托达罗发展经济学第十章10

1、Copyright 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.Chapter 10第十章第十章The Environment and Development环境与发展Copyright 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.10-2Economics and the Environment经济学与环境经济学与环境nEnvironmental issues affect, and are affected by, economic developmentn环境问题影响经济发展并被经

2、济发展所影响nPoverty and ignorance may lead to non-sustainable use of environmental resourcesn贫穷和愚昧将会导致环境资源的非可持续利用Copyright 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.10-3Environment and Development: The Basic Issues环境与发展的基本问题环境与发展的基本问题nSustainable development and environmental accountingn可持续发展与环境成本

3、计算Copyright 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.10-4Environment and Development: The Basic Issues环境与发展的基本问题环境与发展的基本问题nmDDGNINNI*Sustainable net national product is:可持续的国民总收入，即：Where式中：NNI*：可持续的国民总收入sustainable national income GNI： 国民总收入Gross national incomeDm ： 资本性制造品资产的折旧 the depreciat

4、ion of manufactured capital assets Dn ： 环境资本的折旧 the depreciation of environmental capitalCopyright 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.10-5Environment and Development: The Basic Issues环境与发展的基本问题环境与发展的基本问题ARDDGNINNInm*Alternatively, sustainable net national product is:或者，可持续的国民总收入可表示为：Wh

5、ere式中：NNI*, GNI, Dm, 和 Dn 含义与前式一样are as before needed to restore environmental capital R：恢复环境资本所需的支出 required to avert destruction of environmental capital A：防止环境资本受污染和破坏所需的支出 Copyright 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.10-6Environment and Development: The Basic Issues环境与发展的基本问题环境与发展的

6、基本问题nSustainable development and environmental accountingn可持续发展与环境成本计算nPopulation, resources, and the environmentn人口、资源与环境nPoverty and the environmentn贫穷与环境nGrowth versus the environmentn经济增长与环境nRural development and the environmentn农村发展与环境Copyright 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.1

7、0-7Environment and Development: The Basic Issues (contd)环境与发展的基本问题（续）环境与发展的基本问题（续）nUrban development and the environmentn城市发展与环境nThe global environmentn全球环境Copyright 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.10-8The Scope of Environmental Degradation: A Brief Statistical Review环境恶化的总体格局环境恶化的总

8、体格局nEnvironmental problems have consequences both for health and productivityn环境破坏对健康和生产率的主要影响Copyright 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.10-9Table 10.1环境破坏对健康和生产率的主要影响表10-1环境破坏对健康的影响对生产率的影响水污染与水资源匮乏空气污染固体废物与有害废弃物每年由于水污染造成超过200万人死亡，数十亿人患上疾病；由于水资源匮乏，家庭卫生条件恶劣，健康风险增加渔业产出减少；农村家庭需花费更多时间，城市

9、家庭需花费更多成本来获取安全的水资源；地下蓄水层出现无法逆转的压缩；经济活动受限通过腐败的垃圾和淤水传播的疾病；有害废弃物造成的风险虽然是局部的，但往往也是比较严重的地下水资源受污染很多急、慢性健康问题：城市空气粉尘污染导致30-70万的人夭折，还有近一半儿童慢性咳嗽病是由空气污染造成的；贫困地区有4-7亿人，主要是妇女和儿童，遭受了室内烟尘的污染在空气质量极其糟糕的时候，限制车辆出行和工业活动；森林和水体受到酸雨的污染Copyright 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.10-10Table 10.1 (contd)表10-1环

10、境破坏对健康和生产率的主要影响环境破坏对健康的影响对生产率的影响主要退化森林砍伐破坏生物多样性大气变化耕种贫瘠土地的贫困农民营养减少；更易受干旱的影响局部性洪水，导致死亡和疾病有可能失去新的药材媒介传播疾病可能变化；气候自然灾害的风险；由于臭氧损害带来的疾病（每年全球范围内大约新增30万的皮肤癌病症，170万的白内障病例）海潮损失导致海岸建设投资；农业生产发生地区变化；海洋产品链断裂减少生态环境的可适应性，基因 资源遗失失去可持续采伐的潜力，失去森林的防蚀化能力、分水作用和碳吸存能力土地产出减少占国民生产总值的0.5%-1.5%；河流湖泊淤积的通疏、水运渠道的建设和其他形式的水利投资Copyr

