休闲学期末开卷考试答案

1、1. the significance of leisure as a research subject2. list of “happiness boosters” advocated in the reading “the new science of happiness”答案：（sectioni-leisure+in+perspective 34页+文章）gratitude journala diary in which subjects write down things for which they are thankful.performing acts of altruism o

2、r kindnessvisiting a nursing home, helping a friend's child with homework, mowing a neighbor's lawn, writing a letter to a grandparent.three blessingstaking time each day to write down a trio of things that went well and why.figuring out strengths and find new ways to deploy them: cerebral v

3、irtues vs. interpersonal virtues3. definition of leisure as time/activity/a state of mind答案：时间l leisure defined as time spent free of obligation and necessityl non-work/non obligated timel discretionary任意的自由决定的/non occupied /spare timel time when we are free to do what we choosel time during which f

4、eelings of compulsion 强迫should be minimall time beyond what is required for subsistence 生存(work, school) and existence存在 (things we must do biologically to stay alive e.g. eat, sleep, etc)l it is not about time but about how the time is spentl higher chance to have leisure when we are comparatively

5、相对的free, but leisure can also occur in un-free conditions活动l leisure defined as a cluster of一串 activities resulting in relaxation and rejuvenation恢复活力 (external world)l “leisure is an activity apart from the obligation of work, family and society to which the individual turns at will任意, for either r

6、elaxation, diversion消遣, or broadening his/her experiences and spontaneous自发的 social participation, the free exercises of his creative capacities.” - dumazedier (1967)l no activity can be said to always serve as leisure for the participantl activities may be meaningful, pleasurable, or compelling to

7、different individuals or only in certain situations, cultures, lifestyles, life stages, tastes, etc.心境 想法l leisure defined as a state of mind leading to self-meditation 冥想and self-improvement (internal world)l a mood of contemplation沉思l religious celebrationl perceived freedom and internal locus of

8、control 控制点l leisure the necessities of being willfully and meaningfully occupiedl leisure an internally located compulsion to shun 避免from pure pleasure seeking but find/establish/invent meaning through choices from heart。4. conditions and common characteristics of the “flow” experience答案：1）52页 cond

9、itions of flow experience：l challenging activity that requires skillsl  the merging of action and awareness l  clear goalsl  immediate feedbackl  concentration on the task at handl  sense of controll  the loss of self-consciousnessl  the transformation of time2）53页

10、common characteristics of “flow” experiences：a sense that ones skills are adequate to cope with the challenges at hand, in a goal-directed, rule-bounded action system that provides clear clues as to how well one is performing (the balance between challenge and skills boredom vs. anxiety ) concentrat

11、ion is so intense that there is no attention left over to think about anything irrelevant, or to worry about problems (capability of concentration and developed skills the sense of satisfaction ) an activity that produces such experiences is so gratifying that people are willing to do it for its own

12、 sake, with little concern for what they will get out of it, even when it is difficult, or dangerous.5. aristotle and platos major arguments about leisure答案：ppt section2第7页开始aristotlefor aristotle, leisure meant being occupied in something performed for its own sake or as its own end - listening to

13、music or poetry, interaction with friends, and, most importantly, contemplation.aristotle was a philosopher of happiness and a philosopher of leisure. happiness can appear only in leisure. he repeats it many times- the ability to appropriately use leisure is the basis of the free mans whole life.wha

14、t is the idealized leisure for aristotle? we should not play. we play to relax and to regenerate for work. in other words, play has a purpose.  play does not produce happiness but a feeling of relief from tension and physical effort. for aristotle “leisure is a different matter”. it has it

15、s intrinsic pleasure, intrinsic happiness and intrinsic felicity. this kind of happiness can only be experienced by people who have leisure.aristotles notion of leisure as against any purposeful activities as unoccupied freedomintrinsic happiness , intrinsic pleasure and intrinsic felicity not equal

16、s to play appropriate activities: music and contemplation cultivate the minds platotime for thought, contemplation, philosophy, and self-development are required for happiness. that time is leisure.music, poetry and philosophy lead to beauty and eternal truth.6. key ideas of protestantism and their

17、influence on western leisure 答案：l key ideas of protestantism:god elects or chooses those who will be saved. people were gods instrument on earth to “glorify” the deity.this does not involved withdrawal from the world into catholic monasteries or contemplation but in serving god in everyday callings

18、or jobs. people were expected to grow in sanctity by their diligence in ordinary work.l these concepts affected ideas about work and leisure in many subtle ways: for protestants work was an end in itself, almost a form of worship, it became a holly task. they rejected the attitude that work was mere

19、ly the means to pleasure. for them work was its own reward and also a promise of future benefits. protestants were highly critical about any forms of leisure. leisure was feared as a lure to sin and as a threat to godliness. leisure was also perceived as an offence to god. puritans believed that the

20、y should not only avoid any pleasures in their lives but also try to eradicate pleasures form the rest of the community. 7. rational recreation movement (when, where, who, what, how)【ppt上有】8. ted presentation: being together, alone the major critics of the presenter答案：the plugged-in life is so psych

