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1、英文字体设计基础 100%实用。在工作室做字体设计的案例时,手绘可以帮助我们解释一些基本的事情。在设计新字体时,手绘可以帮助我们指出一些问题所在。这里,我们就用手绘这种方式来谈一些关于字体的很基础的东西,不深谈。 . 第一部分:视觉平衡same size for all! to optically align all characters on a line, they cannot not have ex
2、actly the same mathematical height. for examplethe triangle on this drawing has to be higher than the rectangle. if this is not the case, the triangle will for
3、sure look smaller than therectangle.while creating a typeface, you want all the letters to have the same height. 视觉平衡!我们把所有字母在视觉上保持水平对齐,但是我们发现他们并没有绝对意义上的相同高度。比如,这个三角形比矩形要高,否则,三角形肯定会看上去比矩形要小。而创造一种字体,你当然想要所有的字母
4、160;also round forms have to exceed the baseline to be optically the same. if the circle would have exactly the same mathematical height as the rectangle, it would
5、160;look smaller than the square. this doesn't only count for basic forms like triangles, circles and squares. it's essential in type design, because they apply to
6、0;every single character in a typeface. then it even doesn't matter if you're designing a latin, cyrillic or greek font. it's a basic principle for any kind
7、160;of shape. 同样,圆形也需要超出基准线而达到视觉上的对齐。如果圆形和矩形高度相同,那肯定会看起来比矩形小。这不仅适用于三角形、圆形、矩形这些基本行状,而是可以应用在字体设计中的每一个字母,是很重要的一条法则。甚至你设计拉丁文、希腊文都可以应用。这是一条适用于任何形状的基本法则。. 第二部分:术语。type terminology. communication during the design process is much easier
8、;when using basic terminology of type.here are a couple important ones, which will help to bring the conversation a bit further than 'yeah, that there, that little
9、60;black thing.' ascender:上伸部baseline:基准线x-height:小写字母x高度arm:字臂shoulder:字肩contrast:粗细对比stem:主干serif:衬线terminal:尾部counter:字谷(内部空间)bowl:字碗descender:下伸部字体术语。在字体设计过程中使用一些字体术语更有益于交流。这里有12个重要的字体术语,这些会让你在交流中不用使用含糊不清的“对,这里”“那个小的黑的东西”的代词。这里我加一段:在英文字体的设计中(主要指小写),一个字体的高度体包含三部份,以基准线 (baseline
10、) 为中央,以上称之为上部 (ascender area),基准线内称之为x高度(x-height),基准线以下称之为下部 (descender area)。 . 第三部分:流线型fluent shapes. designing type is like driving a car. if you drive a car, you always
11、;take the curve in a natural way. if you draw a curve (of a character) on paper, this is exactly the same. the curve starts smoothly, never out of a s
12、udden. while driving a car, you don't start turning the wheel when you are already in the beginning of the curve. a while before you arrive in the curve
13、0;you anticipate by leading your car gently in the right direction. think about driving a car when you are sketching type on a paper. 流线。设计字体就像开车。当你开车的时候,你肯定会走自然的曲线。这跟你在纸上画字体
14、的曲线是一样的。曲线流畅的展开,绝不会突然卡住。当你开车的时候,肯定不会一进弯就打方向盘,而是慢慢的沿着右侧曲线通过。在纸上手绘字体的时候,你想着开车就好了。呵呵。 . 第四部分:书法渊源calligraphic origin. the characters on the top line have a different construction than the characters o
15、n the bottom line. they have a different calligraphic origin. it doesn't matter if a typeface has serifs (like times new roman) or not (like arial). it's abo
16、ut the original way they where constructed. 书法渊源。上下两种字母结构不同,源于他们不同的书写方式。不论字体是否分为衬线体或者无衬线体,他们都是根据不同的书写方式而来。 the characters in the top line are constructed with a pointed pen (calligraphic tool).
