《跨文化交际》名词解释之欧阳学创编

1、Introduction时间：2021.03. 03创作：欧阳学2. Globalization is considered as a process of increasing involvment in international business operations.经济学视玮中的全球化表现为不断增加的国际商务往 来过程。3. Macroculture :The term macroculture implies losing ethnic differences and forming one large society.宏观文化意味着种族绘异的消失和一个大社会的形 成。4. Mel

2、ting pot means a sociocultural assimilation of people of different backgrounds and nationlities熔炉:不同背景和国藉的人们 之间的 社会文化的同 化。5. Microcultures cultures within cultures微观文化：文化中的文化6. Intercultural communication refers to communication between people whose culture perceptions and symbol systems are distinc

3、t enough to alter the communication event.跨文化交际:指拥有不同文化认知和符号体系的人文之间进行的交际。Chapter 17. Culture is a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs,values,and norms,which affect the behavior of a relatively large group of people文化是习得的一套关于信仰，价值观，规范的公认的 解释，这些信仰，价值观，规范对相当大人类群体的行 为产生影响。8. Culture iden

4、tity refers to ones sense of belonging to a particular culture or ethnic group.文化岛份：指有意识地把自己归为某一特定文化或种 族群体。9. Subculture are formed by groups of people possessing characteristic traits that set apart and distinguish them from others within a larger society or dominant culture 亚文化:具有能在更大的一个社会范围内 或主流文

5、化中 T吏自己有别于他人的特点的人类群体所开彳成的文T匕。10. Subgroupare groups with the dominant culture does not agree and with which it has communication problems.亚群体:与主流文化不一致，并与主流文化有交际障碍 的交际群体。ii Rules mayrefers to socially agreed-on behavior or to individual guidelines for behavior.规贝!I :社会认同的行为或行为的个体原则。12. Norms are cult

6、urally ingrained principles of correct and incorrect behaviors which, if broken carry a form of overt or covert penalty.规范指的是正确和不正确行为根深蒂固的文1匕原则， 这种不正确的行为一旦发生，就意味着一种显性或隐 性的处罚。Chapter 213. Enculturation is the socialization process you go through to adapt to your society.社会文化這应：人们学习适应自己所在社会的文化的 社会化过程。

7、14. Acculturation refers to an individuafs learning and adopting the norms and values of the new host culture.文化遗应：人们学习适应新文化的社会规范和价值观 的过程。15. 分 WW 和稠离 separation and segregation refer to maintaining ones original culture and not participating in the new culture.在文化适应过程中保留了原有文化，完全没有接受和 习傅新文化。16. 袖合 I

8、ntegration takes place when individuals become an integral part of the new culture while maintaining their cultural integrity integration ensures a continuity of culture.在文化适应中人们成为新文化的一部分，同时又保留 了自己文化的完整性。17. 同化 Assimilation is the degree to which an individual relinquishes an original culture for an

9、other .when individuals are assimilated into a mainstream culture,they lose their previous culture.人们放弃原有文化，接受新文化的程度一旦披主流文 化同化，人们就失去了原有的文化。18. 边缘化 Marginalization or deculturation,refersto losing ones cultural identity and not having any psychological contact with the larger society.人们不仅失去自己原有的 文化身份

10、，而且与广大社会失去了心理联系。19. 文化孜荡 Culture shock refers to the traumatic experience that an individual may encounter when entering a different culture.们在进入一种新文化环境时，遭遇 的痛苦和难忘的经历。Chapter 320. 估息源 source is the person with an idea he orshe desires to communicate.是具有交际需要和愿望的具体的人。21 编码 encoding is the process of p

11、utting an idea into a symbol.是指将思想转换成代码的行为过程。22. 信息 messageis the resulting object.是交流的内容，编码的结果。23. 渠道channel是信息传递的手段。24. 干扰 noise 指任何会曲解信息源所要表达的信息的事 情。25. 解码decoing信息接收者在积极参与交流的过程中对所 接收到的符号信电赋予意义的过程。26. 反馈 feedback 指信息接收者的反应披信息源所了解的 那一部分反应27. 情境 context交际发生的环境并且有助于解释交际内容 的含义。Chapter 428. 人际交际 inter

12、personal communication: a small number of individuals who are interacting exclusively with one another and who therefore have the ability to adapt their messages specifically for those others and to obtain immediate inteq)retaions from them指少数人之间的交往 他们既芳2根据对方调整自己的信息，又能立即从对方那里获得解释。29. 內文化交际 intracult

13、ural communication is defined ascommunication between and among members of the same culture .指同一文化内 某成员之间的交际，总的来说， 同一种族，政治倾向宗教，或者具有同样兴趣的人们 之间的交际。30. 国家间交标internation communication 指国家和政府 而非个人之间的交际，此种交际非常正式和仪式化。31. 跨民族交际 interthnic communication : refers tocommunication between people of the same rac

14、e ,but different ethnic backgrounds .指同一种族，不同民族背 景的人们之间的交际。32. 跨种族交际 interracial communication:occurs when the sender and the receiver exchanging messages are from different races that pertain to different physical characteristics.指信息源和信息来自不同的种族，种族 具有不同的身体特征。33. 跨地 区交标 interregional communication:re

15、fers to the exchange of messages between members of the dominant culture within a country.指一个国家内主流文化成员之间 的信岚交换过程。Chapter 534. 世界观 worldview :is the belief that we hold explaining the cosmos God,the nature of humanityand nature.扌旨我tn 持有的对宇宙，神，人本质及自然的最根本的看法。35. 宗教 religion refers to belief in and reve

