研究生机械工程专业英语考试必背单词

1、单词Lesson 1Gear 齿轮 , 传动装置 Bearing 轴承 Cams 凸轮Cams and followers 凸轮和从动件 Couple 力偶 mechanics 力学 statics 静力学，静止状态 dynamics 动力学，原动力，动力特性 constraint forces 约束力 applied forces 作用力Electric , magnetic, and gravitational forces 电 ,磁, 重力 mating surface 啮合外表 , 配合外表 , 接触面 meshing 啮合，咬合，钩住 meshing teeth 啮合齿 journa

2、l bearing 滑动轴承，向心滑动轴承 metal-to-metal contact 金属 - 金属接触 Overheating 过热 failure 失效 flaking 薄片，外表剥落，压碎 Spall 削，割，剥落，脱皮 noise 噪音 rough motion 运动不精确 inertia 惯性 particle 质点 rigid body 刚体 deformable 可变形的，应变的 deformable Body 变形体Scalar 数量的，标量的 Vectors 矢量 Density 密度 Mass 质量 Displacement 位移 Velocity 速度 Acceler

3、ation 加速度 Moment 力矩，弯矩 Momentum 动量，冲量Lesson 2Compressive 压缩的，有压力的 Turning 车削 Rectilinear 直线的 micrometer 千分尺又称螺旋测微器 Power hacksaws 弓锯床 Shaper 牛头刨床 Thread 螺纹Work ：功 muscular action 肌肉动作 mechanical motion 机械运动 stretch an object 拉伸对象 tensile force ：拉力 in tension ：受拉 compressive force ：压力 torsional force

4、 ：扭力 torque :扭矩 shearing force ：剪切力 twist an object 扭曲对象 Slide 滑，脱落 Slip 滑动，滑移 in compression 受压 turning of a part 对一个零件进行车削加工 wedging action: 楔入作用 chip :切屑 centers of the lathe 车床的顶尖 lathe dog 车床夹头 centrifugal force :离心力 grinding wheel :磨削砂轮 bonding agent :粘合剂 abrasive particle :磨料颗粒 centrifuge-typ

5、e machines 离心式机械 Centrifuge 离心机，离心作用 Centrifugal force principles 离心力原理 centripetal force :向心力 rotary motion: 回转运动 rectilinear motion :直线运动 hand tool 手工工具 power tool 动力工具feed :进给 shapi ng：采用牛头刨床shaper进行刨削加工 power saw :弓锯床，弓式锯床 the screw of a micrometer 意为 “千分尺中的螺 杆harmonic and intermittent motion :谐

6、和运动和 间歇运动 simple harmonic motion ：简谐运动 return stroke ：快速回程shaper ram :刨床滑枕Pulley 滑轮 Screw 螺丝钉 Belt 带 Link 链Lesson 3Interactive 互相作用的Iterative 重复的 , 反复的 , 迭代的 Pinpoint 精确地定位或确认 Equilibrium 平衡，均衡 Tractable 易于处理或操作的 Order of magnitude 数量级Ideally 理想的情况下 so as to 为了 with any precision 很少精确 idealize 理想化 i

7、dealization 理想化 strength of materials 材料力学 Dynamics 动力学 Approximations 近似值 be inherent in 为、所固有，是、的固有 性质Render 提出，给予，描绘 degrading the result 使结果降级 pertinent 有关 prohibitive 令人望而却步Influx 流入，注入，涌进，聚集Lesson 5Sprocket 链轮 snap ring 卡环 Universal joints 万向联轴器Self-aligning bearing 调心轴承，球面轴承 , 自 位轴承Dry ice 干冰

8、Shot-peening 喷丸硬化处理 Pin 销Key 键 Spline 花键Couplings 联轴器nondriving wheel 非驱动轮 idler gear 空转齿轮，换向齿轮 be subjected to 承受 Fluctuate 变动，波动，起伏 alternating bending stress 交变弯曲应力 deflections 挠度 lateral shaft deflection 横向轴的挠度 angular deflection 角偏转 non-self- aligning bearings 非自调心轴承 Torsional deflection 扭转变形 c