17、160;the contrast is caused by changing the pressure on the pen, not because of the form of the pen. bodoni is one example of this, but also sans serif face
18、s like helvetica have this origin. the thickest part will be (mostly) totally vertical. from this perspective there is no difference between bodoni and helvetica. they bo
19、th have the same construction. only the contrast varies. 上面的字母是通过尖笔书写的,其中的对比是通过改变笔的不同压力,而不是因为笔的形状。bodoni就是一个例子,但是无衬线体helvetica也属于这种。最宽的部分基本都是垂直的,从这点来说bodoni和helvetica没什么不同。他们有着同样的结构,只是对比不同而已。 the characters in the bottom line
20、 have a origin which is derived from the broad nib. the calligraphic pen itself has a thick and a thin part. the contrast in the type is made because
21、of the form of the pen, not because of the pressure. you slant the pen with an angle of 30 degrees on the paper. in that way your thickest part of
22、0;a character will not be on a vertical direction, but will be on an angle. also the thinnest part will not be on the most horizontal parts. typefaces like
23、;garamond and minion have this kind of construction. but also sans serif faces like gill sans have a construction which is originally derived from the broad nib. 下面的
24、字母则是起源于瘪头笔。笔本身就有宽和窄的部分。这种字体的粗细对比来自于笔的形状而不是笔的压力。把笔倾斜30°,这样字母最宽的部分就不是垂直方向了,而是你倾斜的那个角度。同样,最窄的部分也不是水平的部分。garamond和 minion就是这样的字体,但是无衬线体gill sans也是来源于这种书写方式。 . 第五部分:空间spacing. some words about spacing type. much more impor
25、tant than the shapes of the characters, is the rhythm of the type. a typeface with beautiful characters which are badly spaced is extremely hard to read. however,
26、60;if the shapes of the letters are not that good, but when they are all perfectly spaced, the type will be fairly easy to read. defining the rhythm is mor
27、e important than defining the shapes. 空间。首先,明白一个概念,文字是用来阅读的。比字体的外形更重要的是字体的韵律。有着优美字母但是字距糟糕的字体阅读性肯定很差。然而,如果字母没有那么完美,但是他们有良好的字距,那字体也会很容易阅读。设计韵律远比外形重要得多。 the white spaces inside and in between letters are defining the
28、160;rhythm, much more than the black shapes of the letters. when you manage to create a good rhythm in your line of text, your type gets more readable and
29、gives a balanced end result. while creating the black shapes, you have to take the white spaces into consideration. because the white spaces are more important than
30、the black shapes. however, white cannot existwithout black. changing a white shape, inevitable will have an influence on the black shape. from that perspective, one colour
31、0;cannot be more important than the other. 字体的韵律由字母内部的空间以及字母与字母的间距决定,这些空白的部分远比黑的部分重要。一段文字如果有一个良好的韵律,那么他就更具可读性也会有很好的视觉效果。当你设计黑的部分时,空白的部分你不得不考虑。留白虽然重要,但是也需要黑的部分相互依存。改变白的部分,必然会对黑的部分有影响。从这点来看,两者 同样重要。 for example, there has to b
32、e a relation between the space inside an 'n' and the space between the 'i' and the 'n' (see drawing). in the top row you can see the spa
33、ce inside the 'n' is much much bigger than the space in between the 'n' and the 'i'. in the bottom row they are much more equal, and in&
34、#160;this way you'll get a much better rhythm and more harmony in your line of text. 比如,“n”的内部空间和“i”与“n”之间的空间有着必然的关系。上面一行,“n”的内部空间比“i”与“n”之间的空间要大很多,而下面一行是则基本相同的,下面一行明显有着更好的可读性。 the same goes for
35、160;the inner form of the 'a' and the 'e' for example. there is a big relation between these two forms. if they have (optically) the same amount of
36、160;white inside the character (=counter), your type will have a better rhythm as well. 同样的道理一样适用于“a”和“e”的内部空间。这两者之间有着很大的关系。如果字母内部空白的部分视觉上达到平衡,那字体就有着良好的韵律。 . 第六部分:黑与白black vs. whit
37、e. designing type is nothing more and nothing less than harmonizing black and white shapes. black can't exist without white, and white can't exist without black.