21、ologically powerful, and it not only changes what we do, it also changes who we arethe relationship between people the goldilocks effects: not too close, not too far, just right9. four ways of time deepening and their consequences答案：time deepening the four ways 时间深化四种方式1、attempting to speed up a giv

22、en activity试图加快某一活动visiting a national park without getting out of the cartelling a date your life story in less than two minutes2、substituting a leisure activity that can be done more quickly for one that takes longer将需要更长时间的活动换成一个可以更快地完成的休闲活动, phoning for home-delivered fast food instead of cookin

23、g it yourselfrap music vs. peking opera3、rather than thinking of human behavior in “either-or” terms that is, a person does either one activity or another some people develop the ability to do both activities at the same time放弃“非此即彼”角度思考的人类行为，发展的同时做两个活动的能力watching television while reading the newspa

24、per and eating dinnereating and drinking and doing your income tax while watching a movie4、undertaking a leisure activity with more precise regard to time有精确时间地进行一项休闲活动tight travel schedule (7 days-7 countries package tour)consequences of time deepening 时间深化的重要性1、we never experience anything fully我们

25、从来没有充分体验什么do it all and see it alldo it and see it now2、actions are means to some other end 活动可以带来其他收获walk for fitness, play golf for contacts, and travel to gain social status 3、“walking resumes” 行走简历loosing “ascribed” statuses e.g., gender, ethnic heritage, religiondefining by “achieved” statuses

26、e.g., director of marketing, black belt in karate, wine connoisseur4、rarely lose ourselves in any activity 在任何活动中不要失去自我take from an activity rather than totally giving ourselves to itrare occurrence of the state of flowsimply no longer have time for the commitment: the acquisition of skills, patienc

27、e, and learning10. the implication of time famine and time deepening for the tourism industry答案：location：section iii work,time,& leisure 第16-25页time famine the scarcity of time，leisure time is shrinking例如：商务旅游（business tourism）由于工作繁重，没有时间去旅游，而是凭借着出差，开会等工作需要在当地旅游。the four ways of time deepening：1

28、.speed up a given activity 例如：visiting a national park without getting out of the car2.go with a leisure activity that can be done more quickly 例如：自由行 vs. 跟团游 3.develop the ability to do both activities at the same time 例如：游学旅游。学习的同时游览当地。4.undertake a leisure activity with more precise regard to tim

29、e 例如：tight travel schedule (7 days-7 countries package tour)注我在ppt上能够找到的就只有这些了，老师给的阅读材料上也没有，如果谁有更好的答案求分享！11. three theories regarding work & leisure relationship【ppt上有】12. ted presentation: new work motivation the whole new approach of intrinsic motivation答案：robust findings in social sciences (s

30、cience of human motivation) reveal a facthigher incentives does not necessarily lead to better performances “the pay for performance scheme” is not workingextrinsic motivation vs. intrinsic motivation“if-then” contingency how to motivate people in the 21st century? different nature of the worksimple

31、 rules and narrow focus vs no single solution, no set of rulesmechanical skills vs cognitive （认知）skills （pertaining to the mental processes of perception, memory, judgment, and reasoning)a whole new approach intrinsic motivation (self-engagement)autonomy the urge to direct our own livesmastery the d

32、esire to get better at something that matterspurpose the yearning of doing what we do and serving something bigger than ourselves13. reading: what happened to the leisure society the cost of 24/7 economy and “post traditional scheduling”【ppt】14. examples of serious/casual/project-based leisure【ppt】1

33、5. qualities of serious leisure【ppt】16. reading: review on serious leisure sdl in slp答案：带上规定的阅读材料“leisure reflections”，里面有一段“sdl in the serious leisure perspective”（文本不能复制，只能截图，最好自行打印）sdl: self-directed learningslp: serious leisure perspective大意：1. what is serious leisure, casual leisure and project

34、ed-based leisure?2. devotee work is essentially leisure.3. hobbyists can be divided into consumers and buffs.4. many participants sdl can be explained between learning-oriented and goal-oriented motives.5. the essence of sdl is that participants decide when and where to seek information needed to en

35、gage effectively in the activity.17. definition and five dimensions of “destination conspicuousness” 答案： (section+iv,16-20)destination conspicuousness a conspicuous destination is a destination where tourists believe they can be observed and/or judged by significant others. categorizing tourist dest

36、inations as conspicuous or inconspicuous would depend on culture, country of origin, resident regions, age, gender, income level, and other consumer social demographics.induce respect, value, and popularity from others (interpersonal mediation 调解); make tourists feel unique and trendy (materialistic

37、 hedonism); make tourists feel a sense of belonging to their social groups because others have visited the same destinations (communication of belonging); symbolize success, prestige, and wealth to tourists (status demonstration); be known as expensive and luxurious (ostentation炫耀虚饰浮夸).five dimensio