9、ritical speed 临界速度 Attachment of the hub 毂的附件 Keyway 键槽 Axial 轴向 Circumferential 圆周方向 Positioning 定位 Retaining 固定 retaining ring 定位环 hub-to-shaft attachments 轮毂与轴之间的连接 interference fit 过盈配合 hub bore 毂孔 bending moment 弯矩 cold-rolling 冷轧 relative slope 相对倾斜 Journal 轴颈 plain bearing 滑动轴承Lesson 6Clutch

10、离合器 Brake 制动器 Friction 摩擦 Chain 链，链条 Timing belt 同步带 Belt drive 带传动 coefficient of friction 摩擦系数 rayon 人造纤维 timing belt 同步带 V-belt drive V 带传动 Foregoing 在前的，前述的 fatigue life 疲劳寿命 power transmitted 电力传输 rotatable shaft 可以转动的轴，从动轴 rotating shaft 转动轴，主动轴 input shaft 输入轴output shaft 输出轴 unloaded state 空

11、载状态 Rotor 转子 rotational inertia 转动惯量 torque capacity 扭矩容量 kinetic and potential energy 动能和势能 provision 规定 thermal capacity 热容量 thermal stress 热应力 thermal distortion 热变形 rubbing velocity 摩擦速度 Lining 内衬，衬套 empirical value 经验值 Chain drives 链传动 gear drives 齿轮传动 speed ratio 速比 shaft separation distance 轴

12、间隔距离 arbitrary center distance 任意的中心距 positive (no slip) drive 强制 (无滑动 ) 传动 synchronized motion 同步运动 conveyor systems, farm machinery, textile machinery 传送带系统，农用机械，纺织机械 chain loop 链环40-kW power ratings ： 40 千瓦的额定功率Lesson 9Ceramic bearing 陶瓷轴承 Silicon 硅Titanium 钛 Adherence 粘附，附着 gas turbine engines 燃

13、气涡轮发动机 liquid lubricant 液体润滑剂 Exploit 利用，发挥，使用 Tribological 摩擦学的 ceramic rolling bearing 陶瓷滚动轴承 thermo-mechanical 热机械 Tool steel 工具钢 Aeroengine 航空发动机 practical temperature limit 实际的温度上限 virtual exclusion 虚拟排斥 hot pressed 热压 hot isostatically pressed 热等静压的 silicon nitride Si3N4 rolling contact fatigu

14、e 滚动接触疲劳 low fracture toughness 低的断裂韧性 coefficient of thermal expansion 热膨胀系数 thermal conductivity 导热系数 thermal diffusivity 热扩散系数，温度扩散率 oxidation resistance 抗氧化性 Hertzian contact stresses 赫兹接触应力 Solid lubricant 固体润滑剂 synthetic lubricant 合成润滑剂 unconventional lubricant 非常规润滑剂 boundary lubrication 边界润滑

15、 wear resistance 耐磨性 tribo-chemical film 摩擦化学膜 Shear 剪切，切断 heat stable 热稳定Imperative 命令，绝对必要的，必不可少的Lesson 14Melting point 熔点 Specific heat 比热 Specific gravity 比重 Shrink fit 冷缩配合，收缩配合 thermal conductivity 热导率，导热率 thermal expansion 热膨胀 corrosion resistance 耐蚀性 reduce inertial force 减小惯性力 Substitution

16、替换 recrystallization temperature 再结晶温度 Annealing 退火 heat treating 热处理 hot working 热加工 minor 微小的 surface roughness 外表粗糙度 Metallurgical 冶金学的 Titanium 钛 thermal gradient 热梯度 relative expansion 相对膨胀 glass-to-metal seals 玻璃 - 金属密封件 Shrink fit 冷缩配合，收缩配合 Deterioration 恶化，变质，退化 Degradation 降解，老化，退化 petroleu

17、m 石油 elevated temperature 高温 Alkalis 碱 oxygen, moisture, pollution, and acid rain 氧气，湿气，污染和酸雨Nonferrous metals, stainless steels, and nonmetallic materials, 有色金属，不锈钢，和非 金属材料 cast iron 铸铁 chromium 铬 protective film 保护膜Lesson 28Basic size 根本尺寸 Deviation 偏差 Interchangeable 互换性 Interchangeability 互换性Uni

