[高一英语]初高中衔接之音标复习

1、 Aa Bb Cc Dd Ee Ff Gg Hh Ii Jj Kk Ll Mm Nn Oo Pp Qq Rr Ss Tt Uu Vv Ww Xx Yy Zz Aa Ee Ii Oo Uu What is International Phonetic symbols? 由于英语的拼写形式和读音有很大的分歧由于英语的拼写形式和读音有很大的分歧, , 所以无法所以无法 完全根据字母来读音。为了精确地学习和掌握语音完全根据字母来读音。为了精确地学习和掌握语音, , 就要借助一种注音手段来弥补这一缺陷就要借助一种注音手段来弥补这一缺陷, , 于是便产生于是便产生 了一定数量的精确记录语音的符号，叫做了一

2、定数量的精确记录语音的符号，叫做“音符音符” ” (Phonetic symbols)(Phonetic symbols) 国际音标（旧称万国音符）是国际语音学协会（国际音标（旧称万国音符）是国际语音学协会（IPA IPA - International Phonetic Association) - International Phonetic Association) 于于 18881888年拟定的一套为各国语言注音的语音符号。我们年拟定的一套为各国语言注音的语音符号。我们 这里所说的国际音标是专门为英语注音的那一部分标这里所说的国际音标是专门为英语注音的那一部分标 音符号。目前我国通用的

3、国际音标共有音符号。目前我国通用的国际音标共有4848个个, , 其中其中, , 元音音标元音音标2020个个, ,辅音音标辅音音标2828个。个。 aieii i u auu i: i u:u : : : e l r h w j m n dzts trdr bp dt gk vf z s 20元音元音32320辅音辅音 国际音标教学法图示国际音标教学法图示 PracticeI /i:/ e ea ee ei i ie eo ey a eat key grief breeze feature immediate convenient a team leader the Chinese peop

4、le a real secret a piece of lean meat Jean is as busy as a bee? A friend in need is a friend indeed. Seeing is believing Practice I /i/ i y e a u ey ay ie ai it, pig, sink pretty delay remain begin coffee explain Sunday a big clinic a bit chilly sixty women A little learning is a dangerous thing. Hi

5、s six-year old sister is as fit as a fiddle. Why is Sister Lily sitting there knitting in silence? Practice I /Z/ /e/ a e ea eo ei ie debt friend heaven metal section attend connect wet with sweat the next sentence terrible weather press the bell fresh and energetic All is well that ends well. East

6、or west, home is the best. Good, better, best, / Never let it rest; / Till good is better, / And better best. Practice I and bag catch happen thank fancy absent anxious avenue salary practical A happy family hand in hand caps and hats What daddy said made me sad. A rat is running along a narrow trac

7、k. Dont let the cat out of the bag. PracticeII /a:/ a ar au al ear er fast glance market demand remark heart clerk a large parcel a basket of bananas master of arts after the bath Farmer Barnes is a hard man for a bargain, but he isnt hard-hearted. Far from eye, far from heart. Practice II 【】 o a ou

8、 ow watch block honour college knowledge swallow occupy policy cough wash quality and quantity cotton socks borrow a clock a pocket watch The coffee is top quality. When the shop was robbed, everbody was shocked. Lost time is never found again. PracticeII /:/ /r/ ar oar oor ore our al au aw oa ou ou

9、gh all awe always oar author board force daughter portrait forward quarter All in all more and more a short story Pauls four and can walk and talk. The storm is drawing near lets go indoors Pride goes before a fall. PracticeII /u/ / o oo ou (oo常在t,d,k前读/u/ ） classroom look good food woman wood could

10、 pudding understood should full butcher bullet woolen Push and pull good books by hook or by crook So I took a broom and left the room. How much wood would a woodchuck chuck if a woodchuck could chuck wood? Hed chuck as much wood as a woodchuck could chuck wood. PracticeII /u:/ o oo ou u ue oe ui ew

11、 youth fruit pupil blue flew shoe do too grew chew bamboo canoe glue tomb improve A blue balloon, an afternoon in June Dont lose the opportunity. The news is too good to be true. The rule is useful once in a blue moon. Practice III /Q/ u o oo ou up under young rough enough flood stomach does tough c

12、ousin just for fun lucky in love much honey a funny couple blood for blood Well begun is half done Practice III : ear er ir or ur earn early earth earnest urban earning earthly work hurt bird world person dirty purse term her sir stir refer prefer incur occur fur were church the German expert a nerv

