英汉主语差异及翻译

1、英汉主语对比与翻译英汉主语对比与翻译 The Difference between Subject of Chinese and English 英语的主语特点与功能英语的主语特点与功能 1. 主语具有不可或缺性主语具有不可或缺性 （indispensability）。）。 2. 所有英语的陈述句和疑问句中都必须有所有英语的陈述句和疑问句中都必须有 主语。主语。 It is warm here. 2. 主语是真正的一句之主，和全句具有密主语是真正的一句之主，和全句具有密 切的关系，对其他成分的影响举足轻重切的关系，对其他成分的影响举足轻重, 有有 “牵一发而动全身牵一发而动全身”的作用。主语和

2、的作用。主语和 谓语在逻辑与语法上必须保持一致，即所谓语在逻辑与语法上必须保持一致，即所 谓主谓一致性。谓主谓一致性。 语法上的一致：语法上的一致： She is a student. They are students. My family are all fond of playing table tennis. Neither you, nor I, nor anyone else knows the answer. The girl has seen her mother. Sent to zoos in Tokyo and other cities, the pandas are r

3、eported to have settled down very well. Mary felt sad not to have been invited to the banquet. 逻辑上的一致 你的教学科研都取得了长足进步你的教学科研都取得了长足进步,但不能因此而但不能因此而 骄傲自满骄傲自满. 原译：原译：Your teaching and research have made progress，but you should not get conceited and arrogant. 改译：改译：You have made good progress in teaching a

4、nd researching，but you should not get conceited and arrogant. 英语基本句句型主要有七种：英语基本句句型主要有七种： 1.SV(主语主语+谓动谓动) The telephone rang. 2.SVO(主语主语+谓动谓动+宾语宾语) Labor created man. The news surprised me. 3.SVOC(主语主语+谓动谓动+宾语宾语+宾语补语宾语补语) He painted door green. We elected him our monitor. 4.SVO1O2(主语主语+谓动谓动+宾语宾语1+宾语宾

5、语2) She sang us a song. I sent him a letter. 5.SVC(主语主语+谓动谓动+主语补语或表语主语补语或表语) She appeared cheerful. We are students. 6.SVA(主语主语+谓动谓动+状语状语) He listened carefully. The bird sang happily. 7.SVOA （主语（主语+谓动谓动+宾语宾语+状语）状语） We visited the teacher on Tuesday night. The government reduced the price on a large

6、 scale. 就主语和谓语动词之间存在的语义关系来就主语和谓语动词之间存在的语义关系来 说，英语主语可以有如下七种：说，英语主语可以有如下七种： （1）施动主语：）施动主语： The hunter killed the tiger. （2）受动主语：）受动主语： The tiger was killed by the tiger. （3）工具主语：）工具主语： The gun killed the tiger. （4）地点主语：）地点主语： The hall seats 500. （5）时间主语：）时间主语： Tomorrow will be the National Day. （6）形式主

7、语：）形式主语： It is interesting to learn a foreign language. （7）类别属性主语）类别属性主语: Mammal is any of a group of vertebrates the females of which have milk-secreting glands for feeding their offspring. 3. 所有主语都必须是名词性的。所有主语都必须是名词性的。 汉语的主语特点与功能汉语的主语特点与功能 1. 在汉语中，主语并非必要成分，在大量在汉语中，主语并非必要成分，在大量 的句子中没有主语，可能是省略，隐含或的句

8、子中没有主语，可能是省略，隐含或 者说不出。也可能有多个看似平行并列，者说不出。也可能有多个看似平行并列， 实质不在一个层次的主语（或称大主语和实质不在一个层次的主语（或称大主语和 小主语）。小主语）。 （1）施事主语：妈妈在洗衣服。）施事主语：妈妈在洗衣服。 （2）受事主语：衣服被小弟弟弄脏了。）受事主语：衣服被小弟弟弄脏了。 （3）类别属性主语（主谓之间的关系是说）类别属性主语（主谓之间的关系是说 明类别性质的关系）明类别性质的关系）: 家里最辛苦的是妈妈。家里最辛苦的是妈妈。 (4) 与事主语：这套衣服妈妈有个故事。与事主语：这套衣服妈妈有个故事。 （5）方式主语：这么快妈妈就洗好了衣服

