北京地区发展史TheDevelopmentofBeijing

1、Research paper first draft (Second Version)Peter Hou2015/12/30Research TopicMy research topic is the developments of Beijing City from Yuan Dynasty to the Republic of China (Min Guo Period). IntroductionMotivation: My motivation is that I am interested in the traditional architects and royal gardens

2、, the legends about Beijing. And as a Beijinger I love Beijing so much. I am leaving Beijing in three years, so I decided to Summary of topic: The research includes the developments of important administrations in ancient China and classical architectures. I introduce the developments of Forbidden C

3、ity, Imperial City, Inner City, Outer City, Tiananmen, Kongmiao, three imperial gardens, Tuan Cheng and Yong He Palace. Their developments represented Chinese traditional culture and changes of China policy. I also found an interesting historical story: The exploding of Wang Gong Factory, which was

4、till an unsolved problem nowadays. MethodologyIn order to conduct my research, I did such processes: First, I went to the National Library to look up books that I could reference. I bought “The study of Beijing history and culture” from Tao Bao Website and borrowed “Jing Shi Ji”, “Jing Nao Zhong Di

5、Beijing V”, “Beijing City in Min Guo Period” from the National Library. I am sure that the resources of my research were reliable, because the writers of these books are professional and have reputations in Chinese history studying. Second, I made a literature review outline according to what resour

6、ces I have got. It was a planning and cataloging for resources. Then, I list up a research paper outline, in which I listed the specific arrangements of my first draft. Then, I wrote my first draft of research. I adjusted some of my arrangements and sent it to Mr. Kang for advices. Finally, accordin

7、g to the advices from Mr. Kang, I made some improvements and finished my final draft. FindingsDevelopments of Main Attributes in BeijingForbidden City, Ming Dynasty The developments of Beijing Imperial City, 2015/12/29, Beijing Imperial City in four different periods: Yuan Dynasty, Ming Dynasty, Qin

8、g Dynasty and Min Guo Period The developments of Beijing Imperial City, 2015/12/29, Map of Beijing City in Yuan Dynasty The developments of Beijing Imperial City, 2015/12/29, Positions of eight troops in Beijing Inner City, Qing Dynasty The developments of Beijing Imperial City, 2015/12/29, Beijing

9、City, late Ming Dynasty The developments of Beijing Imperial City, 2015/12/29, Beijing City, Qing Dynasty The developments of Beijing Imperial City, 2015/12/29, The Forbidden CityThe Forbidden City was the core of Beijing City. It located at the center of the city. It started to be built in 1406, Mi

10、ng Dynasty. The project of reinforcing the wall and gates of inner city was actualized at the same time. Empire hired about 300 thousand worker from citizens and military. The reinforcement was finished in 1420. Forbidden City used theold site of Yuan Da Du and moved it a little bit south. The heigh

11、t of wall was 10 meters. The length from south to north wall was worth 960 meters and from east to west wall was worth 760 meters. The moat of Forbidden City was called “Tong Zi River”, which was about 52 meters wide. The riverbank was made of carefully refined stones. Forbidden City had four gates.

12、 The main gate was called “Wu Men”, which had double eaves and had been finely ornamented. It was used for holding momentous ceremonies like. Entered Wu Men, there was the grand yard and Jin Shui Bridge and Huang Ji Men were in the middle of the yard. Entered Huang Ji Men, the palaces were Huang Ji

13、Dian for ceremonies, Zhong Ji Dian for empire having rest and Jian Ji Dian for empires and monitors having meals. More palaces were like Dong Liu Gong and Xi Liu Gong, which were used as accommodations for maids who served the empire. The Imperial Garden was on the north side of Kun Ning Gate, which

14、 was in the north of Kun Ning Gong. Beside palaces, there were plenty of other buildings in Forbidden City. Yu Ma Jian, Shang Shan Jian, Nan Si Fang, Bei Si Fang, Si Li Jian and so on. Those buildings were used for managing the factories, daily supplements of Forbidden City. , Shude He, Beijing Yans

15、han Press, p65.We can observe from the map of Forbidden City, all buildings were symmetry about the mid axis, which represented the traditional Chinese city scheming style. Symmetry was the most obvious trait in architecture of Ming Dynasty. All in all, the distribution of buildings and ornaments in