13、ous nurse perfect service First come, first served. Its the early bird that catches the worm. Practice III a o u e ea io er or ar abroad approve attack advance soldier labour together distance ocean seldom doctor sugar Bread and butter salt and pepper again and again The teacher will get together to

14、morrow. Do you prefer the cinema or the theater? Attention! 发以上12个单元音时要注意以下几点： 发音之前要按照发音方法和位置的要求先将口型和发音 器官的位置摆好，然后再发音，不可边发音、边摆口型； 发音过程中, 口型及各发音器官的位置一定不要改变； (c) 发 / i: /, / i /, / e /, / / 4个前元音时, 唇 的扁平度依次缩小, 牙床的开合度依次加大；发 / i: / 音时前舌抬得最高, 发/ / 音时, 前舌最低； (d) 发 / /, / :/, / u /, / u:/ 4 个圆唇音时, 唇 形依次缩小；

15、 (e) 带“:”与不带“:”的同一符号的音素之间绝不单纯是 音的长短不同的关系，而是两个不同的音素。 双元音是作为一个音节、用一次呼气发出来的 两个元音的连缀。这个连缀是以滑流音的形式 读出来的，即舌从第一个元音的位置向第二个 元音方向以最直接的途径滑过去而成为一个音。 双元音既然是滑流音，自然与一般元音连缀不 同，如：( a-i ) “阿姨”；( a-u ) “阿 五”。双元音的两个成分中只有第一个读得比 较重、长和清晰，第二个则要读得比较轻、短 和含糊。 PracticeIV /ei/ a a+e ai ay ea ei age ate aim eighty ail ache aid A

16、pril weight main break steak great save say today gray weigh pay day make way May Day great changes No pains, no gains. Haste makes waste. The great Greek grape growers grow great Greek grapes PracticeIV /u/ o o+e ow oa uo oe ough old own open over ocean odor wrote quote loaf moan polar float phone

17、bold motion moment hotel toe row flow echo sow dough bow tomato window gold to hold ones breath a cold drink No smoking! The old man lives alone but he doesnt feel lonely. A rolling stone gathers no moss(滚石不生苔） PracticeIV /ai/ i i+e y ei igh ie uy idle wine icon ice mighty island spy tie buy try hig

18、h dry cry iron tire highlight describe sky supply Out of sight, out of mind. Strike while the iron is hot. Great minds think alike. Time and tide wait for no man. PracticeIV /au/ ou ow doubt amount account tower crown downtown cow around mouse look outside read aloud how about go to the south fall o

19、n the ground Open your mouth and round your lips She found out how to pronounce the sound. PracticeIV i oi oy soil boil coin join toilet poison voyage choice Joyce spoil loyal royal joy toy enjoy annoy coy employ A noise annoys an oyster, but a noisy noise annoys an oyster more Spare the rod, spoil

20、the child. b. b. 集中双元音集中双元音 ( Rising diphthongs )( Rising diphthongs ) / i / i / /，/ / / /，/ u / u / / 集中双元音的特点是：发音时口集中双元音的特点是：发音时口 也是从开到合（也是从开到合（ 但发但发/ i / i / / 时时, , 口从口从 合到开合到开) )。与合口双元音最大的不同。与合口双元音最大的不同 点是：虽然也是从开到合点是：虽然也是从开到合, , 但最后不但最后不 能滑动成为一个音能滑动成为一个音, , 而只是从前面的而只是从前面的 元音向后面的元音集中。元音向后面的元音集中。

21、 PracticeV / i / ea eir ear eer ere eu io iou ear earring realize weird curious experience museum idiot clearly here hear mere pier beer clear appear carrier Cheerful tears from ear to ear a mysterious idea. I fear I cant hear him clearly You are serious but sincere, my dear. PracticeV / / a air ar

22、ae are ear ere air aeroplane area fair wary rarely parent chairman careful vary care fare where share compare pair chair square prepare rare bear tear a hole wear a new dress share a pear John likes to wear his hair long. Where there is will, there is a way PracticeV / u / u oor our ue ure ewe poor

23、tour mature endure a sure cure fuel duel tourist jewel Europe curious Surely the poor patient will be cured The jury were sure the poor man was innocent of stealing the jewels. Contrast practice /I/i:/ ship-sheep list-least live-leave pitch- peach slip-sleep chick-cheek /e/ pet-pit fell-fill when-wi

