主语和谓语的一致

1、主语和谓语的一致主语和谓语的一致. 1. 主语和谓语的一致关系: 谓语要与主语在人称和数上保持一致: Her dreams have come true. Her dream has come true. She often arrives at school late. They often arrive at school late. It is getting dark. Eggs are getting scarcer. I am getting bored. 2. 确定主语单复数的三个原则: 2 1. 语法上一致的原则: The boy plays football well. Th

2、e boys play football well. It is bitterly cold. I am very cold. 2 2. 概念上一致的原则: My family are all early risers. (指家中的全体成员, 有复数含义)His family has moved into the new house. (指整个家, 用作单数)Five minutes is enough. (一个时间段, 看作单数)The crew are waiting for instructions from the captain. (指全体船员, 复数)2 3. 邻近词一致的原则:

3、Neither he nor they are wholly right. Neither Tom nor the Browns enjoy their journey to Beijing owing to the bad weather. Either your key or my key is missing. Not only but also their teacher has participated in the party. He or I am in the wrong. -whats worth visiting there? -well, theres the park,

4、 the castle and the museum. 3. 主谓一致的具体原则: 3 1. 根据语法一致的原则确定谓语形式: 单数主语 + 单数谓语; 复数主语+ 复数谓语 The teacher encourages the students to speak freely. My wages are low, but me taxes are high. Their house has nine room. It always pays to give your paper one final check. 在 “主语+系词+表语结构” 中, 系动词要与主语的数保持一致, 不受其表语的影

5、响. Their greatest concern is the children. The most appreciated gift was the clothes that you sent us. What we need most is books. Paul is friends with bill. 在 “单数名词(主语)+(together)with+名词” 结构中谓语只与主语保持一致, 这是因为上述短语只起修饰主语的作用, 而非主语的一部分. 短语: Along with, as well as, in addition to, accompanied by, rather

6、than, as much as, no less than, including, besides, except, but, like. The factory with all its equipment has been burnt. You as well as I are wrong. The manager, along with his secretaries, is going to a dinner party tonight. An expert, together with some assistants, was sent to help in this work.

7、The teacher, as much as the parents, is to blame for the accident. Mr. Robbins, accompanied by his wife, is arriving tonight. 3 2 主语含有 and时的谓语形式: “单数名词 + and + 单数名词” 作主语, 谓语动词用复数. Reading, writing and arithmetic are called the three Rs. Joe and Bob are smart. He and I are good friends. The poet and

8、the novelist were both present at the meeting. 如果由 and 所连接的并列主语指的是同一个人或物事, 谓语动词用单数. The statesman and poet was engaged in warfare all his life. A teacher and novelist is going to make a speech in the hall. A / The + 单数名词人 + and + 单数名词人 + 单数谓语 指同一个人身兼两种职务. A / The + 单数名词人 + and + a/the + 单数名词 + 复数谓语

9、指不同职务的两个人. The conductor and composer was greeted by a crowd of people. The conductor and the composer were greeted by a crowd of people. 一下已被看成一个整体, 因而做主语时, 谓语动词用单数. Knife and fork, needle and thread, a cup and saucer, a horse and carriage, trial and error, law and order, etc. Law and order has bee

10、n established. Bread and butter is our daily food. Fish and chips is a popular fast food. The stars and stripes is the natioanl flag of USA. The sum and substance of the speech was antiwar. 主语为 “every / each + 单数名词 + and + (every / each +) 单数名词” 时, 谓语用单数. Every man, woman, and child needs love. Each

11、 boy and girl was given a book. Each book and each paper is held in place. Every minute and every second is precious. 主语为 “形容词 + and + 形容词 + 不可数名词或复数可数名词”, 并且是涉及到该名词的品种或类别时, 谓语动词用复数. Chinese and british beer are served at the pub. Cooling draft beer is served at the pub. Clever and dull students are

