初中英语语法大全

1、语法网络图一.名词i.名词的种类:专有名词普通名词国名地名人名，团体 机构名称可数名词不可数名词个体名词集体名词抽象名词物质名词n.名词的数:1.规则名词的复数形式：名词的复数形式，般在单数形式后而加-s或-es。现将构成方法与读 音规则列表如下：规则例词1一般情况在词尾加-smap-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days9-ess, x, ch. sh结尾的名词后加以class-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches, dish-dishes3或-f以 结尾-fe 的词再加-es和-fe为v变-fleaf-leaves, thie

2、f-thieves, kiiife-kiiives, vi左-wives, half-halves加-schief-chiefs, proof proofs, roof-roofs4以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，变y为 i 加-esparty-parties, faniily-faniilies, stoty-stories, city-cities5以元音字母加y结尾的名词，或专有 名词以y结尾的，加-stoy-toys, boy-boys, day-days, ray-rays, henry-henrys6以辅音 字母加 -o结尾 的名词-es 一般加negro-negroes, hero-h

3、eroes, potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes不少外来同加-spiano-pianos, photo-photos, auto-autos, kilo-kilos, solo-solos两者皆可zero-zeros/zeroes, volcano-volcanoes/ volcanos7以元音字母加9结尾的名词加-sradio-radios, bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zoos8以-th结尾的名词加-struth-truths、mouth-mouths, month-months, path-paths,2.不规则名词复数：英语里有些名词的复数形式

4、是不规则的，现归纳如下:规则例词1改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式man-men, woman-vronien、foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-niice2单复数相同sheep, deer, means, works, fish、yuan. jin.13只有复数形式trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses,4一些集体名词总是用作复数people, police5部分集体名词既可以作单数（整体） 也可以作复数（成员）class, family, crowd, couple, group, government、 populati

5、on, team, public, party6复数形式表示特别含义）,情绪时代）,spirits（customs（海关）,times（）. sands（沙 滩）,papers（文件报纸）,drinks（饮料）,greens（青菜looks（外农）,brains（头脑智力7表示“某 国 人”加-samericans, australians, germans, greeks, swedes, europeans单复数同形swiss, portuguese, chinese, japanese结尾的改或7voman以-man 为-men,-xvonienenglishmen, frenchwom

6、en8合成 名词将主体名词变为复数sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boy friends无主体名词时将最后部分 变为复数gron-ups, housewives, stopwatches将两部分变为复数women singers, men servants名词的所有格：iny名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。所有格分两种：是名词词尾加加名 词构成。前者多衣示有生命的东西，后者多表示无生命的东西。构成，二是由介词。f所有格的 构成：l.s单数名词在末尾加七-in-laws photo,the bo/s fath

7、er. jacks book her son复数名 词,一般在末尾加the teachers* room, the twins mother.不规则复数名词后加sthe childrens toys, womens rights.s结尾的人名所有格加七或者以dickens* novels, charless job, the smiths1 house各名词末尾式示各自的所有关系 时;s均须加japans and americas problems, janes and nlarys bikes表示共有的所有关系时在最后词 末加七japan and americas problems, jan

8、e and marys fother表示“某人家“店铺，所有格 后名词省略the doctors, the barbers, the tailofs, my uncles所有格的用法:2/s1表示时间todays newspaper, five weeks* holiday2表示自然现象the earths atmosphere, the trees branches3点示国家城市等地方的the countrys plan, the worlds population, chinas industry2名词4表示工作群体the ships crew, majoritys view, the t

9、eams victory5农示度量衡及价值a miles journey, five dollars1 worth of apples6与人类活动有特殊关系 的名词the lifes time, the plays plot7某些固定词组不知所 a birds eye view, a stones throw, at ones wits end()措所有格的用法：3. of the legs of the chair, the cover of the book 用于无生命的东西：the classroomsof the first-year students用于有生命的东西，尤其是有较长定语

10、时：用于名词化的词：the struggle of the oppressed二.冠词the）,和零冠词。冠词分为不定冠词（a. an）,定冠词（i.不定冠词的用法:1指,类人或事，相当于a kind ofa plane is a maclime that can fly.2第次提及某人某物，非特指a boy is waiting for you.3,one表示每一相当于everywe study eight hours a day.4表示“相同”相当于the samewe are nearly of an age.5用于人名前，表示不认识此人或与 某名人有类似性质的人或事a mr. smit

11、h came to visit you when you were out that boy is rather a lei feng.6用于固定词组中a couple of, a bit, once upon a time, in a hurry、have a walk, many a time7quite, rather, many, half what, 用于such之后this room is rather a big one.8用于so(as, too、how)十形容词之后she is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet.ii.定冠词的用