16、rence for a supernatural power or powers regarded as creator and governor of the universe对超自然力量手宙创造者和控 制者权力的相信与崇敬。36. 个人主义individualism:个人利益胜于集体利益，集体 主义collectivism:个人融入集体。37. 对不确定因景的回进态度：uncertainty avoidance deals with a societys tolerance for uncertainty and ambiguity ;it ultimately refers to man

17、s search for truth是关于一个社会 对不确定性和模棱两可的容忍程度。38. 权利距离 power distance ：组织或机构里边，没有权力 的成员对于权力不均等分配接受和期望的程度。Chapter 639. 感觉 sensation : is the neurological process by which people become aware of their environmnent 人们意识到 周围环境的神经过程。40. 低语境 low context:交际过程中所产生的信息量的大 部分由显性的语码负载，只有少量的信息蕴含在隐性 的环境和情景中。41. 髙语境 h

18、igh versus:在人们交际时，有较多的信息量 蕴含在社会文化环境和情景中， 明显的语码负载较少 的信息量。Chapter 742. 焦虑 Anxiety occurs because of not knowing what one is expected to do, and focusing on that feeling and not be totally present in the communication transaction在新环境 下人们不知如何应对，过多关注自己的情绪，不育巨全 身心投入到交际中。43. 假定一玫性：(1) To assume people know

19、 how someone else is thinking based on how they see things is called projected cognitive similarity.从自己看待事物的甬度来判断别人的想法。(2)Assuming similarity instead of difference refers to the assumption that people are more similar to you than they actually are or that another persons situation is more similar to

20、 you own situation than it in fact is.44. 定势 stereotypes: refers to negative or positive judgment made about individuals based on any observable or believed group membership.针对目 标群体成员所特有的 正面或方面的判断。45. Us 见 Prejudice referstotheirrationaldislike，suspicion，orhatredofaparticulargroup,race,religion,or s

21、exual orientation偏见是指对于某一特定群体，种类，宗教或性取向的 无端的憎恶和彳不疑。46. 种族主义是基于种族 Racism isanypolicy .practice,belief,orattitude that attributescharacteristics or status to individuals based on their race. 把性格特点或地位归因于个人的任意政策、做法、信 仰或态度。47. 语古绝对论：Linguistic determinist is that language structure controls thought and c

22、ultural norms.语言结构控 制思维和文化。48. 语甘相对论：Linguistic relativity holds that culture is controlled by and controls language.文It由 语言来决定， 同 时*夬呉吾言* oChapter 849. 古语交际 Verbal intercultural communications happens when people from different cultural backgrounds communicate with each other by using language当来自不

23、同文化背景的人们用语言进行交流时甘语交际就发生 了。50. 禁忌语：Taboo refers to some words or actions that are avoided by a particular group of people, or in certain for religious or social reasons在特定文化中出于宗教或社会 原因 被一特定群体所避免使用的一些词语或行*为。51. 委婉语：Euphemism means the act of substituting a mild4ndirect,or vague term for one considered

24、 harsh,blunt,or offensive.指用温和的，间接的方式来代替 严厉的，生硬的或冒犯的言语。Chapter 1052. 菲古语信号：（狭义）noverbal communicate refers tointertional use of nonspoken symbol to communicate a specific message .运用非言语符号传达特定信息的交际 行为。（广义）refers to elements of the environment thatcommunicate by virtue of peoples use of them人们交际 时运用的环

25、境因素。53. 刚语古：Paralanguage refers to the rate ,pitch and volume qualities of the voice,which interrupt or temporarily take the place of speech and affect the meaning of a message是与口语交际有关，指说的速度，音高， 和质量，这些要素会打断或临时取代语言并影响信息 的语意表达.54. 时间行为：Chronemics is the study of how people perceive and use time.A,指研究人

26、们如何看待和使用时间。55. 时空行为:proxemics refers to the perception and use of space including territoriality and personal space.扌旨对空间 的认知和f吏用时空进行沟通，包括地盘生和个人空 间。56. 目光语:The study of communications sent by the eyes is termed oculesics.研究目光传递的交流信息。57. 化味疗为 Olfactics : The study of communication via smell is called

27、 Olfactics对通过味道进行交流的研究。5& 融觉行为 Haptics:refers to communicating through the use of bodily context .通过身体接融来进行交流。59身势语行为 Kinesics : is the term used for communicating through various types of body movements including facialexpressions,gestures,postureandstance ,and other mannerisms that may accompany o

28、r replace oral messages指交际时所使用的不同类型的动作，包括表情，手 势，姿势，和其他代替语言传达信息的行为举止。60.色彩学 Chromatics:refers to the study of color use in affecting peoples mood5emotions,and impression of others. 指影响你的情绪，情感和对他人的Ep象的颜色的研 究。Chapter 1161礼节 Etiquette:refers to manners and behaviors considered acceptable in social and b

29、usiness situation 在 社会或商务往来中被认为可接受的行为举止。Chapter 1262.亀好的交际 Competent communication: as interaction that is perceived as effective in fulfillingcertain rewarding objectives in a way that is also appropriate to the context in which the interaction occurs.指的是以一种适合交际发生 场景的方式来完成一定的有回报的 目标的有效交际。63 跨文化能力 intercultural competence:refers to the ability to understand and adapt to the target culture;in another wordjt refers to the sensitivity to cultural diversityj.e,the ablity to behave in an appropriate way and to reg