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1、动词不定式用法一、动词不定式的基本形式是“不定式符号to+动词原形”,有时可以不带to。动词不定式没有人称和数的变化。在句中不能单独作谓语,但仍保留动词的特性,可以有自己的宾语、状语等。动词不定式同它的宾语和状语一起构成不定式短语。例如:to sell flowers in the street 在街上卖花 to speak in the classroom 在教室里讲话不定式省to有四种情况:1、使役动词let, make, have等后接不定式。例如:Let him go! The boss made the child labors work the whole night.2、woul
2、d rather, had better后。例如:You had better stay at home.3、Why/Why not后。例如:Why not have a good rest on Sunday?4、感官动词see, watch, look at, hear, listen to, smell, feel, find,notice 等后作宾语补足语,省to。例如:I saw him dance.注意:这些情况在被动语态中,不可省to.例如:The child labors were made to work the whole night. 二、动词不定式具有名词、形容词和副词
3、的特征,可以作句子的主语、表语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语和状语。1、用作主语直接把动词不定式置于句首的情况不多,多数情况用it作形式主语,把真正的主语动词不定式置于句末,特别是不定式短语较长时。动词不定式作主语,谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。带疑问词的不定式短语作主语常置于句首。例如:The head teacher said it was necessary to talk with his mother. How to make requests politely is important.2、用作表语动词不定式作表语,常用在be动词及seem, appear, happen等词之后,构成系表
4、结构。说明主语的内容、性质、特征。例如:The best way to improve your English is to join an English club. She seem to be well-known. 3、用作宾语1. 用作宾语的动词不定式,常用在动词ask, choose, agree,expect, hope, decide, learn,prefer, know,wish, want, would like / love等及物动词之后,构成动宾短语。例如:We decided to talk to some students about why they go th
5、ere. He prefers to eat white bread and rice. Id love to visit Mexico.2.动词feel, find, make, think, believe等,在语法上不能接受不定式作宾语,只有用it作形式宾语,从而把动词不定式后置。句子结构是:主语feel / find / make / . it+adj. / n.+to do.。例如:I find it difficult to remember everything. 3.既可接动词不定式又可接v-ing形式作宾语,意思差别不大的动词有begin, start, like, love
6、等。一般说来,动词不定式表一次、数次的具体动作的全过程,v-ing形式表习惯性的连续动作。但这种区别并不很严格,特别是美式英语,即使是习惯性的动作也可以用动词不定式。例如:Then I started to watch English-language TV. Im beginning to understand my Chinese roots, and who I am. (begin用了进行时态,后面只接不定式作宾语,表示事情刚开始,还要继续下去。)4.后接动词不定式或v-ing形式作宾语,意思差别较大的动词有forget, remember等。后接不定式作宾语,表动作尚未发生;后接v-
7、ing形式作宾语,表动作已经发生。stop to do停下来做另外一件事,to do是目的状语;stop doing停止做、不做当前这件事,doing是宾语。try to do尽力做,try doing试试看;go on to do接着做另外的事,go on doing继续做原来的事。例如:When I left home, I had forgotten to bring it with me. I stopped using them last year. 5后只接v-ing作宾语的一些常用特殊动词:give up, enjoy, practise, finish, mind等。例如:Wo
8、uld you mind opening the window?4、用作定语用作定语的动词不定式一般都位于被修饰的名词之后。例如:I have so much homework to do today. I cant think of any good advice to give her. 通常chance, place, time, way等名词后接不定式作定语。另外在the first, the second, the last, the only等词后,也常用不定式作定语。例如:He needs time to do homework. You want to know the bes
9、t way to get around the city.5、用作补语1.常见动词不定式作宾语补足语的动词主要有:要求允许提议警告(ask, allow, permit, advise,warn),期望邀请鼓励(expect, suppose, invite, encourage),教导告诉想要(teach, tell, want),希望愿意( wish, would like / love)。例如:I invited her to have dinner at my house. Teenagers should be allowed to choose their own clothes.
