远航雅思托福阅读入门

1、远航雅思托福阅读入门-Lesson-2TOEFL Reading 6 th TermLess on TwoPart One: Barriers of Reading障碍一：阅读速度解决方法：?精简重复性内容?精简可预知内容：对比类比?精简补充性细节内容障碍二：词汇及语法有效支撑不足? 1）针对词汇的解决办法：parasitism endo-parasite Cuckoo?需记忆：特定话题高频词?需推断：学术概念低频词? 一带而过：特定称谓低频词?托福考试越来越突出推断词义的能力三种结构帮助推测词义?系表结构：be / remainSailing IELTS定语从句：that / which同位

2、插入? The Ogallala aquifer is a sandstone formation that underlies some 583,000 square kilometers of land extending from northwestern Texas to southern South Dakota系表结构 + 定语解释? people have experienced a trance state, a highly suggestive state of low consciousness between waking and sleeping.同位解释? 2）针对

3、语法的解决办法：?舍弃应试思维，还原语法本质障碍三：不能区分信息重要层级?解决方法：?区分主次变速阅读?信息点 重点 要点TOEFL Reading 6 th Term障碍四：不能构建信息点关联架构?解决方法：?建立逻辑模型提炼架构笔记Example? P1: Parasitism?harm?together?not? P2:2 kinds?endo ecto?hookworm?passive? P3: ecto?complex?leechesSailing IELTS?总分结构?时间顺序?对比结构?问题-解决?现象-原因?概念-解释内容? Parasitism? harm? together

4、? not概念解释? 2 ki nds? En do? hookworm? passive? Ecto? leeches? complex总分结构障碍五：主动推测与预测能力?解决方法：?主动总结要点（总结）?填补逻辑空白（预测）Parasitism概念harm together not解释2 ki ndsEndo hookworm passive概念1解释内/被动? Ecto? leeches概念2解释? complex外/主动TOEFL Reading 6 th TermPart Two : Exercise （2）3. Rhetorical Purpose Question （0-2 题）

5、目的题重点考察作者写作意图The author discussed X in P2 in order toWhy does the author mention X?The author uses X as an example of 1）常见功能词汇Argue支持观点Against反对观点（一般情况不可以排除）IllustrateNoteDemonstrateCompare or contrastRefuteDifferentiateSailing IELTSTOEFL Reading 6 th TermCounterPredictSummarizeCaution v.(警告)WarnPro

6、vide2）常考逻辑关系 举例关系A, eg. B（同句考察）；A. eg. B（跨句考察）A（换行）eg. B（跨段）词B答A（B通常见较难部分） 解释关系通过形式解释：A:B, A- B, A(B), A “B”通过内容解释A is/ that is B they refer toA is defined as B 问 B 答 A为中心句服务，如果无转折Sailing IELTS 如果有转折，则为转折后句义服务 For example, like则最有可能为上一句服务1. Paragraph 5: The weather, i n its many forms, is the mai n

7、age nt of erosi on. Rai n washes away loose soil and pen etrates cracks in the rocks. Carbon dioxide in the air reacts with the rainwater, forming a weak acid (carbonic acid) that may chemically attack the rocks. The rain seeps underground and the water may reappear later as springs. These springs a

8、re the sources of streams and rivers, which cut through the rocks and carry away debris from the mountains to the lowlands.Why does the author men ti on Carbon dioxide in the passage?To expla in the origi n of a chemical that can erode rocksTo con trast carb on dioxide with carb onic acidTo give an

9、example of how rain water pen etrates soilTo argue for the desirability of preve nting erosi on2. How are we to un dersta nd their differe nt feedi ng prefere nces? The an swer lies in two associated differe nces among the species, in their digestive systems and body sizes. Accord ing to their diges

10、tive systems, these herbivores can be divided into two categories:the nonruminants (such as the zebra, which has a digestive system like a horse) and the ruminants (such as the wildebeest, topi, and gazelle, which are like the cow). Nonruminants cannot extract much energy from the hard parts of a pl

11、ant; however, this is more than made up for by the fast speed at which food passes through their guts. Thus, when there is only a short supply of poor-quality food, the wildebeest, topi, and gazelle enjoy an adva ntage. They are ruminants and have a special structure (the rume n) in their stomachs,