18、lateral, bilateral, and limit forms. 单边的， 双边 的和极限形式 plus-or-minus 加或减 theoretical dimension 理论尺寸 basic dimension 根本尺寸Terminology 术语 definition 定义 Tolerance 公差 Clearance fit 间隙配合 Interference fit 过盈配合 Transition fit 过度配合 Selective assembly 选择装配 by trial and error 用试凑法 basic hole system 基孔制 basic shaf

19、t system 基轴制 International tolerance (IT) grade 公差等级 Tolerance symbols 公差符号 tolerance zone 公差带 uppercase letter 大写字母 lowercase letter 小写字母 surface texture 外表纹理 surface finish 外表光洁度 roughness, waviness, lay and flaws. 粗糙度，波纹 度，加工纹理方向和缺陷 irregularities in the surface 外表不平度 Cutoff 中止，截止 Superimpose 重叠，

20、叠加Waviness 波度 Interval 间隔 cracks, blow holes, checks, scratches 裂纹， 气孔， 检查，划痕Lesson 43Burr 毛刺 Saw 锯 Hacksaw 弓锯 Plasma 等离子体Sophistication 复杂化，完善，采用先进技术 Simplicity 简单Sophisticated 复杂的 durable 耐用的，耐久的 alloy steel 合金钢 carbide 碳化物 diamond 金刚石 Harnessed 驾驭，治理 tough 强硬 Deburr 去毛刺，去飞翅 Welding 焊接 Impose 利用，施

21、加影响 nontraditional manufacturing processes非传统制 造工艺drilling 钻孔 sawing 锯切 broaching 拉床 electric motors 电动马达 Hydraulics 液压 gravity 重力 electric arcs 电弧 Harness 利用 electrochemical 电化学 plasmas等离子体 jets of liquids and abrasives 液体和磨料射流 magnetic field 磁场Explosive 爆炸 electric spark 电火花 high-frequency sound w

22、aves 高频声波 beams of electron 电子束Reject 排斥，抵抗 in-process breakage 过程中的破损Aforementioned 上述的，前面提到的 reliability 可靠性 vision systems, laser gages 视觉系统，激光测量 Metallurgical 冶金Implementation 履行Lesson 62Conceive 构思Tedious 单调乏味的 Optimum 最正确效果 Information Age 信息时代 Metalworking 金属加工 come full circle 回到原地，绕了一圈 inte

23、rchangeability 互换性 specialized functions 特殊功能 integrated manufacturing system 集成制造系统 diversify 多样化Reflex 反射，映像，回复 flexibility 灵活性 integration 集成 Superquality 高质量 Superproductivity 高生产率 Conflicting 不一致的，冲突的 getting the most out 如何充分利用 quality assurance 质量保证 materials handling 材料处理 Schedule 时间表，进度表，方案

24、表 shop floor 车间 distributed intelligence 分布式智能 microprocessors controlled machines 微处理器控 制的机器Instantaneously 瞬间，即时 tighter 更紧 producible 可生产 Instantaneous 瞬间 work-in-process 在制零件 tedious 乏味 not to mention 更何况 Lure 吸引，诱惑con tracted out.承包出去，订合同把工作包出去Lesson 64Simulator 模拟装置 , 仿真装置Terrain 地区 , 地带Planar

25、 平面的marketable 销售closed-loop process 闭环过程Factory automation 工厂自动化 central data base中央数据库computer-aided design computer-aided manufacturing computer-aided product design 计算机辅助产品 设计computer-aided analysis 计算机辅助分析 computer-aided drafting, 计算机辅助绘图 design sensitivity analysis 设计敏感性分析 Optimization 最正确化，优化

26、 model simulator 模型模拟器 substitute 替代 laboratory or field test 实验室或现场测试 manufacturability 生产能力 on-line control 在线控制 simulate 模拟 Prototype 原型 repetitive 重复 electrical and electronic circuits 电气和电子电路 algorithm 算法 finite-element 有限元 computational technique 计算技术 multi- body mechanical system 多体机械系统 formu

