工厂化养虾技术（Industrial shrimp farming techniques）

1、工厂化养虾技术（Industrial shrimp farming techniques）Industrial shrimp farming techniquesPrefaceWhat is the factory shrimp? In my opinion, the shrimp factory is the use of modern means of industrial control, the ecological environment in the pool, creating an optimal condition for the survival and growth of

2、 shrimp, in high intensive stocking density, smooth growth of shrimp,Improve the yield and quality per unit area, and strive for higher economic benefits. Specifically, in the indoor cement pool or plastic pool with heat preservation and light control, the water temperature is controlled by solar en

3、ergy or other heat energy in the optimum temperature of the breeding organism,In the pool to ensure adequate dissolved oxygen, not only for breeding objects required to breathe, can improve the water quality conditions in the pool; by the amount of water, to remove harmful substances in the water su

4、pply, and the beneficial supplement material, maintain excellent water quality conditions by chemical or biological means,Build a good biological community, inhibit harmful organisms, avoid the occurrence of serious diseases; to the quality of the feed to ensure shrimp growth, promote growth and imp

5、rove the disease resistance, thereby improving the shrimp survival rate and growth rate, improve the quality and quantity of products,Achieve high quality, high yield and high efficiency. The advantages of industrial shrimp are high yield, multi cropping and widening the time to market, especially t

6、he disease is easy to control.Research and practice prove: in all of the shrimp Penaeus vannmei is one of the most suitable for high density aquaculture species. In the absence of unexpected circumstances, generally per square metre of single crop can produce white shrimp 4-5kg. Intensive rearing Po

7、nds - average yield per mu of Penaeus vannamei 400-600kg.First, the basic facilities of factory shrimp farmingThe factory infrastructure shrimp plant water supply and water treatment facilities, ponds and heating insulation facilities, gas oxygen and power facilities, in closed circulating water shr

8、imp, should also be waste water purification treatment.1. Water and water treatment facilitiesUnderground water resources area should be used in underground water, its biggest advantage is less in pathogen, white shrimp virus diseases is still very serious today, the use of groundwater has obvious p

9、reventive effect, low cost and simple facilities. Just dig a well and build a sink,Its capacity is 1-2 times as much as that of the total water body, and its role is to reduce the content of the reducing substance in the air and increase its temperature. The chemical composition of groundwater in so

10、me areas and different in different sea, under the condition of shrimp is difficult to survive, to adjust the chemical ion,Therefore, the chemical composition of saline groundwater should be analyzed in advance and adjusted according to the analysis results.The use of marine shrimp are water must go

11、 through strict filtration and disinfection before use, so in the sandy area can be built on sand wells, but also in the low tide line near the buried sand filter pipe, sand filter water pipe flow to plant tank or wells.A water tank shall be constructed directly by lifting water from the sea, and th

12、e water capacity should be able to meet the daily water demand. Two pools shall be built and used alternately.Water recycling is required when the physical and biochemical and biological purification of shrimp waste water, waste water after filtration or solid precipitation to remove large shape, th

13、e second step will be decomposed into inorganic salts of organic compounds in water by microorganisms,The third step consists of phytoplankton absorb nutrients and in the fourth step by filter feeding organisms eat plankton, the fifth step by step into the microbial decomposition and aquatic plants

14、further absorption of inorganic salts, sixth step sterilization after use. Step 2-4 can be done simultaneously,That is, the wastewater is filtered or precipitated into the shellfish pond, which acts as a microorganism, as well as the role of phytoplankton and the purification of shellfish. This way

15、can be used but covering more, to achieve the purpose of comprehensive utilization of.For example: closed circulating aquaculture Model 2000 Marine Fisheries Research Institute of Jiangsu province will be discharged from the test pond water through shellfish aquaculture pond, let off water filter fe

16、eding shellfish algae and organic detritus decomposition by raising shellfish pool water by biological bacteria package,Back into the pool disinfection and sterilizing and precipitation and then return to shrimp shrimp ponds, the average yield of 811kg. This not only avoids the pollution of the shri

17、mp wastewater to the coastal waters, but also makes the water and fertilizer comprehensive utilization. It has both economic and ecological value.2, shrimp ponds and greenhousesThe factory of shrimp ponds are various, but good use of two kinds, namely round or nearly round pool and loop type ponds.

18、The common characteristic is that the water can do circular flow, not only can the water quality in the tank be uniform, but also the wastes of shrimp can be discharged to the pool in time,Keep Ikeuchi Shige (see drawings). Shrimp farming area is more than 100-1000m2, pool deep 1.2-1.5m. The wall is

19、 masonry structure, cement mortar, pool angle arc, to avoid chafing shrimp head.The bottom of the pool to smooth cement mortar with a small slope (0.5%) to drain. Around the central circular pool drain about 2m radius of its built in order to gather around the bottom of the pot shaped dirt. The pond

20、s are mostly kept in small ponds under 10 mu,The shape and structure of the utility model are the same as that of the square cement tank, and the central sewage pipe is not provided, and the sewage is sucked out by a water pump or siphon pipe. A sluice gate is also needed for the pond to facilitate