9、。）方式主语：这么快妈妈就洗好了衣服。 （6）时间主语：仅仅一个小时就洗完了全）时间主语：仅仅一个小时就洗完了全 家的衣服。家的衣服。 （7）地点主语：洗衣盆里堆着一大堆脏衣）地点主语：洗衣盆里堆着一大堆脏衣 服。服。 （8）工具主语：一块洗衣板养活一家人。）工具主语：一块洗衣板养活一家人。 （9）零位主语：闷得我透不过气来。）零位主语：闷得我透不过气来。 2. 汉语主语对全句并不具有全面密切的关汉语主语对全句并不具有全面密切的关 系，虽然它们被提到了句子的主位。它们系，虽然它们被提到了句子的主位。它们 可能是施事者，也可能是受事者，还可能可能是施事者，也可能是受事者，还可能 只是与施事行为有

10、某种关系或参与形式的只是与施事行为有某种关系或参与形式的 与事者，与谓语之间没有形态上的一致性，与事者，与谓语之间没有形态上的一致性， 也不存在密切的逻辑搭配关系。也不存在密切的逻辑搭配关系。 Comparison of Characteristics of Subject of Chinese and English 计算机很有用。 The computer is useful. 计算是第一步。 The first step is to calculate. 冷静才能计算得准确。 Exact calculation depends on a calm mind. 十六两算不准。 Miscal

11、culations are possible if you count it on 16-liang system. Construction of Chinese and English Sentences 实在太荒唐。 Its utterly absurd. 是我不好。 Its my fault. 热得我满头大汗。 Im all in a sweat. 又盖了许多楼堂馆所。 Many tall buildings, big mansions, hotels and guest houses were built 有你的份。 Youve got your share. 我们盖了一栋房子。 施

12、事主语 房子盖在西院。 受事主语 房子我们已经盖好了。 受事、施事并列主语，施受关系。 住户家具都搬进屋了。 受事、施事在形式上并列主语，领属关系。 去年又盖了一栋房子。 时间 句法结构 只要勤奋就能取得好成绩。只要勤奋就能取得好成绩。 甲：吃完了没有？甲：吃完了没有？ 乙：吃完了。乙：吃完了。 热得我透不过气来。热得我透不过气来。 有你受的。有你受的。 出太阳了！出太阳了！ 忽然响起了钟声。忽然响起了钟声。 不准攀折花木。不准攀折花木。 这座桥我们造了三年。这座桥我们造了三年。 一百米她跑第一。一百米她跑第一。 国庆节三天我们第一天全家人全聚德吃烤国庆节三天我们第一天全家人全聚德吃烤 鸭。鸭

13、。 On the first day of the three national days all our family will enjoy the roast duck in the restaurant “Quanjude”. 3. 汉语主语具有词类兼容性。汉语主语具有词类兼容性。 干净是他的习惯。干净是他的习惯。 唱歌要有天赋。唱歌要有天赋。 天天慢跑，很有必要。天天慢跑，很有必要。 要孩子们在课堂上保持安静最难。要孩子们在课堂上保持安静最难。 他考上了北京大学不假。他考上了北京大学不假。 东院又盖了一栋房子。 地点 这些材料只够盖一栋房子。 与事主语 这些材料我们只能盖一栋房子。 与

14、事、施事在形式上并列主语，施用关系 财务方面我们不了解情况。 与事、施事在形式上并列主语，关涉关系 汉语主语的形态弱势 他们将她数落了一顿，可她却连顶他们 一句的勇气都没有。 They scoffed at her but she even did not have the pluck to talk back. 人不可以无耻，无耻之耻，无耻矣。 A man must not be shameless; being shameless is a shame in itself. 家事、国事、天下事、事事关心。 We must not only concern ourselves with pe

