木工指南：基本连接方式

1、WOODWORKING GUIDE: BASIC JOINERY木工指南：基本连接方式Close isnt really good eno ugh. A perfect fit is what counts.“差不多”还不够好，我们要的是精准的结合。When buildi ng furniture,there are many ways to con struct joi nts. The simplest arethose that use mechanical fasteners, like nails and screws. While these are sometimes appro

2、priate, theyre not often used in first-class work, especially in visible areas. Whats preferred is a direct joint betwee n parts, bon ded with glue.做家具的时候，有很多 连接构件的方法。最简单的就是使用机械 连接件，比如顶子、螺丝。 虽然这办法有时候适用， 但在高级木作尤其是看面上却很少使用。人们更喜欢构件之间直接通过胶水来连接。Of course, the type of joint you need depends on a variety o

3、f factors,like the natureof the materials being join ed, the fun cti on of the joint, stre ngth and appeara nee requirements, what machinery and equipment are available, and your own level of skill. Whole books are devoted to this discipli ne and most are far from comprehe nsivebecause the possibili

4、ties are almost endless. In light of this, joinery can certainly seem in timidat ing to the begi nner. But it does nt have to be. By masteri ng two primary joints, the edge joint and the mortise and tenon, you can build an astounding array of furniture.当然，选用哪种 连接方式取决于多种因素，包括所要连接材料的性质、连接点的功能、强度和外观的要求

5、、可用的工具装备以及你的技术水平。有很多书整本都在讲这些内容，但大多都讲得不全面，因为有几乎无数种可能的情况。鉴于此，连接方法的内容对于新手来说往往很吓人。但实际上大可不必，只要掌握两种主要的 连接方法一一边的 连接和方榫连接一一你 就能做出很多种家具了。Edge Joints边的连接The firstrequirement of a good edge joint is that the two mating surfaces must fittogether perfectly. This means there are no discer nible gaps. Second, the

6、mat ing surfaces must be either on the edge or the surface of a board. End grain is not a can didate for edge joining because of its ope n cellular structure. When glue is applied to these cells, they act like straws, pulli ng the glue deep into the wood in stead of leavi ng it n ear the surface whe

7、re the bond takes place. When end grain must be joined to edge or face grain, the joint of choice is the mortise and tenon. More on this later.做好边的连接的第一个要求就是对接的两条边必须能完美地拼合。这意味着拼合处不能有可见的缝隙。第二，拼合的部位必须要么是板子的侧边，要么在板子的大面上。板子的端头（木纹截断面）不能用这种方法连接，因为这个面上的孔状结构太多了。当胶水涂到这些小孔上时，它们就像吸管一样把胶水吸到木材的深处而不是让胶水留在胶结面附近。当一

8、块板子的端面必须和另一块板子的侧边或板面连接时，就要选用方榫 连接，这会在后面讲到。For edge joining, the mating surfaces must be flat and square to both faces of the board. To achieve this,first scribe a straight reference line on one surface,usinga long straightedge. Then clamp this board to the side of your worktable and use a bench pla

9、ne to flatte n the edge. Check your progress relative to your reference line freque ntly. And check for square freque ntly with a comb in ati on square.对于边的连接，对接面必须平整、方正（和相邻两面垂直）。为了达到这个要求，先在板子 的一侧用长靠山画一条参考线，然后把板子加在工作台的侧面，用台刨（手动的）刨平这条边。刨的过程中要经常根据刚才画的参考线检查刨削的进度，并用组合直角尺检查是否方正。Once youre satisfied with

10、the edge on the first board, repeat the same process on the mating board. When youve flattened this edge, lay the two boards together on a flat surface and check for fit. Usually some additi onal work will be required to get a perfect joint. Whenyouve achieved it, just spread glue on both mating edg