12、法:1表示某一类人或物the horse is a useful animal.2用于世上独无二的事物名词前the universe、the moon, the pacific ocean3衣示说话双方都r解的或上文提到过 的人或事would you nund opening the door?4用于乐器前面play the violin、play the guitar5用于形容词和分词前点示一类人the reach, the living, the wounded6表示“一家人”或“夫妇”the greens, the whngs7用于序数词和形容词副词比较级最高he is the tall

13、er of the two cliildren.3级前8用于国家党派等以及江河湖海，山川群 岛的名词前the united states, the cominumst party of cluna, the french9用于表示发明物的单数名词前the coinpass was invented in china.10在逢十的复数数词之前，指世纪的某个 年代the 19901sin11用于表示单位的名词前i hired the car by the hour.12用于方位名词，身体部位名词，及表示 时间的词组前he patted me on the shoulder.零冠词的用法：in1专有

14、名词，物质名词，抽象名词，人名地 名等名词前beijing university, jack, china, love, air9名词前有 this, my, whose, some, no. each, every等限制i want this book, not that one. / whose purse is this?3季节，月份，星期，节假日，日三餐前march, sunday, national day, spring4表示职位，身份，头衔的名词前lincoln was made president of america.5学科，语言，球类，棋类名词前he likes playi

15、ng footbalvchess.6连用表示交通工具的名词前与byby train, by air, by land7连接的两个相对的名词并用时以andhusband and wife, knife and fork, day and niglit8式示泛指的复数名词前horses are usefill animals.：三.代词代词可以分为以下七大类：i.1人称代词主格i, you, he, she, it, we, you, they宾格me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them9物主 代词形容词 性my, your, his, her, its, our.

16、 their名词性mine, yours、his、hers, its, ours, theirs3反身代词myself yourself, himself, herself, itself ourselves, yourselves, themselves4指示代词this、that, these, those, such, some5疑问代词who, whom, whose, which、what, whoever, whichever, whatever6关系代词that, which, who, whom, whose, as7不定代词one/ some/ any, each/ ever

17、y, none/ no, many/ much, few/ little/ a few/ a little.other/ another, all/ both, neither/ either4n.不定代词用法注意点：1. one. some 与 any:1) one可以泛指任何人，也可特指，复数为ones。some多用于肯定句，any多用于疑问句和否定 句。one should learn to think of others.have you any bookmarks? no, i doift have any bookmarks.i have some questions to ask

18、.2) some可用于疑问句中，发示盼望得到肯定的答复，或者农示建议，请求等。wbuld you like some bananas?could you give me some money?3) some和any修饰可数名词单数时，some表示某个，any表示任何个。i have read this article in some magazine.please correct the mistakes, if any.4) some和数词连用衣示“大约”，any可与比较级连用表示程度。there are some 3.000 students in this school.do you f

19、eel any better today?2. each 和 every:each强调个别，代表的数可以是两个或两个以上，而every强调整体，所指的数必须是三个或三 个以上。each student has a pocket dictionary / each (of us) has a dictionary; / we each have a dictionary;every student has strong and weak points. / every one of us lias strong and weak points.3. none 和 no：n。等于not any,作

20、定语。none作主语或宾语，代替不可数名词，谓语用单数，代替可数名词， 谓语单复数皆可以。there is no water in the bottle.how much water is there in the bottle? none.none of the students are (is) afraid of difficulties.4. other 和 another:1) other 泛指“另外的,别的”常与其他词连用,till： the other day, every other week, some other reason, no other way.the other

21、特指两者中的另外,个，复数为the others ：如：he held a book in one hand and his notes ill the other.two students in oiir class foiled, but all the others passed the exam.2) another指“又个，另个”无所指.复数形式是。thers,泛指“别的人或事”如：i dont like this shirt, please show me another (one).the trousers are too long, please give me another

22、 pair / some others.some like football, while others like basketball.5. all 和i both, neither 和 eitherall龙示不可数名词时，其谓语动词用单数.both和au加否定词表示部分否定，全部否定用neither 和 none.all of the books are not written in english. / not all of the books are written in english.both of us are not teachers. / not both of us are

23、 teachers. / either of us is a teacher.四.形容词和副词5i.形容词：1.形容词的位置：1）形容词作定语通常前置，但在下列情况后置:1修饰 some, any, every, no 和 body, thing, one 等构成的 复合不定代词时nobody absent, everything possible9以-able, -ible结尾的形容词可置于有最高级或0nly修 饰的名词之后the best book available, the only solution possible3alive, alike, awake, aware, aslee