27、lating the equation 制定公式 numerical method 数值方法 special-purpose program 专用程序 general- purpose program 通用程序 rigidly structure 刚性结构flexibility 灵活性planar motion 平面运动 four-bar linkage 四连杆机构 spatial motion 空间运动 rough terrain 崎岖的地形Connectivity 连通性，连接性force element 力单元 governing equation 控制方程 coordinate 协调

28、nonlinearity 非线性Lesson 71Industrial robot 工业机器人 Printed circuit boards 印刷电路板Shutdown 停工，关闭robot installation 机器人安装single- purpose machines 单一用途的机器 International Organization for Standardizationshutdown system 停车系统翻译(ISO) 国际标准化组织( ISO) reprogrammable 可重复编程 multipurpose manipulator 多功能机械手 Robot Instit

29、ute of America(RIA) 美国机器人协会 (RIA)Japan Industrial Robot Association(JIRA) 日本工 业机器人协会( JIRA )British Robot Association (BRA) 英国机器人协会 (BRA)reprogrammable multifunctional manipulator 可重 新编程的多功能机械手 multifunctional 多功能 multifunctional 多功能 end-effector 末端执行器 articulated arm 关节臂 articulated 关节式的，铰链的U. S. A

30、tomic Energy Commission 美国原子能委 员会Unsophisticated 不复杂的 materials handling machine 材料搬运机 General Motors Corporation 通用汽车公司 die casting machine 压铸机 marked off 关闭标记 precaution 预防措施 die casting 压力铸造，压铸 Gripper 手爪 degrees of freedom (DOF) 自由度( DOF ) Unimation 万能自动化公司 jointed-spherical robot 关节式球面机器人 weldi

31、ng, painting 焊装，涂装 inspection 检查 fully automated production line 全自动生产线 vehicle chassis 汽车底盘 conveyor 输送带 Assemble 组装 a sequence of 一序列的Mass-produced printed circuit boards (PCBs)大 规模生产的印刷电路板( PCB) pick-and-place robot 拾取和放置机器人 surpassing 超越 reliability 可靠性inflation of wages 通货膨胀的工资 imperative 势在必行，

32、必要的 Parting 别离的，离别的 robot cells 机器人单元dangerzone危 险 区Setting 位置，安装，环境Lesson2Considerable attention is given to the action of centrifugal force in grinding wheels. That is, the bonding agent that holds the abrasive particles on the wheel must be stronger than the forces which tend to make the revolvin

33、g wheel fly apart at high speeds. For this reason, the speed of a grinding wheel should not exceed the safe surface speed limit specified by the manufacturer. Centrifugal force increases with speed.对磨削用的砂轮来讲离心力的影响要特别给以关注。 即把磨料颗粒粘合在砂轮上的粘合剂它的粘合力必须大 于使高速旋转的砂轮分崩离析的离心力。 因此， 砂轮的转速不能超过制造商给定的平安外表速度限制。 离心力随

34、转速的增加而增大。The principles of centrifugal force are used in the design of centrifuge-type machines. Some centrifuges are used to separate chemicals; others are used to remove impurities in metals by centrifugal casting processes. Centrifugal force principles are also used in common appliances such as c

35、lothes dryers and in devices to control motor speeds and accelerate moving machines.离心力的这种原理用在离心型机器的设计中。 一些离心别离机用于别离化学制品； 还有的通过离心铸造工艺 别离金属中的杂质。离心力作用也有普通的应用如干衣机、控制发动机转速的装置以及用于加速运动的机器。Centripetal force causes an object to travel in circular path. This action is caused by the continuous application of

36、forces which tend to pull the object to the center. In other words, the inward force which resists the centrifugal force is called the centripetal force. The centripetal force of objects spinning at a constant rate produces an acceleration toward the center which is equal and opposite to the centrif

37、ugal force.向心力使物体沿着圆形轨道运动。 这种现象的产生是由于将物体拉 轨道中心的力的持续作用。 换句话说， 这种抵抗离心力的向内的力就叫向心力。 以固定速率作旋转运动的物体的向心力产生一个向心的加速度， 这个向 心力与离心力大小相等，方向相反。Lesson3Primarily, we will be discussing things which are in “ equilibrium, i.e.,not accelerating. However, if we look closely enough, everything is accelerating. We will c