38、ns of cc (marcoux et al, 1995) 1.interpersonal mediation调解2.materialistic hedonism3.communication of belonging4.social status5.ostentation炫耀虚饰浮夸18. one dimensional man vs three dimensional man19. definition of constraint/constraint negotiation答案：factors that are perceived or experienced by individua

39、ls to limit the formation of leisure preferences and to prohibit participation and enjoyment in leisure (jackson, 1997, 461)leisure constraints：it refers to factors that prohibit our participation in leisure and tourism activities -barriersit also limits-the enjoyment in the desired activity ；the fr

40、equency or intensity of participationit covers a whole range of issues and has much broader meaning constraints negotiation： there is not necessarily an inverse relationship between participation and constraints people often participate in leisure activities "despite constraint.” nonparticipant

41、s, as well as participants, both can be constrained. successful participants are those who somehow find a way to overcome the constraints. they have negotiated them.20. examples of structural/interpersonal/intrapersonal constraints答案： structural constraints：refers to intervening (介入，阻挠）factors betwe

42、en leisure preference and participation. examples of structural constraints: life-cycle stage；financial resources；seasons；climate；work schedule ；availability of opportunity and knowledge of such availability interpersonal constraints：refers to the result of interpersonal interaction or the relations

43、hip between individuals; it may interact with both preference for, and subsequent participation in certain activities.examples: lack of partner; limited social circle; family problems; reference group attitudes; reference group theory in psychology we do what our reference groups tells us to do refe

44、rence group can be conceptualized as a peer group, society, social class intrapersonal constraints: involves individual psychological status and attributes which interact with leisure preferences rather than intervening between preferences and participation. examples of intrapersonal constraints: st

45、ress; depression; anxiety; religion; perceived self-skill; subjective evaluations of the appropriateness21. exploratory/descriptive/explanatory research答案：the purposes of social research maybe organized into three groups based on what the researcher is trying to accomplishexplore a new topic explora

46、tory research describe a social phenomenon descriptive researchexplain why something occurs explanatory researchwhen we explore a new topic or issue in order to learn about it. this is called exploratory researchexploratory research may be the first stage in a sequence of studies. sometimes we do ex

47、ploratory research so we know enough to be able to design second, more systematic study.addresses the “what” question: “what is the social activity really about?”example constraints on leisure experienced by students newly arrived on campus/tourist behavior of newly emerging source marketsdescriptiv

48、e research presents a picture of the specific details of a situation, social setting, or relationship. the researcher begins with a well-defined subject and conducts research to describe it accurately. example leisure participation patterns of bisu student population we know students spend time in g

49、yms, sport centers, clubs and so onwe do research to determine how many people prefer clubs over rec. facilities, who goes to rec. facilities and who goes to clubs, when, how often, ect. explanatory research answers the question “why things are the way they are” looks for causes and reasons builds o

50、n exploratory and descriptive research and identifies reasons for something to occur.22. example why some students prefer to go to a bar on friday afternoon and others will spend hours in a gym. major differences between qualitative and quantitative research ontologically, epistemologically and meth

51、odologically（定量研究定性研究的本体论、认识论、方法论的区别）答案： ppt：section+vi-research+paradigms 2325ontology ：positivism developed from the tradition of natural science and sees social science capable of the same possibilities as in the natural science.positivist researchers strive to conduct “objective” research. epist

52、emology：the researcher remains detached, neutral and objective as he/she measures various aspects of social life and examines evidences. positivism sees social science as an organized method for combining deductive （演绎、推理） logic with precise empirical （以观察或实验为依据的）observations of individual behavior.

53、 methodology : the data collection techniques focus on gathering hard data in the form of numbers to enable evidence to be presented in quantitative form .23. theory of optimal level of arousal and its implication in leisure/tourism答案：people seek neither an absence nor an excess of stimulation, but

54、an optimal level of stimulation. what constitutes the optimal level varies from person to person and from time to time.implication: in search for optimum level of arousal people seek stimulus conditions that are at appropriately novel in leisure.we participate in activities that provide us with exci

55、tement and stimulation.roller coaster rides, bungee jumping, sky diving, rock climbing.we participate in activities that allow for relaxation. meditation, walking for pleasure, picnicking.people who are generally under stimulated in their live will seek additional stimulation in leisure while people

56、 who get too much stimulation in their jobs will be drawn to more sedate leisure activities.leisure works as a balancing factor!24. over justification phenomenon答案：people are often hindered from doing self-determined activities, or their initial intrinsic motivation maybe constrained by certain fact

57、ors: lack of opportunity to choose leisure behaviorimposition of a deadline for a completion of an activitythe mere presence of observer or evaluatorthe presence of extrinsic rewards “over justification phenomenon” a natural extension of the predisposition toward intrinsic motivation is serious leisure some people become highly specialized in their chosen activity like amateur archeologists and astronomers the more specialized and serious we become about our leisure pursuits, the more important are the intrinsic rewards of involvem