12、which contains microorganisms that can break down the hard parts of plants. Food passes only slowly through the ruminant s gdilecause rumin ating digesting the hard parts takes time. The ruminant continually regurgitates food from its stomach back to its mouth to chew it up further (that is what a c

13、ow is doing when“ chewing cud ” ). Onlydwherup and digested almost to a liquid can the food pass through the rumen and on through the gut. Larger particles cannot pass through un til they have bee n chewed dow n to size. Therefore, whe n food is in short supply, a ruminant can last Ion ger tha n a n

14、onruminant because it can derive more energy out of the same food. The difference can partially explain the eating habits of the Serengeti herbivores. The zebra chooses areas where there is more low-quality food. It migrates first to unexploited areas and chomps the abundant low-quality stems before

15、 moving on. It is a fast-i n/fast-out feeder, relying on a high output of in completely digested food. By the time the wildebeests (and other ruminan ts) arrive, the graz ing and trampli ng of the zebras will have wor n the vegetation down. As the ruminants then set to work, they eat down to the low

16、er, leafier parts of the vegetation. All of this fits in with the differe nces in stomach contents with which we bega n.The author men ti ons the cow and the horse in paragraph 2 in order todisti nguish the fun cti oning of their digestive systems from those of East Africa n mammalsemphasize that th

17、eir relatively large body size leads them to have feed ing practices similar to those of East Africa n mammalsillustrate differences between ruminants and no ruminants through the use of animals likely to be familiar to most readersemphasize similarities betwee n the diets of cows and horses and the

18、 diets of East Africa n mammals3. As her tech no logical expertise grew more sophisticated, so did the other aspects of her dan ces. Although she gave little thought to music in her earliest dan ces, she later used scores by Gluck, Beethove n, Schubert, Chop in, and Wag ner, eve ntually graduati ng

19、to Strav in sky, Faur q Debussy, and Mussorgsky, composers who were the n con sidered progressive. Shebega n to address more ambitious themes in her dan ces such as The Sea, in which her dan cers in visibly agitated a huge expa nse of silk, played upon by colored lights. Always ope n to scie ntific

20、and tech no logical inno vatio ns; she befrie ndhd scie ntists Marie and Pierre Curie upontheir discovery of radium and created a Radium Dan ce, which simulated the phosphoresce nee of that eleme nt. She both appin films then in an early stage of development and made them herself; the hero of her fa

21、iry-tale film Le Lys de la Vie (1919) was played by Ren Clair, later a leading French film director.Why does the author mention Fuller s The SteaTo point out a dance of Fuller in which music did not play an important roleTo expla in why Fuller sometimes used music by progressive composersTo illustra

22、te a particular way in which Fuller developed as an artistTo illustrate how Fuller s interest in scienee was reflected in her work4. Paragraph5: Scientists have known for some time that certain plants, called hyper accumulators, can concentrate minerals at levels a hun dredfold or greater tha n no r

23、mal. A survey of known hyper accumulators ide ntified that 75 perce nt of them amassed nickel, cobalt, copper, zinc, manganese, lead, and cadmium are other minerals of choice. Hyper accumulators run the entire range of the pla nt world. They may be herbs, shrubs, or trees. Many members of the mustar

24、d family, spurge family, legume family, and grass family are top hyper accumulators. Many are found in tropical and subtropical areas of the metals may afford some protecti on aga inst pla nt-eat ing in sects and microbial pathoge ns.Why does the author men ti on herbs, shrubs, and trees?To provide

25、examples of pla nt types that cannot tolerate high levels of harmful min erals.To show why so many pla nts are hyper accumulators.To help expla in why hyper accumulators can be found in so many differe nt places.To emphasize that hyper accumulators occur in a wide range of pla nt types.5. Paragraph6

26、: Only recently have investigators considered using these plants to clean up soil and waste sites that have beencon tam in ated by toxic levels of heavy metalsan en vir onmen tally frien dly approach known as phytoremediati on. This sce nariobeg ins with the pla nting of hyper accumulat ing species

