold the meeting here.In case of rains, we wont be able to go there on foot.If the dam had broken in the flo

22、od last year, there would have been great loss of life and property.Unless and ifnotAn unless-clause can denote a real condition as well as an unreal condition. In a clause of real condition, unless can sometimes be replaced by ifnot. However, this kind of replacement is impossible when an unless-cl

23、ause is itself in the negative or denotes an unreal condition.We cant write to Mr. White unless he sends us his address.=( If he doesnt send us his address)You will get a good grade in the course unless you dont do your homework.They couldnt afford this house unless they were a millionaire.Adverbial

24、 clauses of concessionthough, although, even if, even though, as，while, no matter , in spite of the fact that, while, whatever, whoever, wherever, whenever, however, whicheverMuch as I respect him, I cant agree to his proposal.The old man always enjoys swimming even though the weather is rough.No ma

25、tter how hard he tried, she could not change her mind.He wont listen whatever you may say.He passed the examination although he had been prevented by illness from studying.Though he should stand alone, he will never yield.Though & althoughBoth though and although denote concession and are interc

26、hangeable in many cases. However, they are not interchangeable when a though-clause is intensified by even. The use of although is also impossible, when a though-clause expresses hypothetical meaning or is in inverted order. He didnt light the fire though/ although it was very cold.I forgot my appoi

27、ntment even though my secretary reminded me.Clever though he was, he failed the exam.David is over eighty. He is still writing, though. Used as an adverbAdverbial clauses of purposeso that, in order that, lest, in case, for fear that，in the hope that, for the purpose, that, to the end thatThe boss a

28、sked the secretary to hurry up with the letters so that he could sign them.The teacher raised his voice on purpose that the students in the back could hear more clearly.They climbed to the top of the building in order that they could get a birds-eye-view of the city.Adverbial clauses of resultso tha

29、t, so that, such that, such that, to the degree that, to the extent that, to such a degree thatHe got up so early that he caught the first bus.Its such a good chance that we must not miss it.To such an degree was he excited that he couldnt sleep last night.What have I done that you should be so angr

30、y with me?I was in the bath, with the result that I didnt hear the knock at the door.So that vs. sothatWhile a so that clause can denote purpose and result, a sothat clause denotes result only. When there is a pause in speech or a comma in writing before a so that clause, the clause mostly denotes r

31、esult; otherwise, it expresses purpose. When there is a modal in a so that clause, the clause denotes purpose; if not, it expresses result.So that we can see better, we will sit nearer to the front.Well sit nearer to the front so (that) we can see better.The accident was so terrible (that )we cant t

32、alk about it.Adverbial clauses of manneras, as if, how, the way When in Rome, do as the Roman do.You must do the exercises as I show you.She behaved as if she were the boss.Sometimes we teach our children the way our parents have taught us.I shall wear my coat how I like.Adverbial clauses of compari

33、sonas, than, the more the more , just as , so, A is to B what /as X is to Y, no more than, not A so much as BThe house is three times as big as ours.The more you exercise, the healthier you will be.Food is to men what oil is to machine. 1. She did her work _ her manager had instructed. （2002）A asB u

34、ntilC whenD though2. Fool _ Jane is, she could not have done such a thing. （2002）A whoB asC that D like3. _ native to America, the plant now can be seen all around the world. （2003）A AlthoughB SinceC DespiteD Because4. _I like economics, I like sociology much better. （2003）A As much asB So muchC How

35、 muchD Much asTEM 4 PaperAmannerBconcessionAconcessionDconcession5. _, Mr. Wells is scarcely in sympathy with the working class. （2005）A Although he is a socialistB Even if he is a socialistC Being a socialistD Since he is a socialist6. _ dull he may be, he is certainly a very successful top executi

36、ve. （2006）A AlthoughB WhateverC AsD However7. Nine is to three _ three is to one. (2008) A whenB thatC whichD what8. Men differ from animals _ they can think and speak. (2008)A for whichB for thatC in thatD in which AconcessionDconcessionDcomparisonCcause9. _ he wanted to go out with his friends at the weekend, he had to stay behind to finish his assignment. （2008）A Much thoughB Much asC As muchD Though much10. I enjoyed myself so much _ I visited my friends in