完整版)何凯文长难句突破讲义完整版(含授课内容

1、2013考研英语长难句精讲班讲义-何凯文2013文都考研英语长难句精讲班讲义第一部分方法论讲解英文句子阅读的实际过程是什么？英文一 mi nd 中文英中文转化过程中在句子层面的障碍语义（词汇）L语序句子可以是这样的：There is someth ing by reason of which man is man.There is something. Man is man by reason of （因为）which this thing.世间存在一种东西，人之所以是人，就是这种东西。英语句子的分类：简单 句和非简单 句简单句的定义： 只含有一套主谓结构的句子简单句的障碍来源简单句没有障碍的

2、情况：1. 主语+谓语 2.主语+谓语+宾语 3.主语+谓语+双宾语4.主语+谓语+宾语+宾补5.主语+系+表语（表语为形容词时候，表语又可以称作主语补足语）William ， do you take Jerry for your lawful wife, to have and to hold, from this day forward, for better, for worse, for richer, for poorer, in sickness and in health, until death do part you ?简单句的障碍来源：（问题在于识别和处理）4.状语1. 定

3、语2.同位语 3. 插入语简单句的障碍识别及处理方法定语：修饰和限定名词的成分；根据位置分为：前置定语；后置定语。（名字n.前后之分）作用和识别：前置定语（可以有多个定语）+nAdj.物主代词；ving（单）;；ved （单）；n 后置定语：”一形容词短语现在分词短语a stude nt un aware of my preseneeOtoman fighting with xiaoguaisou现在分词 ving+ 介 +名；ving+ 名;ving+连词+句子 过去分词短语a picture pain ted by Picassoved+ 介 + 名n. + 动词不定式短语|a way t

4、o solve this problemto+ v （原形）介词短语an apple on the table 介+ 名词 / （介 +代 代词就是代替名词的词语） 表语形容词作定语后置 a cat alive 表语形容词充当定语后置不定代词定语后置somethi ng importa nt不定代词充当定语后置处理：前置（翻译成中文的时候），也可以拆分，特别是后置定语较长的时候。定语从句（不属于简单句范畴） 定语从句的作用：1,修饰和限定名词 2，连接两个具有共同名词的句子3，表示因果关系今生:have three books of which the red is my favorite.

5、（ of which 叫做关系代词）前世： I have three books. The red of those three books is my favorite .12013考研英语长难句精讲班讲义-何凯文 定语从句的识别:（基本结构）名词+连接词+句子 r定语从句的连接词：定语从句的处理方法：人称代词 who,whom,which.that,as关系代词：物主代词whose后加非完整句关系连词： when, where,why,how后加完整句介词+关系代词（就是介词短语）：as,that和who 后加 完整句/非完整句 1拆分；2,找指代；3,还原Egl.A poem line

6、describes a fight between a Turkish and a Bulgarian officer on a bridge/off which they both fall into the river.Eg2. Man is born as a bla nk sheet of paper /on which each culture writes its text.Eg3. America and America ns were prosperous bey ond the dreams of the Europea ns and Asia nswhose econo m

7、ies thewar had destroyed. （ whose引导的定语从句后面表示因果关系）Eg 4. The sun rises that looks beautiful.练习：请将下面的两个句子用定语从句写成一个句子：The ambition must be highly regarded（认同）by people /who are themselves admired.The educated is not least among them.The ambiti on must be highly regarded by people who are themselves admi

8、red,（The ambition must be highly regarded by people ; People are admired by people. ） Among whom educated is not least .The ambiti on must be highly regarded by people who are themselves admired,（With） The educated not （be ing） least among them.独立主格结构司位语：对一个名词或句子进行解释说明的另一个名字。作用：为了增加句子的多样性和正式性。识别：处理：

9、跳读f1 A, B, kevin,head of intelligenee service（情报机关）,is quite NIU.前三种都是对名词进行说明2 A BA,B都是名字 J 3 A or B4句子一A 这个名字A可以修饰前面句子中的一个名词，这个名字A也可以修饰前面的句子。句子，A爲 A of BEg1. The Court supported the medical prin ciple of double effect, a cen turies-old moral prin ciple（名词的修饰）Eg2.Robots will have to operate with les