24、n hell-hill /A/e/ bad-bed gas-guess sad-said land-lend /e/- /ei/ edge-age fell- fail wet- wait let-late /Q/A/ truck-track mud-mad bun-ban /R/Q/ lock-luck gone-gun fund-fond /:/Q/ cart-cut heart-hut calm-come march- much /u/ /u:/ chose-choose blow-blew soap- soup /e- / fair-fire-fear hare-hire-here/h

25、ear wear-wire-wier Consonants 辅音的特点：辅音的特点： 辅音是气流从肺中压出后受唇、齿、舌、咽喉辅音是气流从肺中压出后受唇、齿、舌、咽喉 等发音器官阻碍的结果。辅音有清浊之分等发音器官阻碍的结果。辅音有清浊之分, , 发音发音 时声带震动的是浊音，不震动的是清音。时声带震动的是浊音，不震动的是清音。 辅音的分类辅音的分类： 清辅音清辅音: / p /, / t /, / k /, : / p /, / t /, / k /, / f /, /, / s /, / f /, /, / s /, / 浊辅音浊辅音: / b /, / d /, / : / b /, /

26、 d /, / g /, /, / v /, / v /, / /, / z /, / /, / z /, / / / 鼻音鼻音: / m / , / n /, / : / m / , / n /, / / / 似拼音似拼音: : / r /, / h /, / l / / r /, / h /, / l / 半元音半元音: : / w / ; / j / / w / ; / j / Plosive Consonants 爆破音：爆破音： /p/b/ /t/d/ /k/ /g/ /p/b/对比: park-bark tap-tab mop-mob Better beat a bit of bu

27、tter to make better batter. A big black bug bit a big black bear. Wheres the big black bear the big black bug bit? PracticeVI /t/d/对比： heart-hard sight-side feet-feed The cart got stuck in the mud. Too many teenagers tend to waste their time watching television. /k/g/对比: pig-pick log-lock dug-duck M

28、r. Cook said to a cook, Look at this cook- book. Its very good. So the cook took the advice of Mr. Cook and bought the cook-book A good beginning makes a good ending. Fricative Consonants 摩擦音摩擦音/f/v/ /s/z/ / W / T/ /f/v/ 对比: leaf - leave proof-prove calf-carve fast- vast fail-veil cover the leaves a

29、 lovely figure save the safe A Finnish fisher named Fisher failed to fish any fish one Friday afternoon and finally he found out a big fissure in his fishing-net. PracticeVI /s/z/对比对比: cease - seize loose - lose race-raise The sun rises in the east and sets in the west. How many saws could a see-saw

30、 saw if a see- saw could saw saws? / W / / T/ 对比对比: breath-breathe worth-worthy bath-bathe Father and mother went through thick and thin. The sixth sheiks sixth sheeps sick. PracticeVI 对比: pressure - pleasure gosh garage social- usual shell sharp harsh crush She sells seashells by the seashore. The

31、shells she sells are surely seashells. So if she sells shells on the seashore, Im sure she sells seashore shells. I wish to wish the wish you wish to wish, but if you wish the wish the witch wishes, I wont wish the wish you wish to wish. PracticeVI h huge hold it high a high hill behide the house He

32、 is holding a hat in his hand Helen hit the nail on the head with a hammer. r rare rude prince crazy broken fresh through brown bread a red ribbon a press conference Those red roses are really very pretty 3. 破擦音：破擦音： cheap chest choice each touch coach Hatches, catches, matches and dispatches. Which

33、 watch did which witch wear and which witch wore which watch? judge join jam edge danger bridge Jane had chicken and French fries for lunch. John urged Judy to buy a digital watch. Fricative Consonants Fricative Consonants /tr/tree trick true treat try the train The drummers drummed and the strummer

34、s strummed. /dr/ dry drink drop drown drain Mr. Trench treated me to some strong drinks. /ts/ lots gets boots cats sheets bits of sheets /dz/ reads lids beds birds hides odds and ends I saw lots and lots of birds and kites. Nasal consonants 4. 鼻音 / m /, / n /, / / / m /, memory mouth dim firm harm S

35、am makes many mistakes in his homework. Tom is coming with some ham and marmalade. / n /, nasty noun nail learn coin pain a nice tune There is no need to light a night light on a light night like tonight; for a night lights just a slight light. / / wing king bring sing a song a long string Lateral c