11、es （Photo 1） and clamp the boards together un til the glue sets （Photo 2）.刨好第一块板子的结合边后再用同样的方法去刨另一块板子。两块都刨好后将他们放在一个平面上试拼一下，通常你还需要修整几次才能达到完美的拼接效果。修整好之后，只需在对接的两边涂上胶水（如图1），并用夹钳固定好这两块板子知道胶水固化（如图 2 ）。1- A simple edge joint requires only the proper fit of the parts and a thin coat of glue. Be sure to sprea

12、d the glue evenly.图1.简单的边连接只需两条边能紧密拼合并在上面涂薄薄一层胶即可，胶水一定要涂匀。2- Pull the edge joint tight with clamps. Make sure that both boards are alig ned correctly, so that the surface is flat.图2.用夹钳加紧对接的木板，确保两块木板对齐，这样才能保证拼出来的是一个平面。Doweli ng圆木榫连接One com mon problem with edge joi ning is that the glue ofte n acts

13、as a lubrica ntbetwee n the boards. This can cause the boards to slip whe n clamped, which makes itdifficult to achieve a flat joint. There are three commonsolutions to this problem: dowels, jo ining plates and spli nes. Because the last two require some fairly specialized equipme nt, dowels are the

14、 best choice for the begi nner. All you n eed for the job is a drill and a doweli ng jig.边连接的一个常见问题是胶水常常在两板之间起到润滑剂的作用，使得用夹钳固定的时候板子容易相对滑动，导致很难保证连接处的两边在一个平面上。一般有三种方法来解决这个问 题，圆木榫、饼干榫和木楔。因为后两种都需要一些特殊装备才能搞定，所以圆木榫就成了 新手的首选。使用圆木榫只需准备电钻和圆榫打孔模具即可。For standard 13/16-in.-thick stock, 1/4-in.-dia. x 1-in.-long

15、dowels are a goodchoice. Start by laying out the dowel locations every 6 in. to 8 in. along the joint. Next, in stall the 1/4-i n.-dia.bush ing in your doweli ng jigand cen ter the hole inthe jig bushi ng over your first mark. Tighte n the jig in place and bore a hole inthe edge (Photo 3). Make sure

16、 that the hole is deep eno ugh to allow a 1/16-i n. space at each end of the dowel for excess glue. Repeat the same procedure for all the holes along the joint.对于标准的13/16英寸厚的木料，应该选用直径1/4英寸、长1英寸的圆木榫。先在要对接 的边上每隔68英寸画一个圆榫定位标记。 然后在圆榫开孔模具上装上 1/4英寸直径的轴套， 将模具上的孔对准你画的标记。固定好打孔模具，并在要对接的边上钻孔(如图3)。在两块板上都要保证孔的深度

17、超过圆榫的长度1/16英寸，以便给多余的胶水留有空间。重复上述操作，打完所有的孔。3- Us ing small dowels helps with edge joint alig nment. Bore the dowel holes with a doweli ng jig and an electric drill.图3.用圆木榫来协助对齐接口。用电钻和圆榫开孔模具来打圆榫孔。Keep in mind that birch dowel stock, in 36-i n. len gths and in diameters from 1/8in. to 1 in., is com monl

18、y available at hardware stores and lumberyards. When using this material, its a good idea to cut a narrow groove down the length of each piece to create an escape route for excess glue. You can use the corner of a sharp chisel to scratch the side of the dowel. You also should slightly bevel both end

19、s of the dowel with a piece of sandpaper. This bevel makes aligning the dowels in their mating holes easier. You can also buy readymade dowels from mail-order suppliers.记住，你通常能在五金店或木料场买到36英寸长、直径1/8至1英寸的桦木圆榫料。使用圆榫的时候，最好在每个圆榫上沿长度方向切出一条凹槽，以便让多余的胶水可以顺着凹槽挤出。你可以用凿刀的刃角刮出这个凹槽。你还应该用砂纸给每个圆榫的两端倒个角，这样能让圆榫更容易对准榫

20、孔。你也可以买现成的圆木榫。Once your dowels are cut to size,spread a thin layer of glue in all the dowel holesand along the edges of the mating boards. Then gently tap the dowels into the holes (Photo 4). Next, align the mating board so the exposed dowels meet their corresp onding holes (Photo 5) and use clamps