10、2.动词不定式作补语,在主动语态句里不带to,被动语态句里带to时多数动词是感官动词和使役动词,包括四“看”:look at, observe, see, watch,三“让”:have, let, make,二“听”:hear, listen to,一“感觉”:feel,一“注意”:notice。例如:This picture makes me feel tense! Of course we want to see Liu Yu achieve his dreams.3.help后接动词不定式作补语,to可带可不带。一般说来,带to表间接帮助,不带to表直接帮助。在被动语态句里,或者用不定
11、式的否定式作补语时要带to。例如: They can help you to compare two different products so that you can buy the one you really need.Using e-mail English helps you write quickly. 4.be said, be sure, happen, seem等后面可以接带to的动词不定式作主语的补语。例如:He doesnt seem to have many friends. Be sure not to miss them if they come to a cit
12、y near you.6、用作状语1.目的状语,置于句首或句末,置于句首时常表示强调。为加强语气,常与in order或so as 组成短语。例如:A group of young people got together to discuss this question. In order to help him, we would do everything we can.注意:置于句首时只用to do / in order to do。2.原因状语,多见于“sb.+be+adj.+to do.”结构句中。例如:I was very sad to hear the news. On Mond
13、ay he told a radio interviewer that he had run out of money to buy old bikes. 3.结果状语,多见于“too.to”,“enough to.”结构句中。例如:Then Im too tired to do well. He is old enough to go to school . 4.独立动词不定式多用作插入语,表示说话人的心理状态或对事情的看法。例如:Id like to stay healthy, but to be honest, I only eat food that tastes good. To b
14、egin with, she spoke too quickly, and I couldnt understand every word. 7、动词不定式的复合结构动词不定式的复合结构是“for / of sb. to do sth.”,for / of引出不定式动作的逻辑主语。这种结构在句子中可以作主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语等。不定式复合结构的介词用for还是of,主要决定于前面形容词的性质。一般说来,of前面的形容词是careful, clever, foolish, good, kind, nice, wise等,既说明人的特性,又说明不定式动作的特性。for前面的形容词是dange
15、rous, difficult, easy, hard, heavy, important, interesting, necessary等,一般说明不定式动作的特性,不说明人的特性。前面如果是名词用for。例如:Its also probably a good idea for parents to allow teenagers to study in groups during the evening. Its kind of you to help me.8、带疑问词的不定式短语动词不定式前面可以带疑问代词what, which, who或疑问副词how, when, where, w
16、hy等。这种结构起名词的作用,在句子里用作宾语、主语、表语等,或者单独使用。要注意的是,why后面的不定式不带to。例如:I dont know what to try next. (作宾语) Where to go is not decided yet.(作主语)注意:单独使用时相当于一个特殊疑问句。 What to do next?(=What will we / you do next?) Why go there?(=Why do we / you go there?)9、动词不定式的否定式不定式的否定式是not / never to do.,不带to的不定式的否定式是not / ne
17、ver do.例如:Sometimes they have disagreements, and decide not to talk to each other. His parents tell him never to drive after drinking.巩固练习:1、He read the instruction to find out how _ the computer.A. use B. to use C. using D. uses2、There are some dangerous fishes in this river, and Ive warned Jack _h
18、ere.A.not to swim B .to not swim C. swim not to D. to swim not3、The article said that he hoped _ drawing the picture soon.A.his son to finish B.to finish C. finish D. his son will finish4、Listen! Can you hear a baby _ ?A.cry B.to cry C.crying D. cries5、“Dont always make Michael _ this or that. He is already a big boy,dear,”Bush said to his wife.A.do B.to do C.does D.did6、Dont forget _ the letter.A. to send B.send C.sending7、John was made _ the car for a week as a punishment.A.to wash B.washing C.wash8、Thank you very much _ the
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