24、p 等可以后置the only person awake4和空间、时间、单位连用时a bridge 50 meters long5成对的形容词可以后置a huge room simple and beautifiil6形容词短语一般后置a man difficult to get on with2）多个形容词修饰同个名词的顺序:代词数词性状形容词冠词 前的 形容 词冠词指 示代词 不定代词 代词所有 格序数 词基数 词性质状 态大小 长短 形状新旧温度颜色国籍 产地材料 质地名 词allboth suchthe a this anotheryoiirsecon dnextonefourbeau

25、tifii 1 good poorlarge shortsquarenew coolblack yellowcluneselondonsilkstone3)复合形容词的构成:1形容词十名词+edkind-hearted6名词十形容词world-famous形容词+形容词dark-blue7+现在分词名词peace-loving3形容词+现在分词ordinal-looking8过去分词名词+snow-covered4副词十现在分词hard-working9数词十名词+edtluee-egged5+过去分同副词newly-built10十数词名词twenty-yearii.副词副词的分类:1时间副

26、词soon, now, early, finally, once, recently5频度副 词always, often, frequently, seldom.never9地点副 词here, nearby, outside, upwards, above6疑问副 词how, where, when, why3方式副hard, well, fast, slowly,7连接副 词how, when, where, why, whether.6词excitedly, reallyhowever, meanwhile4程度副 词almost, nearly, very, fairly, quit

27、e, ratlier8关系副 词when, where, why形容词和副词比较等级：ul比较级和最高级的构成般是在形容比较级和最高级。形容词和副词的比较等级分为原级，。 more和most词和副词后加-er和-est,多音节和些双音节词前加i am not so good a player as you are.not so(as)as如：1.同级比较时常常用 asas以及 much, many, a lot, even, far, a bit, a little, still, yet, by far. any, a 可以修饰比较级的词有：2.o great dealthe harder

28、you rork the 句型。如：表示方随另,方变化时用 “the more the more 3.more progress you will make. i have never spent a more worrying day.4.用比较级来表达最高级的 意思。如：表示倍数的比较级有如下几种句型：5.our school is tliree times larger than yours./our school is four times as large as yours.our schoolis four times the size of yours.fa-oiirite, e

29、xcellent, extreme, perfecto如：6.表示“最高程度”的形容词没有最高级和比较级。五.介词i.介词分类：1简单介词about, across, after, against, among, around, at, below, beyond, during, in, on2合成介词inside, into, onto, out of. outside, throughout, upon, within, without3短语介词accordmg to, because of, instead of. up to, due to. owing to, thanks to4

30、双重介词from among, from behind, from under, till after, in between5分词转化成的介 词),includingconsidenng(就而论6形容词转化成的 介词like, unlike, near, next, opposite常用介词区别：n1表示时间的in, on, aton总是与日子有关衣示片刻的时间，in表示段的时间，7表示时间的since, from指从fixmi指从过去到现在的段时间，和完成时连用，since时 间的某一点开始3表示时间的in, after表示某具体时间点之后或用在过arenn指在段时间之后，去 时的一段时间

31、中4in. on,表示地理位置的tot。指在某环境范围之外指与什么毗邻，m表示在某范围内，on5表示“在上”的on. in表示占去某物一部分只表示在某物的衣面上，mon6表示“穿过”的点示在表面上通过，across有关，与through表示从内部通过，in7tlirough, across有关与on7about.表示“关于”的on指专门论述about指涉及到，on8的区 amongbetvveen 与 别用于三者或三者以上的中间between友示在两者之间，among9except 的区别与 besides指“除了，减去什except指“除了还有再加上“，besides么， 不放在句首10表示

32、“用”的in, with衣示材料，方式，方法，度量，单位，inwith表示具体的工具，语 言，声音11like的区别as与一样”,指地位或身份”，like为“象as意为“作为,以情 形相似19into区别in与表示动向，不衣示目的地或位intom通常表示位置（静态），置i.六.动词动词的时态：ask为例，将其各种时态的构成形式列表如下：动词的时态共有16 种，以l现在时过去时将来时过去将来时一股ask / asksaskedshall/will askshouldwould ask进行amis/are askingwas/were askingshall，will be askingshoul

33、davould be asking完成have/has askedhad askedshall 飞411 have askedshouldwould have asked完成进 行liave/has been askinghad been askingshall will have been askingshouldavould have been asking现在完成时与般过去时的区别：2.现在完成时表示过去发生的动作或存在的状况，但和现在有联系，强调的是对现在造成1） 的影响或结果，它不能同表示过去的时间状语连用，汉译英时可加“已经”等词。简言之，利 用过去，说明现在o如：且了解这本书的内