12、 treated alike. There is a black and white picture on the wall. 当 “both and ” 连接两个单数名词作主语时, 谓语动词用复数. Both his brother and sister are married. Both whales and dolphins are mammals. 3 3 根据邻近词一致的原则确定谓语形式: 用 or 连接两个名(代)词作主语时, 依据 “邻近原则” 确定谓语形式. George or Tom is wanted. George or I am wrong. Were you or h

13、e there? 用 either or 连接连个名代词作主语时, 邻近原则. Either John or his friends are to blame for the bad results. Either the shirts or the sweater is a good buy. Not only but also ; not but 连接两个名代词作主语时, 邻近原则. Not only Mary but also John was invited to the party. Not the students but their teacher is invited to t

14、he party. 3 4 谓语用单数形式的情况: 动名词, 动词不定式或主语从句作主语. Reasing is a great pleasure in life. To live means to creat. That we need more time is obvious. 数词或 “数词 + 复数名词 (表示时间, 距离, 金额, 重量, 大小, 体积等)” 作主语. Eight hours of sleep is enough. Five is an odd number. A hundred miles is quite a drive, isnt it? Five tons i

15、s a heavy load. Ten dollars is too much to pay for that shirt. 复数形式的专有名词作主语. The Philippines consists of more than 7,000 islands. The United Nations has its head quarters in New York City. The Times has a large circulation. “many a / more than one + 单数名词” 作主语. Many a little makes a mickle. Many a sh

16、ip has been wrecked on those rocks. More than on grammatical mistakes was found in his composition. 表示群意义的词组, 如: a flock of birds, a pack of dogs, a pride of lions, a herd of cattle, a school of fish 作主语. A flock of birds is circling overhead. The herd of cattle is breaking away. 3 5 谓语用复数形式的情况: tro

17、users, pants, pyjamas, shorts, pliers, scissors, pincer, tongs, glasses, spectacles, tights, compasses等; 一般都用复数形式, 但当这些词前面有单数量词时, 谓语动词常用单数形式. Where are my scissors? There is a pair of scissors on the table. 有些集合名词作主语时, 要用复数形式的谓语. Sheep, Cattle, Police, Poultry, militia, people等; Cattle feed on grass

18、. The police are looking into the matter. “Several / (a) few / both / many + (of+) 复数可数名词或上述词” 单独用作主语时, 谓语用复数形式. Several of you need to work harder. Several have already written to me. 3 6 谓语用单复数皆可的情况: 有些名词形式上是复数, 但做主语, 谓语多用单数, 也可以用复数形式. Means, works, tidings, headquarter等; The firms headquarters ar

19、e / is in London. The good tiding come / comes too late. There is / are no means of finding out what happened. The steel works is / are closed for the holiday. 数词组成的数学算式作主语, 谓语单复亦可: Two and three is/are five. Twice two make/makes four. 一些复数形式疾病名称作主语, 通常用单数, 复数也可以. The measles is an infectious illnes

20、s. Mumps is/are fairly rare in adults. 3 7 不定代词作主语时的谓语形式: 由 any, some, no, every 与body, one, thing 构成的不定代词作主语或主语的一部分, 谓语用单数. Somebody, anyone, nothing, everyone等; Everybody is doing his best. There is nothing you can do to help. Theres something interesting in the newspaper. “each, each + 单数可数名词; ea

21、ch of + 复数名词”作主语时, 谓语用单数形式. Each arrives on time. Each of the building blocks is painted a different colour. Each boy has tried twice. Each 位于复数主语之后, 不影响主语的数, e.g. The boys each have an apple. Either, neither 作主语或主语一部分时, 谓语用单数形式: Either is acceptable. Either one is good enough for me. Is/are either

22、of them a doctor? Neither is/are to blame. Neither answer is correct. Neither of us wants/want to do it. 注意, neither, either of 和neither of 等用于否定或疑问句时, 特别在口语中, 也可以跟复数谓语. All, some, more, most 作主语或主语一部分时 上述 + 不可数名词作主语, 谓语用单数; 上述 + 复数可数名词作主语, 谓语用复数形式; All hope has gone. Some money was spent on books.

