完整版定语从句语法详解

1、定语从句语法专题(Attributive Clauses )教案一. 定语从句的概述:在句中做定语， 由关系词(关系代 相当于形容词，1. 定语从句：在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。 修饰的名词或代词，叫做先行词。从句通常放在先行词之后,词或关系副词)引导。其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个名词性成分, 所以又称为形容词性从句，一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。eg She is the girl （who got the first prize.）girlgirl先行词 who充当从句主语，从句做定语修饰This is the boy who broke the window. 这就

2、是打破窗子的孩子。the boy是先行词，who broke the window是限制性定语从句，明确指出theboy是打破窗子的那个孩子,who在从句中充当主语That is the house where he lived ten years ago.He is the man who/that lives next door.He is the man who I want to see.先行词关系词定语从句复合句：是由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成的句子，复合句中的主句和从句都具有完整的的主语和谓语，主句是复合句的主体，可以独立存在，从句需要有一个连 词引导，是修饰说明主句的，不

3、能独立存在，根据在句中的不同作用，从句可以分为三 类：定语从句，名词性从句，状语从句。二. 引导定语从句的关系词有两大类:1.关系词：引导定语从句的关联词称为关系词,关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词 :that, who, whom, whose, which , as （主，宾，定） _ 关系副词：when, where, why.（状语）2. 关系词的作用：(1)引导定语从句，在先行词和定语从句之间起连接作用;(2 )代替先行词在句中充当成分。三. 定语从句的分类:限制性定语从句 非限制性定语从句1.限定性定语从句:限制性定语从句是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语，如果去掉，主句的意思就不

4、完整或者失去意义。从句和主句的关系 十分密切，不可用逗号隔开，也不可省略。eg She has found the necklace that she lost two weeks ago.That代替先行词necklace，在从句中充当lost的宾语The man who spoke last was Dr Li.Who代替先行词 man在从句中充当主语2. 非限制性定语从句：从句和主句的关系不是十分密切，从句只是对先行词作些附加的说明，如果去掉，主句的意思仍然清 楚完整，这种从句和主句之间往往用逗号分开，一般不 that引导。eg Lijiang, (where I was born) ,

5、 is very beautiful.关系副词 where代替先行词Lijiang，在从句中充当地点状语，如果去掉从句，主句依然完整，这就称为非限制定语从句I , who am your friend, will share the work with you.我是你的朋友，将与你分担这项工作。I是先行词，who am your friend是非限制性定语从句，对先行词I起附加说明的作用，如果去掉，主句依然清楚完整四. Which与that的用法1.只用that的情况:当先行词是不定代词时，女0everything,anything, nothing, none, the one（someth

6、ing除外）all, little , much,few 等,或被不定代词修饰时。egThis is all that I want to say .He did everything that he could to help me .他尽他所能来帮助我。Is everything _we need to do _.Yes,You needn t worry about it.A. Which,has done B. which ,do ing C.that,has done D.that,do ne去掉疑问句变成everythi ng is done 般现在时被动语态Everything

7、that we need to do我们所需要做的每一件事情I had to remember everything that the teacher taught me.我必须记住老师教给我的一切知识。先行词前有序数词或形容词，副词的最高级修饰，或先行词本身就是序数词或形容词，副词最高级时This is the most interesting film that I have seen。He was the first stude nt that got to school today.他是今天第一个到学校的学生。He worked out the most d肝icult p roble

8、m that I had see n.他解答出我所见过最难的题目。当先行词被the only , the last, the very （正好，恰恰），the just等修饰时The only thing that we can do is to give you some advice。我们能做的唯一的一件事就是给你们一些建议。I need the same dietionary that you have.我需要同你一样的字典。 m waiting for .This is the very bus that IThis is the very good dictionary that I

9、 want to buy.先行词中既有指人的名词又有指物的名词时He told us many in terest ing things and persons that we had n ever heard.他给我们讲了许多我们从来没有听说过的有趣的人和事。The film star and her films that you have just talked about are really well -known。你们刚刚谈论的那个明星和她的电影非常有名。当主句是以who, which引导的特殊疑问句时（先行词前有who，which等疑问代词时）Who is the man that

10、 you sp oke to just now?你刚才跟他说话的那个人是谁?Which is the bike that you lost ？Who is the boy that won the gold medal ？句中有两个定语从句，其中一个关系代词已用which时，另一个宜用 thatThey secretly built up a small factory which produced things that could cause pollution。当先行词在主句中作表语，而关系代词在从句中作表语Shan ghai is no Ion ger the city that it

11、 used to be 。He is no Ion ger the boy (that) he used to be口诀:That用法真有趣，两个地方它不去；逗号后面它不去，介词之后不考虑;that 就把 which 踹;that，which代替物，区别听我来叙述；先行若是不定代,先行词前有序数，用上 that定无误；先行词前最高级，还用that定无疑;句中若有there be，that应把which替；多背诵，多操练，that用法要牢记。关系副词when/where/why，从中作状莫懈怠;时用when因用why , where地点经常在;关系副词可互换，介词加上关系代;关系代，关系代，th