27、in the target area, such as an aba ndoned mine or an irrigatio n pondcon tam in ated by runoff. Toxic mi nerals would first be absorbed by roots but later relocated to the stem and leaves. A harvest of theshoots would remove the toxic compo unds off site to be bur ned or composted to recover the met

28、al for in dustrial uses. After several years of cultivatio n and harvest, the site would be restored at a cost much lower tha n the price of excavati on and reburial,thesta ndard practice for remediati on of con tam in ated soils. For examples, in field trials, the pla nt alp ine penny cress removed

29、 zinc and cadmium from soils near a zinc smelter, and Indian mustard, native to Pakistan and India, has been effective in reducing levels of selenium salts by 50 percent in contaminated soils.Why does the author men tio n In dia n mustard?To warn about possible risks invo Ived in phytoremediatio nTo

30、 help illustrate the potential of phytoremediationTo show that hyper accumulat ing pla nts grow in many regi ons of the worldTo expla in how zinc con tam in ati on can be reduced.6. Paragraph3: The basic cultural requireme nts for the successful coloni zati on of the Pacific isla nds in elude the ap

31、propriate boat-building, sailing, and navigation skills to get to the islands in the first place, domesticated plants and gardening skills suited to ofte n marginal con diti ons, and a varied inven tory of fishi ng impleme nts and tech niq ues. It is now gen erally believed that these prerequisites

32、origi nated with peoples speaki ng Austr on esia n Ian guages (a group of several hun dred related Ian guages) and bega n to emerge in Southeast Asia by about 5000 B. C.E. The culture of that time, based on archaeology and linguistic reconstruction, is assumed to have had a broad inven tory of culti

33、vated pla nts in clud ing taro, yarns, banana, sugarca ne, breadfruit, coc onut, sago, and rice, Just as important, the culture also possessedthe basic foundation for an effective maritime adaptation, including outrigger canoes and a variety of fish ing tech niq ues that could be effective for overs

34、eas voyag ing.In Paragraph3, why does the author provide information about the types of crops grown and boats used in Southeast Asia during the period around 5000 B. C. E.?To evaluate the relative importa nee of agriculture and fish ing to early Austr on esia n peoples.To illustrate the effectivenes

35、s of archaeological and linguistic methods in discovering details about life in ancient times.To contrast living conditions on the continent of Asia with living conditions on the Pacific islands.To dem on strate that people from this regi on had the skills and resources n ecessary to travel to and s

36、urvive on the Pacific isla nds.7. Paragraph4: Con trary to the argume nts of some that much of the pacific was settled by Polyn esia ns accide ntally maro oned after being lost and adrift, it seems reas on able that this feat was accomplished by deliberate coloni zati on expediti ons that set out fu

37、lly stocked with food and domesticated plants and animals. Detailed studies of the winds and currents using computer simulations suggest that drifting canoes would have been a most unlikely means of colonizing the Pacific. These expeditions were likely driven by population growth and political dynam

38、ics on the home islands, as well as the challenge and excitement of exploring unknown waters. Because all Polyn esia ns, Micron esia ns, and many Mela nesia ns speak Austr on esia n Ian guages and grow crops derived from Southeast Asia, all these peoples most certa inly derived from that regi on and

39、 not the New World or elsewhere. The un disputed pre-Columbia n prese nee in Ocea nia of the sweet potato, which is a New World domesticate, has sometimes bee n used to support Heyerdahl s American Indians in the Pacific theories. However, this is one plant out of a long li st of Southeast Asian dom

40、esticates. As Patrick Kirch, an America n an thropologist, poi nts out, rather tha n being brought by rafti ng South America ns, sweet potatoes might just have easily bee n brought back by retur ning Polyn esia n n avigators who could have reached the west coast of South America.Why does the author

41、mention the views of “ Patrick Kirch ” ?To present evidenee in favor of Heyerdahl idea about American Indians reaching OceaniaTo emphasize the familiarity of Pacific isla nders with crops from many differe nt regi ons of the worldTo in dicate that supposed proof for Heyerdahl theory has an alter nat

42、ive expla nati on.To dem on strate that some of the same crops were cultivated in both South America and Ocea nia.8. Paragraph6: A third fossil formatio n containing both soft-bodied and hard-bodied ani mals provides evide nee of the result of the Cambrian explosion. This fossil formation, called th