10、s human supervision and （并列动词做谓语 will have to） be able to make at least a few decisions for themselves goals/ that（指代 goals,修饰整个句子 ）pose a real challenge.（句子的修饰）A of B为同位语的条件：A为上义词，B为下义词 上下义词又称为种属词，如fruit -apple ;city-beijing上下义词的作用：增加语言表达的多样性，增加语言表达的正式性女口，the computer 上义词 the invention ;the technol

11、ogy下义词 the PC除了定语从句中，其余句子中that充当的是关系连词，表示只表连接，后面连接的都是完整句。同位语从句：（不属于简单句的范畴）32013考研英语长难句精讲班讲义-何凯文作用：解释和说明前面一个名词结构识别：名词+连接词（只能用关系连词来充当，不能用关系代词充当，when,how,that）+句子（完整句）；名词+that+句子（完整句）处理：从连接词处切分（连接词后）例子：背。同位语从句I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its cree

12、d - we hold these truths to be self-evide nt, that all men are created equal.I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia, sons of former slaves and sons of former slave-ow ners will be able to sit dow n together at the table of brotherhood.I have a dream that one day, even the state of M

13、ississippi （同位语）,a state sweltering with the heat of injustice （后置定语），sweltering with the heat of oppression （后置定语），will be transformed into an oasis of freedom and justice.I have a dream （省略了一个 that） my four little children will one day live in a nation/ （定语从句）where theywill not be judged by the co

14、lor of their skin but by the content of their character.I have a dream today!From I Have a Dream Mart in Luther King插入语：作用：增加语言的表达多样性识别：被两个逗号或者破折号隔开的成分。 处理：跳读 P8（任何成分都可充当插入语）万能插入语： Rather tha n:而不是（肯前否后）I ,rather than anyone else,am rather than was,the best,rather than good,teacher,rather than polic

15、e.=i am the best teacher.状语：状语在句子中的位置不固定。作用：修饰和限定动词或形容词，有时也修饰整个句子（某些副词来充当的。）例句：She is admittedly reliable.她是可靠的，这是被承认的。It is pai nfully即pare nt that she is a liar.很明显她是一个骗子，这点令人痛心He is obviously in tellige nt. 她非常聪明，这点很明显。The tomato is tech nically（从严格的意义上来说）a fruit.从严格的意义上来说，西红柿是一个水果。Chi nas Ion g-

16、term moder ni zatio n program un dersta ndably and n ecessarily emphasizes econo mic growth. 中国长期现代化的羡慕强调经济的增长，这点是可被理解和必须的。识别：尽量不把状语放在名词后广副词adv. l y结尾的，现在分词短语过去分词短语 过去不定式短语处理：剥离（从句子中提出来，用“这”开头）介词短语独立主格结构（欠）例 1:（现在分词短语，充当状语，跳读）Using techniques （方法）developed for the offshore oil and gas industry（过去分词短

17、语作定语修饰现在分词短语的名字做定语），the DSDP s drill ship, the Glomar Challenger （同位语。跳读），was able to maintain a steady position on the ocean s surface and drill in very deep waters （水域）（状语，跳 读）,extracting samples of sediments and rocks from the ocean floor （状语，跳读）.（From TOEFL authentic test）例 2: A few art collecto

18、rs-James Bowde n 川 of Bost on, William Byrd of Virgi nian, and the Alie ns And Hamilt on of Philadelphia-introduced European art traditions to those colonists / privileged （过去分词，有个特权） to visit their galleries （翻译前置），especially aspiring artists, and established （这里是禾口 introduced 并列的）in their respecti

19、vecommunities the idea 动词 + （介词 + 名 1 做状语）+ 名 2” of the value art and the need for institutions 制度 /（省略 了 which are） devoted to its encouragement.（名词翻译成动词）（致力于鼓励价值艺术的制度）（FromTOEFL authe ntic test）对一种隔离结构的强调1. They maintain【with a certain fidelity（忠诚）剥离】 the principle of this school 学派.2. He elected

20、as his primary duty and happ in ess in his life the th in ki ng activity （思维行动） about the moral problem.动+介1 +名1+介2+名2+名3他选出了关于道德思维行动当做是他一生中最重要的责任和最大的幸福连接词（关联词）or并列）。Y简单句如何组装为非简单句.主句专一原则非简单句定义：含有一套以上主谓结构的句子? 非简单句的障碍来源：拆分（找连接词），组合（区分嵌套非简单句的构成：简1,简2,简3,.简n 非简单句的障碍解决方案关联词和主句专一原则主句专一原则：1. 一个句子只能有一个主 句，主