16、 Forbidden City sufficiently expressed the concept of “empire is in the highest level of entire country” and the strict hierarchy in ancient China.The Imperial CityThe Imperial City surrounded Forbidden City. In Qing Dynasty, the length of its wall was about 18 kilometers. Imperial City was built in

17、 Yuan Dynasty and ruined in Min Guo Period. The Imperial City was built for supplying daily necessities to Forbidden City and was the rallying point of government administrations as well. In the east side of Imperial City, there were many administration buildings as Zong Ren Fu, Li(吏) Bu, Li(礼) Bu,

18、Gong Bu, Hu Bu, Bing Bu, Hong Lu Temple and Qin Tian Jian. In the west part of Imperial City, there were Wu Jun Du Du Fu, Tai Chang Temple, Zheng Tong Shi Si and Jin Yi Wei. These administrations were connected with Forbidden City by the Imperial Square. These Buildings were set around the empire, w

19、hich showed and emphasized the unbreakable position of empire. Inner CityIn 1368 August, after Da Xu had occupied Yuan Da Du. The north of the city was very bare and because of the long-lasting war, many people was killed or escaped. In order to prevent the counterattack from Yuan vestiges, Ming gov

20、ernment demolished the north wall of Yuan Da Du and built a new north wall 5 kilometers south. While the east, west and south wall were still the old soil walls from Yuan Dynasty. In 1420, empire Yong Le ordered Gong Bu to reinforce the soil walls. East and west walls were covered with bricks. South

21、 wall was moved 1or 2 kilometers south. After the reform, circumference of Beijing Inner city wall was about 40 kilometers and 5 gates in total. 3 south gates, from west to east: Xuan Wu Men, Zheng Yang Men, Chong Wen Men. 2 north gates, from west to east: De Sheng Men, An Ding Men. 2 west gates, fr

22、om north to south: Dong Zhi Men (was called as Chong Ren Men in Yuan Dynasty.), Chao Yang Men (was called as Qi Hua Men in Yuan Dynasty.).2 east gates, from north to south: Xi Zhi Men (was called as He Yi Men in Yuan Dynasty.), Fu Cheng Men (was called as Ping Ze Men in Yuan Dynasty.). In 1436, whic

23、h was the first year of empire Zheng Tong governing. The 9 gates were reformed. Each gate was covered with bricks and a moat was excavated. The wooden suspension bridges were reformed into bricks-made bridges. In Ming Dynasty, there were strict rules for each gate, restricting specific sort of cargo

24、 that could go through. Zheng Yang Men was used for empire or officials. Chong Wen Men was used for alcohols and wines, because there were many wine factories in the south east of Beijing environ. Chao Yang Men was used for sustenance carriers, because rice were transported through Tong Hui River fr

25、om south of China and Chao Yang Men was the close to Tong Hui River. Dong Zhi Men was used for woods and logs. An Ding Men was used for excrement carriers, because excrement yards were close to An Ding Men. De Sheng Men was used for troops, because royals of Yuan escaped from De Sheng Men, so that i

26、t had an implication of lucky. Xi Zhi Men was used for water carriers, the water was picked from Yu Quan Mountain. Xi Zhi Men was the last gate to close among 9 gates. Fu Cheng Men was used for coal carriers, because Fu Cheng Men was close to Men Tou Gou, where produced coal in ancient time. Xuan Wu

27、 Men was used for prisoner carriers. The prisoners who had been convicted a death penalty all past through this gate and carried to Cai Shi Kou, where use to carry out death sentences in ancient Beijing. The precisely organized purpose of each gate revealed that Beijing was well organized in ancient

28、 time and the city planning administrations worked in a high efficiency. It also showed that in ancient time, Chinese had many experiences about city managements. Outer CityBecause of the frequent invasions of Mongolian cavalries, In Ming Dynasty, Beijing was surrounded many times especially the sou

29、th environs, which were considered as emergent threatens for the safety and fame of empire. Houen Zhu, one of Ming empire accepted the advices from monitors and decided to enhance walls. The original plan was to build an array of wall around Inner City, which had a circumference of 28 kilometers. Wh