38、onsider many structural members to be “ weightless butthey never are. We will deal with forces that act at a“ point but all forces act over an area. We will cobnesider some“ rigid but all bodies will deform under load.首先，我们讨论的是处于“平衡状态即没有加速的物体。然而任何东西都在加速，如果我们观察足够仔细 的话。我们认为很多结构件是“没有重量的但它们从来不是这样；我们认为力的

39、作用在一个“点上， 但所有力都作用在一个区域上；我们认为有些零件是“刚体的但所有物体在负载下都会变形。We will make many assumptions that clearly are false. But these assumptions should always render the problem easier, more tractable. You will discover that the goal is to make as many simplifying assumptions as possible without seriously degrading t

40、he result.我们都会作一些明显是错误的假设。 但这些假设常可能使问题简化， 更容易驾驭。你会发现目标是只要不使 结果严重降级歪曲，就尽可能多的做出简化的假设。Generally there is no clear method to determine how completely, or how precisely, to treat a problem: If our analysis is too simple, we may not get a pertinent answer; if our analysis is too detailed, we may not be ab

41、le to obtain any answer. It is usually preferable to start with a relatively simple analysis and then add more detail as required to obtain a practical solution.通常没有明确的方法去确定怎么完整全面或精确的去处理问题：如果我们的分析太简单， 我们可能 不会得到一个中肯的答案；如果我们的分析太详细， 我们也许得不到任何答案。通常更好的是从相对简单的 分析开始，添加一些需要的细节以获得实用解。During the past two deca

42、des, there has been a tremendous growth in the availability of computerized methods for solving problems that previously were beyond solution because the time required to solve them would have been prohibitive. At the same time the cost of computer capability and use has decreased by orders of magni

43、tude.5 We areexperiencing an influx of personal computers on campus, in the home, and in business.在过去 20 年间，用以解决问题的计算机方法可用性得到了巨大的提升，过去不能解决是因为解决问题所需 要的时间受到限制。同时计算机的性能本钱和使用本钱有成数量级的降低。我们在校园里、在家中，在商务场所 都正在经历着一个“个人计算机的浪潮。Lesson51. Keep shafts as short as possible, with bearings close to the applied loads

44、. This reduces deflections and bending moments, and increase critical speeds.2. Place necessary stress raisers away from highly stressed shaft regions if possible.9 Consider local surface strengthening processes as shot-peening or cold-rolling. 103. Use inexpensive steels for deflection-critical sha

45、fts, as all steels have essentially the same modulus.4. When weight is critical , consider hollow shafts.1. 保持轴尽可能短，与轴承接近施加的载荷。这减少了变形和弯曲力矩，并增大临界速度。2. 尽可能使必要的应力集中源远离轴上承受较高应力的区域。考虑采用局部外表强化工艺诸如喷丸强化和常温 滚压3. 使用廉价的钢材用于偏转临界轴，因为所有的钢具有根本相同的弹性模量。 4，当重量是至关重要时，考虑空心轴。Lesson9The importance of requiring a lubricat

46、ing film cannot be over emphasized, even when using ceramic materials.7Unlubricated silicon nitride or silicon carbide do not inherently have low friction, nor good wear resistance. These properties can be obtained with the aid of solid lubricants which are compatible with the materials.Silicon nitr

47、ide, lubricated for example with graphite containing high temperature additive, can form a tribo-chemical film which reduces the coefficient of friction and, as a consequence, minimizes heat generation. The reduction in friction depends on the easier shearing of the film compared with the base mater

48、ial.For bearing operation at ultra-high temperatures above 550 C solid lubricants which are more heat stable than graphite are being considered. It is imperative that the development of a complex tribological system such as a high temperature solid lubricated, ceramic bearing is conducted with full