43、e Burgess Shale, is in Yoho National Park in the Canadian Rocky Mountains of British Columbia. Shortly after the Cambrian explosion, mud slides rapidly buried thousands of marine animals under conditions that favored fossilizati on. These fossil beds provide evide nee of about 32 moder n ani mal gro

44、ups, plus about 20 other ani mal body forms that are so different from any modern animals that they cannot be assigned to any one of the modern groups. These un assig nable an imals in clude a large swimmi ng predator calledAno malocaris and a soft-bodied ani mal called Wiwaxia, which atedetritus or

45、 algae. The Burgess Shale formation also has fossils of many extinct representatives of modern animal groups. For example, a well-k nown Burgess Shale ani mal called Sid neyia is a represe ntative of a previously unknown group of arthropods (a category of ani mals that in cludes in sects, spiders, m

46、ites, and crabs).Why does the author men ti on Ano maloca ns and Wiwaxia?|To contrast predators with animals that eat plants such as algaeTo question the effects of rapid mud slides on fossilizationTo suggest that much is still unknown about ani mals found in the Burgess Shalefather of EnTo provide

47、examples of fossils that cannot be assig ned to a moder n ani mal group9. Paragraph 3: In 1831 whe n Smith was fin ally recog ni zed by the Geological Society of London as the was not only for his maps but also for something even more important . Ever since people had begun to catalog the strata in

48、particular outcrops, there had been the hope that these could somehow be used to calculate geological time . But as more and moreaccumulati ons of strata were cataloged in more and more places, it became clear that the seque nces of rocks sometimes differedfrom region to region and that no rock type

49、 was ever going to become a reliable time marker throughout the world . Even without the problem of regi onal differe nces, rocks prese nt a difficulty as unique time markers Quartz is quartz a silic on ion surro un dedby four oxygen ions there s no differenee at all between two-million-year-old Ple

50、istocene quartz and Cambrian quartz created over 500 million years ago .Why does the author use the phrase Quartz i“quartz?To describe how the differe nces betwee n Pleistoce ne and Cambria n quartz reveal in formati on about dati ng rocksTo point out that the chemical composition of quartz makes it

51、 more difficult to date than other rocksTo provide an example of how regi onal differe nces in rock seque nces can make a particular rock difficult to dateTo explai n that rocks are difficult to use for dat ing because their chemical compositi ons always rema in the same over timePart Three : Homewo

52、rk ( 2)Paragraph 3 If true, though, why did cold-blooded animals such as snakes, lizards, turtles, and crocodiles survive the freezing un dersta nd why they would not be affected, whereas dino saurs were left too crippled to cope, especially if, as some scie ntists believe, dino saurs were warm-bloo

53、ded. Critics also point out that the shallow seaways had retreated from and adva need on the continents numerous times during the Mesozoic, so why did the dinosaurs survive the climatic changes associated with the earlier fluctuations but not with this one? Although initially appealing, the hypothes

54、is of a simple climatic change related to sea levels is insufficient to expla in all the data.win ters and torrid summers? These ani mals are at the mercy of the climate to maintain a livable body temperature. Its haWhy does the author mention the survival ofsnakes, lizards, turtles, and crocodiles

55、” in paragraph 3?To argue that dino saurs may have become ext inct because they were not cold-blooded ani malsTo questi on the adequacy of the hypothesis that climatic cha nge related to sea levels caused the ext in cti on of the dino saursTo prese nt examples of ani mals that could maintain a livab

56、le body temperature more easily tha n dino saursTo support a hypothesis that these animals were not as sensitive to climate changes in the Cretaceous period as they are todayParagraph 2 Outflow channels are probably relics of catastrophic flooding on Mars long ago. They appear only in equatorial reg

57、i ons and gen erally do not form exte nsive in terc onn ected n etworks. In stead, they are probably the paths take n by huge volumes of water draining from the southern highlands into the northern plains. The onrushing water arising from these flash floods likely also formed the odd teardrop- shaped “ isla nds ” (resembli ng the mini ature vers ions see n in the wet sand of our beaches at low tide) that have been found on the plains close to the ends of the outflow channels. Judging from the width and depth of the channels, the flow rates must have bee n truly eno rmousperhaps as much as a