21、句中没有关联词。2. 个句子中有 n个分句， 则只有n-1个关联词。关联词分类：1. 关系代词：，that,which,who,whom,as,what 等2. 关系连词：that,when,where,why,how 等主从复合句，嵌套句分号；|4.并列连词：an d,or,but1并列句例证：3. 标点符号：厂冒号：和破折号一句子之间的关联方式1. 并列并列连词的用法1. 连接两个句子（句间的并列），从连词后往前寻找并列成分。and 等）2. 连接两个句中成分可以是从句也可以是短语等（句中并列）3. 并列连词表示并列的终结4. 并列常常引起省略（可以是省略并列成分也可以省略连词如 例 1.

22、 He drank beer, and it made him fat. 句间的并列例2.（形式主语）It is a little upsetting to read that a certain line describes a fight between a Turkish and a Bulgarianofficer and to find that the line con sists of the no ise of their falli ng and the weights of the officers, Pluff! Pluff! A hun dred and eighty-

23、five kilograms.（句中并列）解析：并列成分为to read and to find例 3. A and B , C and D. A 和 B 一起，并列 C 和 D。如果想A,B并列C,D，中间得加连接词，此时不能再用 and,可以用如：Complied with;along with ;besids; in additi on to解析：并列连词表示并列的终结就意味着:A and B是一个并列成分和C以及D构成并列；例4. 背TO see the world in a grain of sand沙一世界 , 一花一天国And a heaven in a wild flower君

24、掌盛无边， 刹那含永劫。Hold infinity in the palm of your handAnd eternity in an hour.例 5. The love song of the sixth Dalai LamaTshangs-dbyangs-rgya-mtsho （1683- 1707 or 1746 ）, was the Sixth Dalai Lama of Tibet, he was also a well-acclaimed poet.That day, I closed my eyes in the incense fog of the Buddha s Hal

25、theutidetrly hrear（your voice;That mon th, I turned all the prayer wheels, not for my salvati on, but for the touch of your fin gertips;That year, I prostrated myself along the mountain paths, not for my pilgrimage, but for the warmth of being close to you;That life, I turned around mountains and ri

26、vers , I turned around all the Pagodas,not for earning my afterlife, but to meet with you in the way.那一天，闭目在经殿香雾中，蓦然听见你颂经中的真言。那一月，我摇动所有的转经筒，不为超度，只为触摸你的指尖。那一年，磕长头匍匐在山路，不为觐见，只为贴着你的温暖。宾语从句只能用that引导动词（介词）+连接词+句子（完整句）动词+it+形容词+句子（完整句）it为形式宾语 处理：从连接词处切分（连接词后 ），保证切开 的句子是完整句那一世，转山转水转佛塔啊，不为修来生，只为途中与你相见2主从复合（

27、嵌套）主从复合句的分类：三大从句：厂名词性从句：主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，同位语从句-形容词性从句：定语从句-副词性从句：状语从句常见的关联词：名词性从句：关系代词：what, who, whom , which,关系连词： that, when, where, how, 形容词性从句：见定语从句副词性从句：书P23主语从句：连接词+句子（完整句或者非完整句）+动词It +be+形容词+连接词+句子（完/非）It+不及物动词+连接词+句子（完/非）形式主语结构处理：从连接词处切分（或前或后）表语从句系动词+连接词+句子（完整句或非完整句）处理：从连接词处切分（连接词前后，由是完整句还是非完

28、 整句判定。 完整句和非完整句由连接词是代词还是连词）状语从句连接词+句子（完整句），句子 总体来说是游离于句子之外的。7层次化句子阅读法：1.层次化结构的表示形式区分分句间的关系是并列还是嵌套，一层一层的往下读。9例 1: However, for many years, physicists thought that atoms and molecules always were much more likely to emit lightV. +that宾语从句 spontan eously a nd that stimulated emissi on thus always would

29、 be much weaker.that-先翻译这一层：但是，很多年以来，物理学家思考了两件事情。.that|第一件事情是原子和分子通常更容易自行发光，第二件受到刺激的发射通常都更弱例 2: It appeared that Canada was once more falling in step with the trend toward smaller families / that occurred through It+不及物动词+that 主语从句that充当主语成分 that +v.一件事情出现了that加拿大再一次朝更小家庭发展的趋势that这种趋势从工业革命以来就席卷了整个西方