30、ile the finance and amount of workers were not abundant, the new wall was only built in the south part of Beijing. The shape of Outer City was like a rectangle and there were 7 gates in it. 3 south gates, from west to east: You An Men, Yong Ding Men, Zuo An Men.1 west gate: Guang An Men. 1 east gate

31、: Guang Qu Men. 1 northwest gate: Xi Bian Men.1 northeast gate: Dong Bian Men. TiananmenSome edifices experienced modification: Tiananmen, Wumen, Taihedian, Zhonghedian and Baohedian.In Ming Dynasty, Tiananmen was named as “Chengtianmen”, it reformed as “Tiananmen” in Qing Dynasaty and also became t

32、he front gate of the imperial city. , Changyuan Wu, Beijing Ancient Books Press, version of 1982, p41. It was reformed in 1651. After reform, it had 5 doorways and 9 roofs. It was 33.7 meters tall and the entire base was made of white marbles. Jinshui River floated in front of the Tiananmen. There w

33、ere 7 bridges that strides Jinshui River. The middle bridge was called “Yuluqiao”, only empires had privilege of walking on this bridge. , Changyuan Wu, Beijing Ancient Books Press, version of 1982, p41. Another bridges next to “Yuluqiao” were called “Wanggongqiao”, which were built for infants. The

34、 4 bridges that were next to “Wanggongqiao” were called “Pinjiqiao”, which were built for officials. Tiananmen was not only the front gate, but was also used in ceremonies of successions, in which the new empire was granted administration power on Tiananmen. Tiananmen was also used for the reception

35、s of jinshi. , Shude He, Beijing Yanshan Press, p65. KongmiaoKongmiao was used to fete Confucian. It located at Guozijian Street, next to Duozijian, which was similar to “university” nowadays. Kongmiao was built in 1306, Yuan Dynasty. It was ruined later. In 1411, Ming Dynasty, Kongmiao was rebuilt

36、and experienced many reforms later on. Several reforms increased the scale while still maintained the architecture style in Yuan Dynasty. Also, the important status of Kongmiao in each dynasty showed the respects of Confucian and the deep influence of Confucianism in China. , Shude He, Beijing Yansh

37、an Press, p67.The three imperial gardensTaiyechi was the general name of two lakes in Yuan Dynasty: Beihai and Zhonghai. Naihai was excavated in Ming Dynasty. Beihai Beihai located at the north of these three lakes and was the biggest one. Its area was about 700 thousand square meters. There was an

38、island in the middle of the lake, its was called Qiuhua Island. In 1651, the Guanghan Palace on Qionghua Island was demolished and a huge Vajrayana Buddhism architecture: the White Pagoda. “Wansuishan” was also changed into “Baitashan”. During the administration period of Qian Long, Beihai was const

39、ructed rapidly: Many attachment architectures were built, of which the main pattern was maintained till today. In 1885, Dowager Cixi used the fund of Navy construction to reform Beihai, Zhonghai and Nanhai. In 1900, the 8-Nation Alliance intruded Beihai and badly destroyed it. In 1902, Cixi reconstr

40、ucted Beihai by imitating the old pattern in Qian Long period. In 1925, Beihai was opened to citizens as a park. , Shude He, Beijing Yanshan Press, p70. ZhonghaiZhonghai located between Beihai and Nanhai. It had a long shape from north to south. The border between Zhonghai and Beihai was Jinaoyu Bri

41、dge and the border between Zhonghai and Nanhai was Wugong Bridge. People always say “Zhongnanhai”, which was the combination of Zhonghai and Nanhai. In 1900, the headquarter of 8-Nation Alliance was set in Zhonghai. After the 1911 revolution, Yuan Shikai stole the progeny of revolution and became em

42、pire of China. He set his government in Zhongnanhai. The publication of imperial garden happened after the disintegrated of Qing Dynasty. It marked the transforming of the Chinese society and showed how China had changed from an autarchy empire into a more democratic republic country. Tuan ChengTuan