49、understanding of the individual tribological relationship of the various components.润滑膜的重要性怎么强调都不过分， 即使采用陶瓷材料时也是这样。 无润滑的氮化硅或碳化硅不固有低的摩 擦，也没有良好的耐磨性。 这些性质可在固体润滑剂的帮助获得， 这些性质与材料相兼容。 以氮化硅的润滑为例， 用含有高温添加剂的石墨，可形成摩擦化学膜从而降低摩擦系数，结果，减少热量的产生。摩擦的减少取决于膜 与基材相比谁更容易被切落。对于工作在超高温高于 550 C下的轴承来说比石墨有更好的热稳定性的固体润滑剂正在被考虑。一个复

50、杂的摩擦系统的开展是很有必要的， 如高温固体润滑剂。 陶瓷轴承被引入以充分理解各组成部件间的单独摩擦关 系。Lesson14Resistance to corrosion depends on the composition of the material and on the particular environment. Corrosive media may be chemicals acids, alkalis?lk ?lis , and salts, the environment oxygen, moisture, pollution, and acid rain, and wat

51、er fresh or salt water.5 Nonferrous metals, stainless steels, and nonmetallic materials, generally have high corrosion resistance. Steels and cast irons usually have poor resistance and must be protected by various coatings and surface treatments.抗腐蚀性取决于材料的成分和特定的环境。腐蚀媒介可以是化学品酸、碱和盐，环境氧、潮湿、污染 和酸雨和水清水或

52、盐水。有色金属、不锈钢和非金属材料通常有高抗腐蚀性。钢和铸铁通常抗腐蚀性差， 必须有各种涂层和外表处理保护。The usefulness of some level of oxidation ?ksidei?n is exhibited in the corrosion resistance of aluminum, titanium, and stainless steel. Aluminum develops a thin a few atomic layers, strong, and adherent hard-oxide film Al2O3 that better protects

53、 the surface from further environmental corrosion.Titanium develops a film of titanium taiteinj ?m oxide TiO2. A similar phenomenon occurs in stainless steels, which because of the chromium present in the alloy develop a protective film on their surfaces. When the protective film is scratched and ex

54、poses the metal underneath, a new oxide film begins to form.某些等级的氧化物的有用性表现在铝、钛和不锈钢的抗腐蚀性上。铝产生一层薄的一些原子层、牢固的 附着氧化膜 AL2O3 以保护外表不进一步的腐蚀。 钛产生一层氧化钛 TiO2 膜。不锈钢也有相似的现象， 因 为合金中有烙外表产生一层保护膜，当保护膜擦损并露出金属里层时，一层新的氧化膜又开始形成了。Lesson28Roughness: the finest of the irregularities in the surface caused by the manufacturin

55、g process used to smooth the surface. Roughness height is measured in micrometers 卩 m or microinches 卩 in .Waviness: a widely spaced variation that exceeds the roughness width cutoff measured in inches or millimeters; roughness may be regarded as a surface variation superimposed on a wavy surface.La

56、y: the direction of the surface pattern caused by the production method used.Flaws: defects occurring infrequently or at widely varying intervals on a surface, including cracks, blow holes, checks, scratches, and the like; the effect of flaws is usually omitted in roughness height measurements.粗糙度：

57、由用来使工件外表光滑的加工工艺所造成的最细微的外表不平度。外表粗糙度的高度采用微米或微英寸作为测量的单位。波度： 是超过粗糙度界限的大间隔偏差， 采用英寸或毫米测量。 可将粗糙度看做叠加在波度外表上的外表不 平度。加工纹理方向：由所采用的加工方法所产生的外表刀痕图案的方向。 缺陷：不经常出现或者在很大区间内才会出现的外表瑕疵，包括裂纹、气孔、微细裂纹、划痕等。缺陷的影响通常在粗糙度的高度测量中被忽略。Lesson 62People are enabled to do their jobs better. By eliminating tedious calculations and paper

58、work- not to mention time wasted searching for information-the computer not only allows workers to be more productive but also frees them to do what only human beings can do: think creatively.Computer integration may also lure new people into manufacturing. People are attracted because they want to work in a modern, technologically sophisticated environment.In manufacturing engineering, CAD/CAM decreases tool design, NC-programming, and planning times while speeding the response rate, which will eventually permit in-hous