30、世界。all the Western world si nce the time of the In dustrial Revolutio n.（翻译:since后的提前）例 3: The history of cli nical nu triti on or the study of the relati on ship betwee n health and how the body takes in andA or B形式同位语，跳读utilizes food substances, can be divided into four distinet eras: the first be

31、gan in the nineteenth century and extended into冒号，主从复合：两个动词的并列，简单句范畴the early twen tieth century whe n it was recog ni zed for the first time that food con tai ned con stitue nts that were essentialN.+when定语从句连词 形式主语从句 代词定语从句that+befor huma n fun ctio n and ihat. different foodsprovided different -a

32、mounis otthese essfiniiaLagenis . That+ n.连词that翻译时候往前倒）临床营养学的历史能够被分成四个不同的阶段第一个阶段开始于19世纪并且延伸到 20世纪早期 在那个时候有两件事情第一次被认识到了， 第二件事情不同的食物必须提供必须成分的不同的量第一件事情是食物中包含有人体功能必须的成分这句话翻译放在最前面同位语：临床营养学是研究健康和身体如何去吸收和利用植物物质的的学科。同位语跳读 插入语跳读 状语从句剥离3.完整信息链法完整主干法缘起:主谓隔离：主语和谓语之间常加入修饰成份；谓宾隔离：谓语和宾语之间也常加入修饰成份;2013考研英语长难句精讲班讲义

33、-何凯文解决之道:1句子开头的第一个独立名词（前面没有出现介词和关联词）就是句子的主语，应该寻找和其相对应的动 !词。为独立名词。That形式主语In the classroom, Kevin is standing on the stage.，wwwwwwwwwV#V#（That Kevin is a good man ） is the truth。2、动词和宾语之间的成份应该跳读系 和表语动词+介词1+名词1+名词2 （剥离）例 1. The fact that /artisans, who were looked on as mecha nics or skilled workers i

34、n the eightee nth cen tury, are 主语（单数名词）freque ntly con sidered artists today is directly attributable to the Arts and Crafts Moveme nt of the nin etee nthCe ntury.谓语（单数形式与主语相匹配）a1 b1 c b2 a2读 a1 a2 b1 b2 c翻译顺序CBA匠人在18世纪被当成技工或熟练工，但是在19世纪的时候被认为艺术家，这样的事实归因于当时的工艺运动。例 2. Anyone who has han dled a fossil

35、ized bone knows that it is usually not exactly like its moder n coun terpart, 主语谓语the most obvious differe nee being that it is ofte n much heavier.任何处理过化石骨头的人都知道，化石骨头和现在骨头不一样，最明显的就是这种骨头就是重一些。例 3 The no ti on that lear ning should have（ in it） an eleme nt of in spired play would seem 【to the greater

36、 part ofthe academic establishme nt】merely silly.V+ （介+代）+名 这里括号为状语，拿出来Lear ning should have an eleme nt of in spired in it.Seem to + v.才搭 这里 to+n.为V,+介1+名1形式 【】跳读 学习应该把具有激发性的元素包含在其中，这样的理念对于大多数的学术来讲是很傻的。非谓语动词和独立主格：非谓语动词不做谓语的成分。1充当主、宾语、表、同位语时，一定是动名词ving形式.2作定语。本质是定语从句的省略（ 句的形式。修饰限定名词的从句才可以省略），即其句子都可以

37、恢复成定语从3充当状语。两个句子主语相同 夫掉一个主语，动词做相应的变化。主动语态： am/is/are-bei ng：was/were-hav ing bee n: do/does-do ing： did-hav ing done被动 语态： be done-done否定式 not提前 ：注意：being 可以省略独立主格结构，两个句子主语不同，保留主语，动词做相应的变化，being可以省，也可以加上with 。It is hot today。 I stay at home。- It being hot today 一 I stay at home。I enter the house。A b

38、ook is in my hand。- I enter the house，with a book （being 省）in my hand。例： Preside nt Bush campaig ned to move Social Security to a savi ng-acco unt model, (with ) retirees tradi ng much or all of their guara nteed payme nts for payme nts depe nding on in vestme nt retur ns.with N.+v ing. = trade布什总统大