11、ight 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.10-11Rural Development and the Environment: A Tale of Two Villages农村发展与环境：两个村庄的故事农村发展与环境：两个村庄的故事nRepresentative African villagen以非洲村庄为代表nRepresentative South American villagen以南美洲村庄为代表Copyright 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.10-

12、12Traditional Economic Models of the Environment关于环境的传统经济模型关于环境的传统经济模型nPrivately owned resourcesn私人物品框架下的环境资源Copyright 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.10-13Figure 10.1图10-1资源配置的静态效率边隙收益和边际成本单位资源Copyright 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.10-14Figure 10.2图10-2各期最优资源配置价

13、格数量Copyright 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.10-15Traditional Economic Models of the Environment关于环境的传统经济模型关于环境的传统经济模型nPrivately owned resourcesn私人物品下的环境资源nCommon property resourcesn公共物品下的环境资源Copyright 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.10-16Figure 10.3图10-3公共物品框架下的环境资

14、源及配置劳动收益劳动力数量Copyright 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.10-17Traditional Economic Models of the Environment关于环境的传统经济模型关于环境的传统经济模型nPrivately owned resourcesn私人物品下的环境资源nCommon property resourcesn公共物品下的环境资源nPublic goods and bads: regional environmental degradation and the free-rider pro

15、blemn公共“好”物品与“坏”物品：地区环境恶化与搭便车问题nLimitations of the public goods frameworkn对公共物品理论的批评Copyright 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.10-18Figure 10.4图10-4公共物品、私人物品和搭便车问题价格数量数量价格公共物品（垂直相加）私人物品（水平相加）Copyright 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.10-19Urban Development and the Env

16、ironment城市发展与环境城市发展与环境nThe ecology of urban slumsn城市贫民区的生态环境nIndustrialization and urban air pollutionn工业化与城市空气污染Copyright 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.10-20Figure 10.5图图10.5污染外部性：私人成本和社会成本及税收影响X产品数量价格Copyright 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.10-21Figure 10.6污染外部

17、性随经济增长增强图10-6价格X产品数量Copyright 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.10-22Urban Development and the Environment城市发展与环境城市发展与环境nThe ecology of urban slumsn城市贫民区的生态环境nIndustrialization and urban air pollutionn工业化与城市空气污染nProblems of congestion and the availability of clean water and sanitation

18、n城市拥挤问题与洁净水源Copyright 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.10-23The Need for Policy Reform政策改革的必要性政策改革的必要性nThe recognition that action to reduce environmental hazards has been insufficient is now widespreadnHowever, budgets are limitednBetter pricing policies would improve mattersnInclus

19、ion of women in the design of environmental policy is importantCopyright 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.10-24The Global Environment: Rain Forest Destruction and Greenhouse Gases全球环境：雨林破坏与温室气体全球环境：雨林破坏与温室气体nMany scientists are alarmed by recent evidence regarding ozone depletion and

20、 global warmingn对最近证明臭氧消耗与全球变暖有关，许多科学家感到担忧nEconomists also are concerned with the costs of global climate changen经济学家们还关心的是全球气候变化的成本nThe solutions seem to involve both LDCs and industrialized countriesn解决方案似乎涉及不发达国家和工业化国家Copyright 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.10-25Policy Options

21、in Developing and Developed Countries发展中国家和发达国家的政策选择发展中国家和发达国家的政策选择nWhat LDCs can don发达国家能做些什么 合理的资源定价Proper resource pricing 动员全社会的参与Community involvement 明晰产权和资源所有权Clearer property rights and resource ownership 给穷人更多更好的经济选择Improved economic alternatives for the poor 提高妇女的经济地位Improved economic stat

22、us of women 减少工业污染Industrial emissions abatement policiesCopyright 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.10-26Policy Options in Developing and Developed Countries (contd)发展中国家和发达国家的政策选择（续）发展中国家和发达国家的政策选择（续）nHow developed countries can help LDCsn发达国家如何帮助发展中国家 贸易政策Trade policies 债务减免和以债务换环境

23、Debt relief and debt for nature swaps 发展援助Development assistancenWhat developed countries can don发达国家可以为全球环境做些什么 减少有害污染物的排放Emissions controls 开发适用的污染控制技术R&D 进口限制Import restrictionsCopyright 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.10-27Table 10.2Copyright 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.10-28Concepts for Review概念复习概念复习nAbsorptive capacityn吸收能力nBiomass