43、cheng was at the south of Beihai. It was built in 1163 by using the mud that was dig from the lake. In Yuan Dynasty, “Yingzhouyuandian” was built on the island. In Ming Dynasty, a round courtyard was built, which was used as the royal garden. Yong He PalaceYonghe Palace was at the north of Beixin Br

44、idge. It was the biggest Buddhism building in Beijing City. Showed the affections of Buddhism and also revealed that China was a country that had strong ability of cultural assimilation. An Interesting Historical Story: the Wang Gong Factory Explosion EventLocation of Wang Gong FactoryUnfortunately,

45、 Wang Gong Factory in Ming Dynasty has not been preserved till today, even its name. Wang Gong Factory was also called Zhu Guo Factory. It was the biggest factory that produced gunpowder and weapons in Ming Dynasty. According to eunuch Ruoyu Liu, Wang Gong Factory was in the southeast part of Beijin

46、g. While “southeast part of Beijing” was a huge range, where its specific location was not mentioned at all. After Wang Gong Factory explosion, empire decided to move the factory to the North Road of Xizhimen. In order to conciliate citizens, who were badly frighten by the explosion, Wang Gong Facto

47、rys name was also changed to “An Min Chang”. In Qing Dynasty, on the original site of Wang Gong Chang, an administrative office was built. And there were two lanes name after Wang Gong Factory. They are Wanggongchang Lane and Houwanggongchang Lane, , volume 7, Changyuan Wu, Beijing Ancient Books Pub

48、lishing Press, version of 1982, p127. which were at the northeast of Xuanwumen. According to , p127, “Wang Gong Factory was located in the southeast of Xuan Wu Men”, fake. So that we infer that in Ming Dynasty, the origin Gong Wang Factory was located in this area. In Min Guo Period, the names of th

49、ese two lanes were changed into Guangcai Lane and Yongning Lane, which were presented till today. Process of this eventOn 30th of May, 1626, the gunpowder warehouse in Wang Gong Chang was exploded. That was a sunny day, about mid-noon, there was a “blare like roar”. Then the ground started to shake

50、acutely and the sky was dark like night. From Shunchengmen (Xuanwumen) to Xingbu Street, about 3 or 4 kilometers in a square, all buildings were destroyed, especially the area around Wang Gong Factory. According to the statistics from Ming government, 19 thousand houses were destroyed and 537 people

51、 were killed in the exploding. , (Qing) Haipeng Zhang, version of 1802. Obviously the amount of dead people was cut down in order to conciliate the frightened citizens. According to “Ming Ji Bei Lue”, which was a history record of Ming Dynasty, Ming government reduced 20 thousand dead in the statist

52、ic declaring. What was more, according to “Xian Ba Zhi Shi”, the amount of dead was estimated between 10 and 100 thousand. There were confusing phenomena that could hardly be explained by science. The phenomena was more than 20 trees were pulled out because of the explosion. After examining the debr

53、is of houses, people found out that tiles were paved under soil and broken plants. , Ruoyu Liu, Beijing Ancient Books Publishing Press, version of 1980, p56-57. Alone Chang An Street, after the explosion, human heads dropped from the sky, some were brow others were noses what was more, a huge tree f

54、lied to Mi Yun County. Possible reasons of this event This explanation referenced from the meeting of Chinese history seismology studying in Fan Zhi, Shan Xi Province, 1988 June. No one had ever doubted that this event happened 360 years ago. There were many explanations for this event. Explanations

55、 were in such sorts: 1, an artificial event cased by spies; 2, the gunpowder warehouse in Wang Gong Factory exploded by accident; 3, volcano eruption; 4, underground exploding; 5, meteorites hit the gunpowder warehouse in Wang Gong factory; 6, the exploding of undetected objects; 7, caused by UFO; 8

56、, earthquake. While these hypothesis could not make sense because of the lack of evidence. According to the writer of Jing Shi Ji, the reason of this event was the earthquake caused the tornado and the exploding of gunpowder warehouse in Wang Gong Factory. These two factors caused the great damage in Beijing, also disguised the fact of earthquake. There are series of evidences to support his viewpoint. There are several portents of earthquake. First was the abnormality of climate. On 1st of May, there were red balls rolled out from Huo Shen Temple at Houzaimen. , Weiye Wu, v