21、water exchange and shrimp harvesting.In order to improve the water temperature and extend the breeding period, a plastic greenhouse or a greenhouse with a transparent roof can also be built.3, power and oxygen systemThe flow and oxygenation of the water in the breeding pond are the necessary conditi

22、ons for the high-density shrimp culture. It can not only make the water quality in the tank even, but also concentrate the shrimp excreta on the sewage outlet to the outside of the pool to keep the water in the tank clean. There are three ways to move water:The larger pool is better for the use of w

23、aterwheel aerator. It has dual effects of dynamic water and aeration. An aerator of LKW is used early in the water surface, and it is increased to two units in the middle and late stages. Small ponds can be used to turn mouth gas lift pump dynamic water and oxygen,The use of blower or other non oil

24、gas blower. The amount of gas should be cultured per minute total water 0.5-1%. Sufficient water can also be used to promote water jet flow, water jet pipe from the water above the oblique jet into the pool to promote the flow of water,And the air into the water, 4-5 times daily water supply should

25、be the total amount of water flowing water shrimp farming method. According to the existing conditions, the above two or three methods can be adopted. The aerobic aerator required by each mu of pond is better than that of waterwheel aerator.With the factory waste heat and the natural heat source, th

26、e utility model can use the heat energy to raise the water temperature to carry out the multiple stubble cultivation, and the utilization rate of the shrimp farm can be increased, and the economic benefit is increased.Two, the ecological habits of Penaeus vannameiP.vannamei originally distributed in

27、 the American Pacific coast offshore, South to the north of Mexico along the Peru sea, the center area is on the equator along the coast of Ecuador, is a tropical shrimp species.1, salinity resistant Guangnan white shrimp can adapt to salinity of 0.5-50, the best salinity of 15-35. The shrimp after

28、desalination can in brackish pond aquaculture.2, temperature range, Guangnan white shrimp can tolerate temperature of less than 12-43.5 degrees Celsius, but the best growth temperature is 25 - 32 degrees celsius. In 2001, the experiment was fatal, with a low temperature of 8.3, high density culture

29、of Penaeus vannamei is not only suitable for low density culture, is also suitable for high density cultivation, such as factory farming per square metre of 400 shrimp tail harvest, the survival rate reached 82%.4, growth in water temperature of 25-33 degrees, 70-80 days up to weight 15-20g, the fas

30、test 58 celestial bodies weighing 16.6g, in the northern pond rearing good three months, up to weight 25g.5, wide feeding habits, high utilization rate of feed can not only feeding animal diets and feed intake, but also Enteromorpha, grass feeding pond ditch, is an omnivorous animal, therefore, low

31、feeding coefficient in aquaculture, the lowest feeding coefficient was 0.8, the majority of 1.1-1.3,The higher one is 1.5.6, strong resistance to white spot syndrome virus disease have a certain resistance, and Chinese shrimp, Penaeus monodon and raised in a pond, the China shrimp died, white shrimp

32、 survival most, prove its strongest resistance.But white shrimp can also attack,The incidence rate of Guangxi province is less than 20%, and the incidence rate is lower in cold period. The northern trial showed that the incidence of coarse and semi intensive feeding was high, the incidence of intens

33、ive farming and factory culture was low, and the incidence rate of seawater pond was higher than that of freshwater pond.7, shrimp meat quality is good, higher value, small head, processed meat rate.8, the pro shrimp culture of Penaeus vannamei, after 9 months of breeding can mature, and in artifici

34、al breeding conditions mating and spawning, easy to solve the problem of broodstock and artificial selection and breeding.9, there is no obvious latent behavior in the laboratory breeding environment, which can be adapted to the hard bottom condition of indoor cement pond, which is a favorable condi

35、tion for factory culture.10, poor dynamic P.vannamei hi volt static water bottom, as intermittent crawling or in lower intermittent swimming, under normal circumstances would not like to ring like Chinese shrimp pool gathering in crowds and groups parade, increase nutrition consumption, so the growt

36、h rate for feeding,It is also one of the reasons of low bait coefficient in aquaculture.The shortcomings of the Taura syndrome virus (TSV) is sensitive; the low temperature tolerance ability, when in the long water temperature below 18 DEG C, shrimp in urgency, feeding loss, low resistance, easy to

37、outbreak of white spot virus disease, therefore, can not be too early or too late seedling harvest; second is afraid to disturb,Especially in the high temperature period, it is easy to die after being frightened; the eggs of the broodstock are not concentrated, and in the north it is difficult to ob

38、tain a large number of fertilized eggs in the short term.Three, the technical points of Penaeus vannamei factory cultureThe factory of the shrimp can be divided into the following several ways: open air pool without insulation, heating up each year in the Qingdao area can only breed, stubble shrimp;

39、 plastic greenhouse and heating conditions better pool annual breeding two stubble; thermal insulation and heating pool, a year above three crop breeding.In order to improve the utilization rate of the pool can also be three class culture, namely a culture before 5cm of young shrimp, two grade 5 to

40、100cm in shrimp farming, three breeding to commercial shrimp, each culture about 1.5 months a year, each pool can raise five crop of shrimp, the yield per unit area can be greatly rose.1. Water treatmentThe water must be clean, free of pathogens, especially against the white spot virus and its carry