36、onsonant 5. 舌边音舌边音 /l/ (有两种发音有两种发音) A. 如果在元音字母前面如果在元音字母前面, 发音发音“clear l ”（“清晰的清晰的 l ”）。舌端抵上齿槽）。舌端抵上齿槽, 舌前部向硬颚抬起舌前部向硬颚抬起, 让气流让气流 从舌两旁的空隙处流过从舌两旁的空隙处流过, 所以叫舌侧音所以叫舌侧音, 也叫旁流也叫旁流 音或边音。音或边音。 long leave lion lock color follow Like father, like son Let sleeping dogs lie He who laughs last laughs best. B. 如果如

37、果 / l / 在辅音前面或词尾在辅音前面或词尾, 发发 “dark l ”（“模模 糊的糊的 l ”）音）音. apple girl ball meal bell sail rule No mill, no meal Semi-vowels 6. 半元音半元音/w/ /j/ / w / 与与 / j / 是两个半元音，因为它们的发音位置都与有关元是两个半元音，因为它们的发音位置都与有关元 音的发音位置有关系。音的发音位置有关系。/ w / 是个双唇音。它的发音位置与发是个双唇音。它的发音位置与发 单元音单元音 / u :/ 的相同的相同, 但是没有长度但是没有长度,它只能向元音过渡它只能向元

38、音过渡, 起辅起辅 音作用音作用, 相当于汉语拼音字母相当于汉语拼音字母 ( w ) 在在“窝窝”中所起的声母作中所起的声母作 用。用。/ w / 是个浊辅音。是个浊辅音。 week whether wire wound language persuade Will Wall Streets rewards wane if workers wield power ? / j / 是个舌面音。它的发音位置与发单元音是个舌面音。它的发音位置与发单元音 / i / 的相同的相同, 也也 是没有长度而只向元音过渡是没有长度而只向元音过渡, 相当于汉语拼音字母相当于汉语拼音字母 ( y ) 在在 “衣衣

39、”中所起的声母作用。中所起的声母作用。/ j / 也是个浊辅音。也是个浊辅音。 /j/ yes youth use union Europe new few Contrast Practice /l/n/ lock-knock loan-known slow-snow slip- snip /l/r/ lent-rent long-wrong light-right loyal- royal /w/v/wet-vet wire-via wine-vine very well /j/jyet-jet your-jaw year-jeer /tr/ treat-cheat trees-cheese

40、 trip-chip train-chain trace-chase /dr/ dressed-jest drug-jug drudge-judge / singing bringing ringing /g/ longer finger angry hunger angle England singular /kw/ queen question quiet quarrel quality and quantity Rules of reading 读音规则 (Rules of reading)： 字母的名称音和它的发音是两回事。至于某个 字母在某个单词中究竟发什么音，则取决于这 个字母在这

41、个词中前后和什么字母结合,根据 这个字母在词中所处的不同位置而发出不同的 音来。究竟应该如何发音是有一些规律可循的, 将这些规律归纳起来, 就成为读音规则。 Syllables 音节 (Syllables): 音节是包含一个元音或一个元 音跟别的辅音结合而成的发音单位。在英语中元 音特别响亮, 一个元音可以构成一个音节, 一般来 说,元音可以构成音节, 辅音不响亮, 不能构成音节。 但英语辅音字母中有 4 个辅音m，n，ng，l 是响音，它们和辅音音素结合，也可构成音节。 它们构成的音节往往出现在词尾，一般是非重读 音节。 英语的词有一个音节的，两个音节的，多个音节 的，一个音节叫单音节，两个

42、音节叫双音节，三 个音节以上叫多音节。 确定音节时, 一不能只看字母的数, 二不能只看有 没有元音字母, 而是要看有没有元音。 Types of syllables (A) (A) 开音节开音节(Open syllables): (Open syllables): 分绝对开音节分绝对开音节 和和 相对开音节两种。相对开音节两种。 a. a. 绝对开音节：就是在元音字母后面没有辅绝对开音节：就是在元音字母后面没有辅 音字母的音节音字母的音节, , 如如: n: no o, sh, she e, m, me e等等 （无声的（无声的 e e 除外）。除外）。 b. b. 相对开音节：就是在元音字母

43、后面有辅相对开音节：就是在元音字母后面有辅 音字母（音字母（r r 除外）除外）, , 还有一个无声的字母还有一个无声的字母 e, e, 如如: t: ta ake, bke, bi ike, nke, no ote, mte, mu utete等等 (have (have 例外例外) )。 不论是绝对开音节还是相对开音节不论是绝对开音节还是相对开音节, , 读音的读音的 规则就是规则就是发其中元音字母的名称音发其中元音字母的名称音。 Types of syllables (B) (B) 闭音节闭音节(Close syllables): (Close syllables): 元音字母后面有辅音