39、力的将社会保险变为储蓄模式，退休人员将大量和甚至是全部的有保障的收入换成依靠有投入的收入。句型：trade A for B . 把A换成B。How can you not being A know B of A? 你不是 A，怎知道 A 的 B。非正常语序之倒装句:? 倒装句的分析方法倒装句的定义：动词在句子中的位置和相对位置发生改变。倒装的作用是保持句子的平衡。倒装句的分类：1部分倒装2完全倒装倒装句的处理流程： 识别 还原部分倒装：1. 部分倒装的 定义/识别：助动词，系动词，情态动词被置于主语前。2. 部分倒装的 还原：将助动词，系动词，情态动词还原到主语后。完全倒装：1.完全倒装定义：

40、动词前后成分的位置完全倒置。2. 完全倒装的存在环境：“主+系+表”倒装为“表+系+主”3. 能够在句子中充当主语和表语的成份主语n/，代词 pron/ to do/ + 系 +、-ving(单数、复数)常见的系动词Be, come, go, run, walk ,lie, crouch ,sta nd, desce nd ,asce nd, become,表语adj.Adj短语A形容词性的结构vi ng短语ved短语丿介词短语/方位副词(here,there)n/代词 pron/ to do4. 完全倒装的判断流程Step 1形容词性的结构和介词短语/方位副词置于句首，后紧跟系动词，可判定为

41、倒装。Step 2 ving置于句首后紧跟复数系动词，可判定为倒装。Step 3 ving 置于句首后紧跟单数系动词，后接名词性结构，可判定为倒装。例 1: Herein lay the beg inning of turn from ignorance to denial of the value of nu triti onal therapies in medici ne.例 2: Surrounding the column are three sepals and three petals, sometimes easily recognizable as such, often d

42、istorted Ving+ 系动词复数 three sepals and three petals are surrounding the colu mn, into gorgeous, weird, but always fun cti onal shapes.例 3: Young people in Canada ,today, married and established households earlier and began to raise larger families than had their predecessors duri ng the Depressi on.例

43、 4: Basic to any understanding of Canada in the 20 years after the Second World War is the country s impressive Adj +介+n.：形容词短语=定语从句的省略形容词短语+系动词is倒装populati on growth.Canada s impressive population growth is Basic to any understanding(了解，理解 )of the country in the 20 yearsafter the Seco nd World War句

44、型：Basic to( any understanding) B is A. A 是(了解)B 的基础。Status quo 现代例 5： Scattered around the globe are more than 100 small regions of isolated volcanic activity known to geologists as hot spots. 2013考研英语长难句精讲班讲义-何凯文例 6. Add ing to a woma n sin creased dose of stress chemicals are her in creased opport

45、 un ities ” for stress.例 7: Among the species of seabirds that use the win dswept cliffs to mate, lay eggs, and rear their young are com mon murres , Atlantic puffins, black-legged kittiwakes, and northerin gannets.例 8: Most important, perhaps, was that they had all maintained (with a certain fideli

46、ty )the technique and compositionThat was most importa nt, adj + 系v+ 介+n 1+ n2方法和构图原则consistent with those of America s first popular Iandscape artist, Thomas Cole, who built a career painting the Catskill Adj +介+n,形容词短语现在分词短语修饰careerMountain scenery borderi ng the Huds on River.例 10： In deed, had i

47、t not bee n for the superb preservati on of these fossils, they might well have bee n classified as dino saurs.部分倒装，if被省略，had/were提前例 11: All would be well ，were reas on the only judge in the creati on ism and evolutio n debate.If被省略Sno wflakes - by Henry Wadsworth Lon gfellowOut of the bosom of the

48、 Air,Even as our cloudy fan cies takeThis is the poem of the air,Out of the cloud-folds of herSudde nly shape in some divi neSlowly in sile nt syllablesgarme nts shake n,expressi on,recorded;Over the woodla nds brow n andEven as the troubled heart doththis is the secret of despair,bare,make in the w

49、hite countenanceLong in its cloudy bosom hoarded,Over the harvest-fieldscon fessi on,now whispered and revealedforsake n,The troubled sky reveals the griefto wood and field.Sile nt, and soft, and slowit feels.Desce nds the snow.? 强调句的分析方法1.强调句的构成It is (was) + 被强调对象+ that(who)+ 其他成份时态除动词外人：that /who正常语序的成份物：that2.强调句的处理方法将