23、All roads lead to Rome. Most Arabic speakers understand Egyptian. All is going well. Theres some in the pot. The most you can hope for is five dollars. All are agreed on this point. Some are wise and some are otherwise. Many people support the proposal, but more are against it. All, some, more, most

24、 与 of 连用时: 同样原则; All of this is yours. Some of the book is good. Some of the food has been eaten, but not all of it. Most of his writing is rubbish. Most of the books on that shelf are in English, and the rest are in Russian or French. None 作主语或主语一部分时: -Is there any milk in the cup? -No, there is no

25、ne. None have arrived. None has returned from the meeting. “None of + 名词” 作主语: None of us is perfect. None of the guests want to stay. None of this money is yours. None of these suggestions is/are very helpful. Any 用作主语或主语一部分: Any is better than none. Any is good enough for me. Give me some if there

26、 are/is any. If there is any trouble, let me know. Any child wants to know that. There are scarcely any flowers in the garden. Any of these authorities are/is reliable. I dont think any of us want/wants to work tomorrow. Is there any more of this stuff? Half 用作主语或主语一部分: Half was damaged. Half are he

27、re. I broke the chocolate into halves, and heres your half. Half his time was wasted. Half the soldiers were killed. Half my class has/have obtained drivers licenses. Half of the apple was rotten. Half of the time was spent in the country. Half of the fruit is bad. Half of my class has/have obtained

28、 drivers licenses. Half of them are here. Half of the plums are bad. Enough 作主语或主语的一部分: Enough has been said on this matter. Enough are here to constitute a quorum. There is enough food for everybody. There are enough players for a game. 3 8 表示数量的短语作主语时的谓语形式: A lot of, lots of, plenty of, the percen

29、tage of, 分数词 + of, a quantity of, quantities of 作主语的一部分时: Two-fifths of the money is mine. Two-fifths of the students in the class are from Arabic-speaking countries. There was quantities of rain this fall. Lots of my friends are here. There were a quantity of people in the hall. A great deal of, an

30、 amount of, (a) little of, much of 与不可数名词连用时, 谓语用单数: Much of that furniture is uncomfortable. Little of the equipment was standardized. There is a limited amount of oil in the world. A good many, a great many, a number of 与复数可数名词连用, 谓语用复数. There were a great (good) many people in the park. A number

31、of students were absent. “the number of + 复数名词 + 单数谓语”, 因为the number of 的词义为 “的数目”, 如the number of days in a week is seven. 3 9 there be 句型中的谓语形式: There be 句型中, be 的形式通常取决于be后的主语的数; There arent any letters in the mail for you today. There isnt any mail for you today. Therere some good programs on TV

32、. 非正式英语中, 如果there be 后是由and 连接的并列主语, 可以用复数谓语, 也可以依据邻近词一致的原则来确定谓语形式. There are a blue pen and a yellow notebook on her desk. There is a blue pen and a yellow notebook on her desk. 3 10 需经判断来确定句子的谓语形式: 1. 集合名词作主语 如果集合名词被看作是一个整体, 或一个组织, 谓语动词用单数形式The graduating class is in the laboratory. The audience w

33、as rather small. A team which is full of enthusiasm is more likely to win. 如果着重其各组成部分或成员的行动, 谓语用复数形式. The class were all cheerful. The audience were excited by his speech. The team were talking over some new plays. 常用集合名词: Army, audience, club, class, committee, crew, faculty, troop, group, organization, government, jury, public, school, staff, team 等; 2. 物主代词作主语 Mine is a new bike. Theirs are old bikes. 3. “the + 形容词” 作主语 指人时, 谓语用复数 The rich get richer and the po