21、to pull the joint tight. Tighte n the clamps slowly to allow any excess glue to escape and leave the joint clamped un til the glue sets.做好圆榫后，在要对接的两边和榫孔内都涂上薄薄一层胶水。然后轻轻地把圆榫敲到一侧的榫孔中(如图4)，接着对准另一块板子，让凸出的圆榫对准相应的榫孔(如图5)，并用夹钳夹紧。要慢慢紧固夹钳，以便多余的胶水能被挤出来，在胶水固化前一直保持夹持状态。4- Once the holes are bored, spread glue in

22、 the holes and along the board edges. Then gen tly tap the dowels into place.图4.钻好孔后，在对接边和榫孔里刷胶，然后轻轻地把圆榫敲进榫孔。5- Position the mating board so its holes align with the dowels in the first board.Then squeeze the two boards together.图5.对准另一块板子，第一块板子上的圆榫头对准第二块板子上的榫孔，然后把两板挤在 一起。Mortise And Tenon方榫连接As men

23、tioned earlier, the mortise-and-tenonjoint is the best way to join end grainto long gra in. The tenon is the male porti on of the joint that is cut on the end of one board. Its designed to fit into an identically sized slot, the mortise, in the mati ng board.就像前面提到的，当一块板的端头需要和另一块板的侧面连接时，方榫 连接是最好的方法。

24、方榫头是这个连接中凸出的那部分，它是在一块板的端头上切出来的。方榫头插到另一块板子上的一个合适大小的槽里面，也就是榫槽。Beginners often avoid this joint because the skills required seem out of reach. But if you take care in layout and cutting,you can easily achieve good results. Of course,its always a good idea to practice on some scrap wood first. The tools

25、 youll need are a comb in ati on square, marking gauge, drill, doweli ng jig, backsaw and sharp chisel.新手通常不愿意做这种连接，因为做它所需的技术看起来遥不可及。但是如果你仔细划线并切割，你可以轻松地做好它。 当然，最好还是在下脚料上先练习练习。做方榫所需的工具有：组合直角尺、划线器、钻、圆榫开孔模具、夹背锯和锋利的凿刀。To lay out the joint, begin by marking the tenon shoulder line. This represents the le

26、ngth of the finished tenon, which is usually 1 in. to 1 1/2 in. long. Use a square and pencil to extend this shoulder mark to both sides and edges of the board （Photo 6）.在划线的时候，先画好榫头的肩线，也就是标识榫头长度的线。榫头通常长11.5英寸。用直角尺和铅笔画肩线的延长线，使之延伸到相邻的两个侧面上。（如图6）6- Begin laying out a tenon by marking a shoulder line o

27、n all four sides of the board.Use a square and a sharp pen cil.图6.给榫头划线的时候，先在木料的四周画好肩线，使用直角尺和削尖的铅笔划线。Next, set up your marking gauge to scribe the tenon width on the center of the board end. For 13/16-in.-thick stock the tenon is usually 3/8 in. thick with 7/32-in.shoulders on both sides. But a 5/16

28、-i n.-thick tenon with 1/4-i n.-thick shouldersis also perfectly acceptable. Scribe these guide lines across the end grain and down the two edges till they meet the shoulder line （Photo 7）. Clamp the board in placewith the joint end pointing up and use a backsaw to cut along the guide lines（Photo 8）

29、. Be sure your saw kerf always stays on the waste side of the line, and stop cutti ng whe n ou reach the shoulder mark.接下来调整好你的划线器，在木材端头的中间画榫头宽度线。 对于13/16英寸厚的木料，通常的厚度是榫头3/8英寸，两肩各7/32英寸。但也可以做成榫头厚 5/16英寸，两肩各1/4 英寸。将宽度线延伸到木料的两侧，直到与肩线相交。（如图7）将木料榫头方向朝上固定好，用夹背锯沿着榫头宽度线切割。（如图8）一定要让锯片在宽度线以外（不能伤到榫头），一直切到肩线。7-