41、ing organisms. The sea water must be filtered by sand filter or sand filter well. After disinfection can be used, sea water can be used 15-30ppm bleaching powder, after the spread of drugs should be fully stir,Disinfect thoroughly.Saline groundwater can be used in the saline and alkaline areas. The

42、ground water does not need filtration and disinfection, but it needs to be fully oxidized before it can be used. In some areas of groundwater is not directly into the stocking shrimp, shrimp shrimp performance after tumbling restlessly, for a long time is dead,The study is mainly due to lack of cont

43、ent of potassium ion in these areas of groundwater caused by the ratio of the absolute content but does not depend on the potassium ion but depends on potassium and sodium ions, potassium content of normal seawater is sodium 3.6-3.7%,In many areas, potassium is less than 1% of sodium ion,After the t

44、est in order to make shrimp survival, must make the potassium sodium ion content of more than 2%, therefore, need to add potassium (potassium chloride) to seedling, according to the above reason, the low salinity water, potassium ion should be added less.2 、 dip pool and disinfectionThe new cement p

45、ool must be more than 10 days after the soaking time, the dissolution of salty substances and other harmful substances. The use of the ponds, also should soak for several days, and then disinfect with bleaching powder 30-50ppm, and start the aerator drug mix, thorough and strict disinfection do.The

46、use of intensive ponds must be thoroughly dredging, there are shrimp, small crabs and dragonfly larvae (freshwater ponds) in seedling pond should be one month before the 80% content of 0.2-0.3ppm or 2ppm kill chrysanthemum fat dichlorvos poisoning clean, 2 days after the exclusion of water. Then pou

47、r into the half pool of seawater,Then use 80-100ppm bleaching powder to poison, and start the oxygen machine, stir up the drug, and make thorough and strict disinfection.3, breeding bait organismsThe basic reproduction is to promote the rapid growth of shrimp bait, effective means to feed the lower

48、pond in the seedling industry wide one month before fertilization reproduction of phytoplankton, 5 grams per cubic meter of urea, superphosphate 2 grams, after every day 1 / 2 before the amount of,Make transparency about 30cm, and then add 100 grams of live Artemia, or Artemia eggs 10 grams. Fine sh

49、rimp can also hook into the shrimp, snail bait twist. Freshwater ponds can be moved into water fleas, red earthworms and so on.4, release seedlings(1) select the key is the choice of shrimp shrimp with disease free and without white spot disease virus shrimp, eye size neat, body length more than 0.6

50、cm, the bigger the better. Shrimp should be lively and healthy, no weak seedling and seedling death, back water ability, transparent body, not red,Dark brown area of liver heart. Take 1 - 2 days to try to raise shrimp, the mortality rate should not be greater than 5%. Conditions can be 50 tail shrim

51、p, sent to the relevant departments for virus detection, without the selection of shrimp white spot virus. The best selection of purchased by the Hawaii first generation SPF broodstock breeding shrimp.(2) the stocking time of Penaeus vannamei shrimp species is high in low temperature environment, no

52、t only slow growth and easy onset, the best temperature reaches 23 degrees Celsius above seedling, or in the first heating pool foster, to prolong the breeding period, breeding of large size structure of commodity shrimp.(3) stocking density, factory culture, planting seedlings per square meter 300

53、- 500 tail, temporary rearing of prawn seedlings can be reduced by 20%-30%. Intensive ponds put seedlings per mu million tail 5-6. The implementation of three first grade breeding per square metre stocking shrimp tail 1000-1200,Two, 500-800 square meters per square metre, three level pool, 300-400 s

54、quare meters per square metre. Lack of experience, the first shrimp should be taken to the lower limit or lower value.(4) of the larvae in low salinity desalination or freshwater aquaculture of white shrimp, shrimp to freshwater domestication in the nursery desalination speed of not more than 5 dail

55、y salinity decreased to 5, can be directly to the micro salt pond in seedling.In freshwater ponds also to pond 20-30cm in fresh water, then the salt brine or seawater in the salinity to 25 - 30, can be directly without dilution of the shrimp stocking, after a few days after the temporary raising, th

56、en add fresh water daily.(5) the shrimp intermediate cultivation in addition to direct stocking, is for young shrimp intermediate culture, its advantage is stockinglarge size shrimp survival rate is stable, easy to develop the management. The second is the breeding period of growth, in the open air

57、pool to the water temperature at the stocking of sanda,The first shrimp placed in a plastic greenhouse or other heating conditions in the pool foster a period to be exposed after Tianchi water temperature rise pond to prolong the breeding period. The density of seedlings raised in the middle is 3-5

58、times as much as that in the breeding ponds.5. FeedingFood is the material basis of white shrimp growth, adequate quality feed can not only ensure the rapid growth of the white shrimp, but also has the function of health and disease prevention, therefore, we must ensure that the requirements of the quality and quantity of the white shrimp bait.Although it was reported that the protein requirement of white shrimp was low, 20-25% could satisfy the requirement of growth. But the production proved that the high protein feed is better. Such as: the use of protein content fo