38、black, the shape of a letter. white, the space in or in between letters. the amount of white inside a character defines the amount of white in between two
39、characters. 黑与白。设计字体无非就是协调黑和白。黑和白唇齿相依。黑,字体的外形。白,字体内部以及字体与字体之间的部分。字母内部的白决定了字母与字母之间的白。 as it is impossible to create a very black character with a big (white) counter form, a black typeface will
40、60;always have smaller counters than a light typeface. hence it follows that there is less space in between the characters (see drawing). a light typeface has much b
41、igger counters. the space in between two letters has to be in proportion. as a consequence there is more white space in between light letters than in between bl
42、ack letters. 黑的部分多,白的部分就少,创造一种黑多白多的字体是不可能的,一种黑体白的部分肯定比细体白的部分少。(绕口令一样!)一种细体有更大的空白部分。内部以及之间的空间要均衡。因此,细体比黑体有更多白的空间。 . 第七部分:意大利体与手写体italic vs. cursive. a roman font can be slanted (having an angle) an
43、d a cursive font can be upright (totally vertical like a roman). urgh! 意大利体与手写体。罗马体可以倾斜体,手写体可以有垂直体。 the angle doesn't decide if a character is a 'roman' character
44、or an 'cursive' character. this depends on theconstruction. to make it a bit more clear, take a look at the four big n's. as you would expect, the f
45、irst letter is a roman character. but the second one as well. although it's not totally vertical, it still has the same construction as the first 'n'. th
46、is is called a slanted roman. the third 'n' looks like an cursive, but also this one is not a real cursive. basicly there is no difference between the
47、160;second and third 'n', only some parts of the serifs have been cut off. 角度不能决定字体属于罗马体还是手写体。这取决于结构。看一下这4个大“n”,就会很明白了。对,第一个字母是罗马体,但是第二个同样是,虽然他没有完全垂直,但他和第一个有相同的结构。这叫做斜罗马体。第三个“n”看起来像手写体,但他并不是真正的手写体。基本上第二个和第三个没什么区别,只是衬线不同而已。
48、 compare the first three letters with the last 'n'. that's a real cursive. the big difference with the previous three is the construction. the first three
49、0;are constructed from separate pen strokes. the last 'n' is constructed out of one pen stroke. this is the basic difference between roman and cursive fonts. not&
50、#160;the angle, but the construction. 把前面3个和最后一个相比较,没错,这才是手写体。他们最大的不同是结构。前面3个笔画是分开的,而最后一个是一笔写下,这是罗马体和手写体最本质的区别,不是角度,而是架构。 many different explanations can be given for the difference between a 'cursive'
51、and 'italic' from a historical point of view. however we consider this as the big difference: 'italic' is concerning the function, 'cursive'is concerning the
52、0;construction. almost anything can work as an 'italic', it doesn't even necessarily needs an angle. when making a font family with a roman and an italic font
53、, the italic font can be constructed in many different ways. the third 'n' in the example could probably function perfectly as an italic inside your family.