30、 Use a marking gauge to mark the tenon lines on the edges and the end of the board.Cen ter the tenon on the end of the board.图7.用划线器在木料端头和两个侧面画好榫头线，把榫头定位在端面的中央。8- Clamp the board upright and use a backsaw to cut along the layout lin es. Be sure to cut on the waste side of the line.图8.将木料竖着夹紧，用夹背锯沿标划

31、的线切割。一定要让锯在标线的榫头以外部分切割。Next, clamp this board flat on your worktable and use a backsaw to cut along thewaste side of the shoulder line (Photo 9). Whenthis cut is complete, the waste should fall from the side of the tenon. Repeat the same process for the other side of thejoint. Then use a sharp chise

32、l to pare the sides of the tenon (often called the cheeks) dow n to the guide lines (Photo 10).接下来，将木料平方在工作台上并夹紧，用夹背锯沿肩线外侧切割(不能伤到榫肩)(如果图9)。切好之后，废弃的小木块就会自己从木料上掉下来。再另一面也这样切，然后用锋 利的凿刀削掉榫头侧面(通常成为榫脸)多余的部分，直到与榫头宽度线契合。9- Once the cheek cuts are made, lay the board flat and make the shoulder cuts. Aga in, s

33、tay on the waste side of the line.图9.切出榫脸之后，将木料放平来切榫肩。再次提醒，在标线的废料侧切割。10- Use a sharp chisel to remove the saw marks on the cheeks and to cut the tenon to the fini shed dime nsion.图10.用锋利的凿刀削去榫脸上的锯痕，并把榫头尺寸最终修整到位。Most tenons also have shoulder cuts on the top and bottom edges. To cut these, first lay

34、out the guide lines using a marking gauge. Then cut along the length of the tenon using a backsaw (Photo 11). and finish by cutting along the shoulder line on both edges (Photo 12). Set the tenons aside for the mome nt and beg in work ing on the mortises.大多数榫头除了在长边方向有榫肩，在两个短边方向也有榫肩。 为了切出这两个方向的榫肩，先用划

35、线器画出引导线，然后用夹背锯沿榫头长度方向切割(如图11)，最后沿两个短边的肩线切割(如图12)。榫头就算做好了，下面来做榫槽。11- Lay out the top and bottom shoulder cuts. Then clamp the board upright and make the long cuts with a backsaw.图11.画出两短边的榫肩切割线。然后将木料竖直固定，用夹背锯切割。12- Lay the board on its edge and make the shoulder cuts on the tenon with a backsaw.Cut o

36、n the waste side of the line.图12.将板子侧面朝上放平，用夹背锯切榫肩。一定要在榫肩线的废料侧切割。Use the marking gauge and square to mark guide lines for the mortise in the mat ing board (Photo 13). Because cutt ing a mortise requires accurately removi ng a great deal of stock, a drill and doweling jig are your tools of choice. Ju

37、st insert a bushing in the doweling jig that matches the width of your mortise. Then clamp the jig onto the board with the hole centered between your layout lines.Slide the drill bit intothe bushing and bore a series of overlapping holes until all the waste is removed(Photo 14).在另一块板上用划线器和直角尺画出榫槽线(如

38、图13)。因为做榫槽需要精确地挖掉一大块木头，最好选用电钻和圆榫开孔模具来作为工具。在模具上安装一个和你要做的榫槽一样宽的轴套，然后将模具固定在板子上，确保模具孔的中心对准榫孔的中心。用钻头在轴套里沿榫槽打出一系列互相重叠的孔，一直打到榫槽边缘(如图14 )。13- Use a square and a marking gauge to lay out the mortise. Double-check that the mortise and tenon widths match.图13.用直角尺和划线器画出榫槽线。再次检查，确保榫头和榫槽的宽度契合。14- Use a doweling jig and drill to bore overlappingholes within the mortise layoutlin es. This removes most of the wa