44、字母（元音字母后面有辅音字母（r r除外）时除外）时, , 这这 个元音字母构成的音节叫做闭音节个元音字母构成的音节叫做闭音节。 它的读音规则是它的读音规则是: : 元音字母元音字母a a读作读作/ /; e / /; e 读读 作作/ e /; i / e /; i 读作读作/ i /; o/ i /; o读作读作/ / /; u /; u读作读作/,/, 如如: at, cat, shall; desk, best; sit, pig, pick; : at, cat, shall; desk, best; sit, pig, pick; hot, knock; up, cut, duck

45、hot, knock; up, cut, duck等。等。 Types of syllables (C) -r 音节：音节：元音字母与辅音字母元音字母与辅音字母 r 结合，构成结合，构成ar, er, ir, or, ur音节。音节。 在在-r音节中音节中, ar读作读作/:/, 如：如：car, far, park, star, large, farmer, target, carpet, carpenter, carbon ( 例外：例外：war, warm, warp, Mary) ; or读作读作/ : /, 如如:short, horse, north, sport, normal,

46、 forward (例外例外:word, work, worm, world); er, ir, ur都读作都读作/ : /, 如：如：her, verb, term, serve, stern, certain girl, bird, first, shirt, skirt, firm; fur, hurt, burn, turn, nurse, further, curtain( 例外：例外： clerk, very, Derby) ; 有一点要注意：在双音节或多音节的词中有一点要注意：在双音节或多音节的词中, r 如果是如果是 双写双写, r 前的元音字母在重读音节中按闭音节的读音前的元

47、音字母在重读音节中按闭音节的读音 规则发音规则发音,例如：例如：marry / /, merry / e /, mirror / i /, sorry/ /, hurry / /。 Types of syllables (D) -re音节：元音字母与辅音字母组合-re结 合，构成are, ere, ire, ore, ure音节。 在-re音节中, are 读作/ /, 如：care, dare,hare, rare stare, square; ere读作/ i / 或 / /, 如：mere, here; there, where (例外：were)； ire读作/ ai /, 如：fir

48、e,tire, hire; ore读作/ : /, 如：more, sore, wore, store; ure读作/ ju / 或 / u /, 如：pure, cure, manure; sure。 1 1、重读音节、重读音节 任何双音节或多音节单词的音标中，任何双音节或多音节单词的音标中， 有重读音节和非重读音节有重读音节和非重读音节 ，哪一个音节重读，该，哪一个音节重读，该 音节的左上方或该音节的元音上方标有重读符号音节的左上方或该音节的元音上方标有重读符号 “”。 2 2、浊化音、浊化音 以以sp_, st_, sk_sp_, st_, sk_开头的单词清辅音开头的单词清辅音 /p/

49、 /t/ /k/p/ /t/ /k/分别要发浊辅音分别要发浊辅音/b/ /d/ /g/b/ /d/ /g/。 3 3、定冠词、定冠词thethe的读音的读音 在以辅音音素开头的单词之前读作在以辅音音素开头的单词之前读作/ / /，如：，如： the day, the key), the housethe day, the key), the house 在以元音音素开头的单词前要发在以元音音素开头的单词前要发/ / i:/ 的音，如：的音，如： the end, the hour, the inside the end, the hour, the inside Attention ! 5、不

50、完全爆破、不完全爆破(Incomplete explosion) 爆破音p b t d k g 后面紧跟另一个爆破音时，前面 的那个爆破音只在口腔内形成阻碍，而不能完全读出。 baske(t)ball a(c)tor, bla(ck)board Si(t) down. I can(t) come. I don(t) believe he is a ba(d) boy. The girl in the re(d) coat was on a bla(ck) bike jus(t) now. The bi(g) bus from the fa(c) tory is full of people. Wha(t) time does he get up every morning? This is an ol(d) pi(c)ture of a bi(g) car. The ol(d) do(c)tor has a ca(t), too. What would you like, ho(t) tea or bla(ck) coffee? 连读的条件：相邻的两词在意义上必须密切相关，同属一连读的条件：相邻的两词在意义上必须密切相关，同属一 个意群。连读所构成的音节一般都不重读，只需顺其自然个