54、but don't forget, it's not always a real cursive when it's called 'italic'. 意大利体和手写体的不同也可以从历史的角度给出更多的解释,但是我们认为他们最大的区别在于:意大利体注重功能,手写体注重结构。几乎任何字体都可以作为意大利体,甚至都不需要角度。当设计一个包括罗马体和意大利体的字体族时,意大利体可以有很多构建方式。第三个“n”就可以在功能
55、上作为意大利体加进你的字体族里。但是切记,意大利体并不总是真正的手写体。 . 第八部分:风格统一one for all what defines if one character can fit to another character? once you made a decision, how to apply th
56、is to all the other characters in a font? 风格统一。如何定义一个字母和另一个字母风格一致呢?一旦你做了决定,怎么样在你字体的所有字母中应用呢? starting point: 'e' (in the center of the drawing). imagine you sketched this 'e
57、', you like it a lot, and now you want to design more characters fitting to this 'e'. where to start? should it be a serif or a sans serif
58、;for example? 从“e”开始吧。如果你手绘了这个“e”,你很喜欢,然后你想要设计和“e”风格相同的其他字母。从哪里开始?比如是衬线体还是无衬线体? first try: 'i' on the left. sans serif. the black part is as thick as the black parts of the '
59、;e'. same x-height. so this should work you think. 首先从左边的“i”尝试,无衬线体。黑的部分要和“e”黑的部分一样粗,相同的x高度,于是你觉得这样应该就可以吧。 second try: 'i' on the right. same thickness, the character has the sam
60、e x-height, but now it has serifs. 然后来看右边的“i”。相同的粗细,相同的x高度,但是现在有衬线。 the bowl of the 'e' is not only having a certain thickness, but the 'e' also has contrast.&
61、#160;the 'i' on the left has no contrast at all. therefore these two characters don't belong to each other. the 'i' on the right however has the
62、same kind of contrast as the 'e', just because it has serifs. just those tiny serifs make sure there are thick and thin parts, like the 'e' has.
63、;this means that the starting point, the 'e', already defined that the rest of the font cannot be a sans serif typeface. “e”的字碗部分不仅有一定的粗度,还有粗细对比度。而左边的“i”根本没有粗细对比。因此这两个互不兼容。(就像qq和360)
64、而右边的“i”有着和“e”相同的对比度,只是因为他有衬线。就是这些细小的衬线让他有像“e”一样的粗细对比。回到开始,一个“e”已经决定了这个字体不可能是无衬线体。 of course, every so called rule is there to be broken. mentioning this, doesn't mean you can't make a font
65、0;which has an 'e' combined with an 'i' like the one on the left. everything is possible of course. but now you realize better what you are doing,
66、60;also when you don't do it. still get it? 当然,所谓的规则总会被打破。我们说这些并不意味着,你不能把左边的“i”和“e”放在一种字体里。一切皆有可能。但是现在你至少明白你正在做什么。 . 第九部分:可读性readability. the only important aspect of a text typ
67、eface is the readability. many decisions can influence the readability. which contrast you create, the length of the ascenders and descenders, the rhythm, the blackness of
68、0;a type, the strength of the curves and the bowls, etc. 可读性。文字是用来读的,字体的可读性可以说是文本的至关重要的方面。可读性跟很多方面有关,比如对比度,上伸部和下伸部,韵律,字体的黑度,曲线,字碗等等。 most of those decision apply to all the characters inside
69、;a font. these have to be defined first. for example the contrast. the characters on the top line (see drawing) have a much bigger contrast than the characters
70、on the bottom line. the type on the top line will be more suitable for display use, the type the bottom the bottom line more for text use. not only be
71、cause of the difference in contrast, but also because the characters on the top line are much more condensed. this makes them less legible in small sizes, but m
72、ore eye-catching and flexible for headlines. defining the contrast and the width are decisions which count for every single character in a font. 这些需要应用在字体的每个字母中,而且必须一开始就定义好。比如对比度。上面的字母比
73、下面的字母有着更大的对比度。上面的字体更适合屏幕使用,而下面更适合书籍文本使用。不仅因为这个对比度,还有上面的字体被压缩的更多一点。这样就让字体在小字号的时候辨识度不够,但是这样的字体如果应用在标题上,又更吸引眼球更灵活。定义对比度和宽度对于一种字体的每一个字母是很重要的。 but also while designing every single glyph, you can create details which improve the r
74、eadability of a font. for example, the ear of a 'g' can make sure the reader's eye will follow the horizontal reading direction more fluently. the 'g'
75、 on the bottom line will work much better in a text typeface for small sizes (see drawing). 当你设计每一个单个字模的时候,你可以制作一些提高字体可读性的细节。比如,“g”的耳部可以保证读者更容易在水平线上阅读。所以在书籍文本中下面的“g”在小号字时会更具可读性一些。 .