15、rsonal affairs but the affairs of the state and the world. 汉英主语差异总结 英汉互译中主语的处理英汉互译中主语的处理 1.增补或删减主语。增补或删减主语。 希望有更多的城市与外国城市结为友好城希望有更多的城市与外国城市结为友好城 市。市。 Its hoped that more and more cities will establish friendly relations with foreign cities. 弄得不好弄得不好,就会前功尽弃。就会前功尽弃。 If things are not properly handled,

16、 our labour will be totally lost. 不要有了新亲不要有了新亲,把旧亲忘个干净把旧亲忘个干净!这种没这种没 良心的人我见得多了良心的人我见得多了. once you have new relatives, dont forget the old ones. Ive seen too many such ungrateful people. 2.主语转换主语转换 许多城市正在开展一场群众性的灭鼠运动。许多城市正在开展一场群众性的灭鼠运动。 原译：原译：Many cities are carrying on a mass campaign against rats.

17、改译：改译：A mass campaign against rats is being carried on in many cities. 有的地方热衷于搞华而不实的有的地方热衷于搞华而不实的”形象工形象工 程程”, “政绩工程政绩工程”,市政建设盲目追求高档市政建设盲目追求高档 次次,高标准高标准. Some local authorities like to build ostentatious projects designed to build their own images or show their achievements. In urban development, the

18、y indiscriminately pursue things of the highest grade or standard. 本书精选中国南方本书精选中国南方26个少数民族的个少数民族的131则则 脍炙人口的故事脍炙人口的故事.她们从不同侧面表现了中她们从不同侧面表现了中 国南方少数民族的生活国南方少数民族的生活,风俗风俗,人情人情,表现了表现了 少数民族人民的智慧和灿烂的民族文化少数民族人民的智慧和灿烂的民族文化. The book consists of 131 superb stories popular among 26 minorities in the south of C

19、hina. They praise from various perspectives the wisdom of the people and present rich and splendid cultures of different nationalities in life, custom and sensibilities. 德国相机的主要特点是工艺精湛，经久耐德国相机的主要特点是工艺精湛，经久耐 用。用。 误译：误译：The main features of German cameras are their fine workmanship and durability. 改译：

20、改译：The German cameras are chiefly characterized by their fine workmanship and durability. 鲁镇的酒店的格局，是和别处不同的：都鲁镇的酒店的格局，是和别处不同的：都 是当街一个曲尺形的大柜台，柜里面预备是当街一个曲尺形的大柜台，柜里面预备 着热水，可以随时温酒。着热水，可以随时温酒。 原译：原译：The layout of Luzhens taverns is unique. In each, facing you as you enter, is a bar in the shape of a carpe

21、nters square where hot water is kept ready for warming rice wine. 改译：改译：The wine shops in Luzhen are not like those in other parts of China. They all have a right-angled counter facing the street, where hot water is kept ready for warming wine. 鲁迅先生家里的花瓶，好像画上所见鲁迅先生家里的花瓶，好像画上所见 的西洋女子用以取水的瓶子，灰蓝色，有的西洋女

22、子用以取水的瓶子，灰蓝色，有 点从瓷釉而自然堆起的纹痕，瓶口的两边，点从瓷釉而自然堆起的纹痕，瓶口的两边， 还有两个瓶耳，瓶里种的是几棵万年青。还有两个瓶耳，瓶里种的是几棵万年青。 The plant pot in Mr.Lu Xuns home looked like the jar European women fetched water with, as shown in paintings. 改译：改译：Mr.Lu Xun had a plant pot in his sitting-room. It looked like the jar European women fetched