34、已经看过，i have already read the novel titten by the world-famous writer （容）般过去时只表示过去发生的动作或状态，和现在无关，它可和表示过 去的时间状语连2）用，汉译英时可加“过”，”了 ”等词。简言之，仅谈过去.不关现在。如：）1 read the novel last month.（只说明上个月看了，不涉及现在是否记住（只说明在北京住过十年，与现在无关）1 lived m beijing fbr ten years. 3.现在完成时与现在完成进行时的区别：多用两者都可以表示“从过去 开始直持续到现在”，在含义上如着重表示动作

35、的结果时，现在完成时，如着重表示动作直 在进行，即动作的延续性时，则多用现在完成进行时。般不能用于进行时的动词也不能用于 现在完成进行时。i have read that book.我读过那本书了。8i have been readmg tliat book all the morning.我早-上直在读那本书。4. 股将来时的表达方式：将来时用法例句1动词原 wilvshall+ 形表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态my sister will be ten next year.7be going to+动词原 形含有“打算，计划，即将“做某事， 或农示很有可能要发生某事its going to

36、 clear up. were going to have a party tonight.3be + doing进行时 表示将来go, come, start, move, leave, arrive 等 i司 可用进行时表示按计划即将发生的动 作he is moving to the south. are they leaving for europe?4be about to + 动词 原形表示安排或计划中的马上就要发生的 动作，后面一般不跟时间状语i was about to leave when the bell rang. the meeting is about to close

37、.5be to +动词原形.表示按计划进行或征求对方意见were to meet at the school gate at noon.6般现在时表示将 来时刻衣上或日程安排上早就定好的事 情，可用一般现在时表示将来the meeting starts at five o*clock. the plane leaves at ten this evening.d.动词的被动语态:常用被动语 态构成常用被动语 态构成1般现在时anris/are asked6过去进行时was/were being asked2般过去时was/were asked7现在完成时have/has been asked3

38、般将来时shall/xvill be asked8过去完成时had been asked4过去-将来时shouldwould be asked9将来完成时wilvwould have been asked5现在进行时aniis/are being asked10含有情态动 词的canmustmay be asked注意事 项被动语态的否定式是在第个助动词或情态动词后加not,短语动词的被动态不可漏掠其中 介副词。固定结构be going to, used to、have to、had better变为被动态时，只需将其后的动词 变为被动态 c till： trees should not be

39、 planted in summer. / the boy was made ftui of by his classmates. newspapers used to be sent here by the little girl.汉语有类句子不出现主语，在英语中i股可用被动结构表示。如：it is believed that it is generally coasidered thaf9it is said that it is well known that* it must be pointed out that it is supposed that-* it is reporte

40、d that-* it must be admitted that-* it is hoped that下面主动形式常衣示被动意义：如：the window wants/needs/requires repairing.the book is worth reading twice. the door wont shut. / the play wont act. the clothes washes well. / the book sells well. the dish tastes delicious. / water feels very cold.下面词或短语没有被动态：leave

41、, enter, reach, become, benefit, cost, equal, contain, last, lack, fit, fail, have, appear,happen, occur, belong to, take place, break out, come about, agree with、keep up with, consist of. have on. lose heart 等等七.情态动词i.情态动词基本用法:情态动 词用法否定式疑问式与简答can能力（体力，智力，技能）允 许或许可（口语中常用）可能 性（衣猜测，用于否定句或疑 问句中）can not

42、 / cannot /cantdocando ？ yes,can.no,cant.couldcouldnt domay可以（问句中表示请求）可 能，或许（式推测）祝愿（用 于倒装句中）may not domay &)？ yds,may.no, inustiit/cant.mightmight not domight do ？ yes, might no. might not.must必须，应该（表主观要求）（w 定句中我推测）肯定，想必must not/mustnt domust-dor? yes, must.no/needn,tdont have to.liave to只好，不得不（客观的必

43、须，有 时态人称变化）dont have to dodo have to do*?yes/* do. no,dont.ouglit to应当（表示义务责任，口语中 多用shouldouglit not to/oughtn*t to doought-to do一？yes, ought. no, oughtnt.shall将要，会用于三人称征求 对方意见用于二三人称表示许 诺、命shall not/shant doslialb#-do-? yes,shall.no,-shant.10令、警告、威胁等should应当，应该（及义务责任）本 该（含有责备意味）should notshouldntdos