76、 第十部分:比例均衡proportions. which x-height to define? which descender depth? defining these proportions are essential, and very strongly connected to the purpose of the type. the p
77、roportions within a certain typeface are influencing the way your type will work & look. for example, it's impossible to create a space saving newspaper typeface
78、with an extremely wide body width. 比例均衡。x高度怎么确定?下伸部高度多少?定义这些比例是很重要的,而且和字体的用途有着莫大的关系。字体中的比例均衡关乎你字体的用途整体感觉。比如,你不可能去设计一种很宽的字体去用在本来就要求节省空间的报纸上。 extremely short descenders will give a strange look to a text typeface
79、. even worse, they might not be visible at all anymore. but extremely short descenders can also be a smart decision, while creating a display or headline type.
80、for a text typeface the ascender height should be as big or, even better, bigger than then cap height to give a optical pleasurable result (see drawing). 如果字体的
81、下伸部很短,那这种字体组成的文本看起来就会很奇怪。甚至根本就不具有识别性。但是当我们设计屏幕或者标题字体时,这种字体就派上用场了。对于一个书籍字体的上伸部至少要不低于大写字母的高度,这样视觉效果会比较好。 . 第十一部分:小型大写字母small caps. you could guess it already from the name, small caps are small capitals.&
82、#160;capitals which have the same height as lowercase characters. 小型大写字母。顾名思义,就是大写字母却有着小写字母的高度。 why are small caps needed? because of several typographical reasons. first of all a
83、whole word set in caps will look awful, it will drown out the rest of the text. second, in lots of typefaces the capitals are not designed and spaced to
84、60;work together, but to be followed by a lowercase character. small caps however are designed to purely work together. they will give a more pleasurable, harmonized resu
85、lt. 为什么会有小型大写字母呢?有什么用呢?因为一些印刷排版上的原因。首先如果一句话全是大写字母会很吓人,这样会弱化剩下的文字。再有,在大部分字体中,设计师不会考虑大写字母之间的空间协调等等,而是一个大写字母接着一串小写字母。小型大写字母就这样应运而生,让大写字母和大写字母用在一起,而有一个更协调更顺畅的视觉效果。 having said that small capitals are capitals on x-height, it's mostly n
86、ot 100% true. to optically give them the same height, the small caps will have to be slightly bigger than lowercase characters of the same font (see drawing). &
87、#160;刚说到,小型大写字母是有着x高度的大写字母,这并不是完全正确的。为了视觉上有同样的高度,小型大写字母会比小写字母大一点点。 . 第十二部分:花式大写swash caps? admitting that it's not the most urgent issue to learn in typography, it's interesting to
88、0;quickly pay attention to this topic. not every font family has a swash variant. most common are swash capitals, but also swash lowercase characters and swash-beginnings
89、;and -endings exist. 花式大写?在字体设计中这并不是很重要的,但是很有趣。并不是每一种字体都有花式大写,但是花式大写是最常见的,当然也有花式小写、花式首字、花式结尾等。 sometimes you want to set a whole line in capitals. it's possible to do this with roman capitals
90、, although sometimes it's better to choose small capitals which are designed for this purpose. roman capitals are not, but mostly they don't cause problems. swash
91、;capitals however do. swash capitals are mostly designed to give some extra visual pleasure to your designs. the caps are meant to be followed by lowercase characters
92、0;(number 1), or used as an initial (number 2), but not to be combined with eachother. only with some fonts it's possible to combine swash capitals with normal
93、160;roman caps (number 3). 有时候你想要把一行全部用大写字母。你可以使用罗马大写字母,但是最好的办法是选择专为此而设计的小型大写字母。罗马大写字母虽然不是为此设计,但是用也不会有问题。花式大写也可以。花式大写大部分是用来给你的设计额外的惊喜。花式大写可以后面跟小写字母(最好),或者用于首字母(次好),但是千万花式和花式不要用在一起,也可以把花式大写和正规的罗马大写用在一起(次次好)。 . 第十三部分:x高度xheights. if you make a light weight and the black weigh
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