23、 water with, as shown in paintings. 3.选用主语时，要考虑语篇的衔接。选用主语时，要考虑语篇的衔接。 在在“家家”是一只瓷碗是一只瓷碗这篇文章中，这篇文章中， 有一段话是关于夫妻吵架的：有一段话是关于夫妻吵架的： 女的一叉腰：女的一叉腰：“我就这么蛮，你怎么我就这么蛮，你怎么 着？当初怎么不把眼睛睁大点！怎么啦，着？当初怎么不把眼睛睁大点！怎么啦， 后悔啦，又想起先前的小情人了吧后悔啦，又想起先前的小情人了吧”话话 音未落，男的一扬手，音未落，男的一扬手，“呼呼”的一巴掌甩的一巴掌甩 过去。女的捂着脸：过去。女的捂着脸：“你这个畜生，你竟你这个畜生，你竟 敢

24、打我，敢打我，” The woman stood akimbo rebuking, “ Why didnt you open your eyes wider before we married? Now you feel regret? Missing the former sweetheart? ” Before she finished, the husband raised his hand and slapped her wife in the face. The woman covered her face and shouted, “” 原原译：译： Before she fini

25、shed, the husband raised his hand and slapped her wife in the face. The woman covered her face and shouted, “” 改译：改译：Before she can finish it, a slap has landed on her face. The woman covered her face and shouted, “” 二十岁的时候，和某个人晚上一起去看二十岁的时候，和某个人晚上一起去看 了一场电影，不经意中拉了一次手，结果了一场电影，不经意中拉了一次手，结果 幸福了整整一个夏天。三

26、十岁之后，坐在幸福了整整一个夏天。三十岁之后，坐在 香格里拉酒店的旋转餐厅陪客户吃自助餐，香格里拉酒店的旋转餐厅陪客户吃自助餐， 在缓缓的转动之中，莫名其妙地一阵空虚，在缓缓的转动之中，莫名其妙地一阵空虚， 突然之间对一切感到索然无味。突然之间对一切感到索然无味。 At the age of twenty, I went to see a film on a night with someone who casually took my hand in his palm, and I felt happy for the whole summer. After I have turned th

27、irty, I feel an acing void in the slow movement of the rotating restaurant, where I dine with my clients upon a buffet meal, in Shangri-La Hotel and all of a sudden I lost interest in everything. At the age of twenty, one evening, I went to see a film with someone. In the darkness, an incidental tou

28、ch of hands filled me with joy all the summer. I am thirty, sitting the rotating restaurant of Shangri-La Hotel, accompanying clients having a buffet. In the slow rotating, an indescribable emptiness, all of a sudden, seizes me, and I find everything dull and dry. 汉英翻译中的主语转换问题 对应 Equivalence 转换 Shif

29、t 补充 Supplement Equivalence 苏轼苏轼是为才华横溢的文学家。 Su Shi was a writer with superb talent. 这种药这种药治感冒特别灵。 This medicine is death on colds. 财源财源有限，开销无穷。 (Our) financial resources are limited but expenses limitless. 以名词作主语：原语以专有名词及普通 名词作主语时，名词对应式的可能性很 大。 以动词或动词短语（非主谓结构 或词组）作主语的句子也可以形 成对应。 作弊不算数。 Playing foul

30、doesnt hold your score. 坐下来看不清，站起来才看得清。 Sitting obstructs your view; standing up makes it better. 倾囊相助是一种美德。 To empty ones purse to help people in need is of course a virtue. Shift 词类转换式主语转移 推导式主语转移 反逆式主语转移 主语转移的一般规范 词类转换式主语转移 我们的自然科学我们的自然科学比较落后，要努力向外 国学习。 In natural sciences, we are rather backward

31、 and here, we should make a special effort to learn from foreign countries. 你你走吧，还有我在呢。 Off you go, Im here close at hand. 日本人的性格日本人的性格是长于出击，你让他随机 应变，他并不擅长；我们的性格则是恰 恰相反。 The Japanese character is suited to taking the offensive but does not adjust readily to the defensive. We are just the opposite. 她