44、hould do ？will意愿,决心would用在问句中 请求，建议，比较委婉,t doill not/wonwilldo ？ yes,will.no,ivont.wouldwould novwouldn*t dodare敢（常用于否定句和疑问句 中）dare novdaren dodare.do.? yes/*-dare.no.darent.need需要必须(常用于否定句和疑 问句中)need notneednt doneed-*do-*? yes,must.no/*-needirt.used to过去常常(现在已不再)used dntusent to not/use do didnt u

45、se to doused* to do-*? yes/#* used. no,use(d)nt. did-*- use to do.?ys,did.no,didnt.表示推测：n.情态动词must, may, might, could, can推测可能正在must + be doing为例 must + do(be)是推测现在存在的般状态进行：以must是推测可能已经发生过的事情。进行的事情； must +have done ”肯定，,定”语气强，只用于肯定句中。1. musthe must be a man from america. / he must be talking with hi

46、s friend. / he must have alreadyarrived there.“也许”，后者语气弱，更没有把握。可用于肯定句和否定句。1 might2. may he may not be at home. / they might have finished their task.语气强,用于肯定、否定、疑表示可疑的可能性，不及can： “可能”,3. can和couldcould问句 中 the weatlier in that city could be cold now. we could have walked there; it was so near.(推测 某 事

47、本来可能发生，但实际上没有发生)语气很can he be in the office now? no, he canft be there, for i saw him in the library just now.(强，常用于疑问句和否定句中)情态动词注意点：iii.无法can可以表达“某事终于成功”，而但lean和be able to:都可以表示能力。be able to有更 多的时态。另外，两者不能重叠使用。表达此意。beablet。和would: 2. usedt。只表示过去的习 惯或喜好，不涉衣示过去常常做现在已经不再有的习惯，而wouldusedto及现在。作情态动词 和实义动词

48、的区别：和dare3. need :needaredo?两者作情态动词时常用于否定句和疑问句。 其形式为：needndaren doneed(needs,needed)/dare(dares7dared)其形式为：做实义动词时可用于 肯定句，否定句和疑问句. 11to do. don,t(doesn,t/didn*t) needdare to doa.非谓语动词i.非谓语动词的分类、意义及构成：非谓语形 式构成特征和作用时态和语态否定式复合结构不定式to do to be doing to liave doneto be done to have beendone在非谓 语前加notfor s

49、b. to do sth.具有名词，副词和形容词的作 用衣和状在句中做主、宾、定、语分 词现在 分词doing having donebeing done having been done具有副词和形容词的作用在 句中做定、表、宾补和状语过去分词done动名词doing having donebeing donehaving been donesb*s doing具有名词的作用在句中做 主、宾、定和表语n.做宾语的非谓语动词比较:情况常用动词只接不定式做宾 语的动词hope, want, offer, long, fail, expect, wish, ask decide, pretend,

50、 manage, agree, afford, determine, promise, liappen只接动名词做宾 语的动词或短语mind, miss, eiyoy, imagine, practise, suggest, finish, escape, excuse, appreciate, admit, prevent, keep, dislike, avoid, risk, resist, considercant help、feel like, succeed in. be fond of. object to, get down to, be engaged 皿 insist on

51、、tlunk of. be proud of, take pride in, set about, be afraid of. be tired of look fonvard to, devote oneself to, be worth, be busy, pay attention to, stick to两 者 都可 以意义基本相 同begin、start, like, love, hate, prefer, continue （接不定式多指具体的动作，接动 名词多指一般或习惯行为）need, want, require （接动名词主动形式表示被动意义，若接不定式则应用 被 动形式）意

52、义相反stop to do停止手中事，去做另件事stop doing停止正在做的事意义不同remember/fbrgevregret to do （指动作尚未 发生）remember/fbrget/regret doing （指动 作已经发生）go on to do （接着做另外一件 事）go on doing （接着做同 件事）（设法，努力去做,尽力）try to dotry doing（试试去做，看有何结果）（打算做，企图做）mean to do 意味着）mean doing （意识是，（忍不住要做）（不能帮忙做）caift help dohigcan11 help to do非谓语动词做

53、宾语补足语的区别：in.常见动词与宾语的逻辑关系及时间 概念例句不定式ask, beg, expect, get, order, tell, want, wish, encourage主谓关系。强调动作将发生 或已经完成i heard him call me several times.have, notice, see, watch, hear, feel let, make现在分 词notice, see, watch, hear, find, keep, have, feel强调动作正在进主谓关系。 行，尚未完成i found her listening to the radio.过去分 词动宾关系。动作已经完成， 多强调状态we found the village greatly changed.非谓语动词做定语的区别：iv区别举例不定式与被修饰同往往有动宾关系，般式衣示将来， 进行式表示与谓语动作同时发生，完成式表示 在谓语动词之前发生i have a lot of papers to type. i have a lot of papers