32、她一般到上海就大概年轻了5岁，而她丈夫呢， 却老了10年。 Moving to Shanghai may have taken five years off her, but it has put ten years on her husband. 只要稍稍恭维他几句，他他就会乐以忘形。 A very little compliment would make him overjoyed. 游中国游中国当然是必游长城。 A must for all tourists to China is a visit to the Great Wall. 推导式主语转移 我的法语看报很吃力，你呢？ I ca

33、nt read newspaper in French without difficulty, how about you? 中国的国民意识是把追求家庭幸福提到个人幸 福之上，而美国人似乎与此相反。 In the Chinese national ideology, the pursuit of family happiness has been elevated over personal happiness, while for the Americans the order seems to be the reverse. 台上坐着主席团。 The members of the Pres

34、idium are sitting on the platform. 虽然只逗留了两天，但故乡那五彩缤纷 的景物却在心中留下了新的投影。 Although a two-day stay, a beautiful new fragment was added in my mind to the evolving mosaic that is homeland. 从本学期开始，学生宿舍客访不得迟于10时， 星期天不得迟于晚10时半。 Starting with this semester, dorm residents wont be able to have guests after 10 p.

35、m. on week nights or 10:30 p.m. on weekends. 批评家的文字，看在不言之中，最为难解。 The unsaid meanings in critical essays make them the most difficult texts to be understood. 那天天色昏暗，黄沉沉，似乎要下雨，空荡荡 的山谷，一片寂静。 A dirty-yellow sky had threatened rain all day and a hollow stillness hung over the valley. 珠宝佩戴得体，可令你旧日的衣裳平添 色泽

36、。 The right jewellery can revitalize the old standby that you have had in your wardrobe for years and bring it right into the “new look”. 反逆式主语转移 他这样悍然行事使我们非常气愤。 Hot anger burned in our minds against him at his flagrant action. 一胎生了三个女儿。 Three daughters were born at one birth. 吃饭得用筷子。 Chopsticks are

37、 used for eating meals. 孩子的过往往是父母的错。 The sins of the parents are frequently visited upon the children. 沿路都是小商店。 Small shops dot the way. 战争带来的是灾难。 顺译：War brings forth misery. 反逆：Misery follows war. 业精于勤。 顺译：Professional expertise comes from diligence. 反逆：Diligence brings about professional expertise

38、. 把这些胸针嵌上小巧精美的宝石，那就 更具一番风姿，可令女士们着实迷人了。 Set with small but perfect stones, these clips are fun and add to the unique charm of the wearer. Ladies will enhance their charm when they wear these clips set with small but perfect stones. 主语转移的一般规范： 必须紧扣原意，只要不违背全句的总体 意义，选择可灵活变通，不拘一格。 必须密切顾及英语的习惯表达法。 必须同时顾及便

39、于英语句子的成形，也 就是说必须顺应英语SV提挈机制的决定 性作用。 必须充分注意到不同的主语选择可能带 来的意义差别，特别是强调意义的差别。 Supplement 话题式主语句 零位主语句 隐含主语句 补充主语的手段 补充泛指性代词或名词 补充人称代词 补充逻辑推导产生的主语 话题式主语句 今天今天他要去看病。 He is going to see the doctor today. 街上街上很多人。 There are many people in the street. 窗外窗外传来了一阵笑声。 From outside the window came a gust of laughter. 零位主语句 A：你去看他了？ B：没去。 A:为什么呢？ B:没空，有空再去。 A: Did you see him? B: No, I didnt. A: just why? B: Ive been too busy. Ill go when I have time. 隐含主语句 叙述自然现象的句子，有些句子涉及某 种日常行为或活动的开始、进行或结束。 大量的成语、格言句。 口号、命令、规定等等 下雪了。 Its snowing. 着火了！ Fire, fire! 开演了！ The show