12、at与who要除外。挑选介词要聪明，必看动词和先行2.只用which的情况(1)关系代词前有介词且指物时只用whichThis is the house in which I lived two years ago。(2)引导非限制定语从句时Football ， which is a very interesting game， is played all over the world 。先行词本身就是that，those时常用whichI have that ( which)you gave me。This is that which he bought yesterday 。that，另一

13、个用 which。(4) 一个句子中有两个定从时，为避免重复，一个用Let me show you the novel that I have borrowed from the library which was newly openedto us.巧记that和which用法异同That，which可互换，下列情况勿照办That情况比较多，先来对你说一说不定代词这一伙，全用that准没错先行词前有修饰，千万不要用which要用which别着急，介词提前逗隔离五. 介词+which/whom结构用法介词+which 物whom 人1. 介词+关系代词”引导定从时，介词的宾语只能用which或

14、whom介词+which在定从作时间，地点，原因状语，相当于 when , where , why。She still remembers the day on which(when) she won the prize。Potatoes can be grown in places in which (where)it is too cold to grow rice.有些地方太冷不能种水稻，但可以种马铃薯。2.This is the reason why he came late。This is the reason for which he came late 。“介词（短语）+whic

15、h ”在定语从句中作目的，方式状语。There is a big window in my room through which I can see the railway station.3.4.介词+which/whom 在含有被动结构的定从中作状语，表示动作的执行者The rascal by whom the little boy was beate n was arrested this morning .The little boy was beate n by the rascal.不定代词，数词或名词 +of which /whom在定从中作主语Here are the ques

16、tions ， some of which I think are difficult for you 。Some of questi ons are difficult for you 5.根据定从中的谓语动词和介词的搭配关系选择介词Mr li ,for whom I was working ，was very generous about overtime payments(力口班费)。Work for为工作六.As和which引导非定从的区别1. as和which引导的非定从，都可用来代替整个主句或主句中的一部分内容，有时两者可互换，在定从中做主语或宾语。(He failed once

17、more in the match) , which/as was a great pity.as和which代替前面一整句话，在从句中充当主语They won the game , as we had expected。as 充当宾语正如我们所期望的，我们赢得了比赛As is well known , he is a famous film star in the 1980s. 众所周知As有“正如，像”的含义，可放在主句前，也可以放在后面Which引导从句只能放在主句之后，并无正如的意思2. as做关系代词时，在其所引导的限制性定从句既可作主，宾，又可作表语This book is not

18、 such as I expect。这本书并不是我期望的那样。3. as多与such ,the same连用，它代替的先行词既可以是人，也可以是整个句子。Such people as have made great contributions to the world should be greatlyresp ected.4.在the same.as结构中，as表示的是同一类，指同类异物；在 the same .that结构中，that表示的是同一个，指同类同物。She has found the samen ecklace as she lost last week。同一类不是同一个She

19、 has found the same necklace that she lost last week。就是原来的那个the same .as同类异物 the same .that 同类同物七. Way和time后面的定语从句的引导词1. 先行词是way , “方式，方法”，引导定语从句的关系词有下列三种形式:in whichI don t understand the way that 二 they worked out the problem.不填2.先行词是time，若表示“次数”时，应用that引导从句，that可省略;若表示“一段时间”时，应用关系副词when或介词at/durin

20、g+which弓I导定从且不能省略。This is the sec ond time that the p reside nt has visited the country .This was a time whe n/duri ng which there were no radios ,no tele phones or no TV sets.Time 次数，用that引导（可省略）时间，用 when或/at /during which引导（不可省略）定语从句图表总结I. 定语从句起了形容词的作用，在句中修饰一个名词或代词。被修饰的词叫做先行词，引 导定语从句的词叫关系词，关系词分为关系

21、代词和关系副词，它的作用一是放在先行词与定语从句中间起了连接作用，二是在从句中担当一个成分，并与先行词保持数的一致。关系词先行词从句成 分例句备注关系代词who人主语1. Do you know the man who is talk ing with your mother?whom, which 禾R that在从句中做 宾语时，常可以省 略，但介词提前时 后面关系代词不 能省略，也不可以 用 thatwhom人宾语1. Mr. Smith is the person with whom I am work ing.2. The boy (whom) she loved died in t

22、he war.whose人，物定语1. I like those books whose topics are about history.2. The boy whose fatherworks abroad is my desk mate.that人，物主语， 宾语1. A plane is a mach ine that can fly.2. She is thepop star (that) I want tosee very much.which物主语， 宾语1. The book (which) I gave you is worth$10.2. The p icture whic

23、h was about the accide nt was terrible.as人，物主语， 宾语1. He is such a person as is resp ected by all of us.2. This is the same pen as I lost yesterday.as做宾语一般不 省略关系副词whe n时间时间状语I will n ever forget the day whe n we met there.可用 on whichwhere地点地点状语This is the house where I was born.可用 in whichwhy原因原因状 语I

24、 can t imagine the reason why he turned down m offer.y可用 for whichII. that 与 which, who, whom 的用法区别:情况用法说明例句只用that的情况1. 先行词为 all, everyth in g, anything, nothing, little, much, 等 不定代词时。2. 先行词被 all, any, every, each, much, little, no, some, few 等修 饰时。3. 先行词有形容词最高级和序 数词修饰时。4. 先行词既指人又指物时。5. 先行词被 the on

25、ly, the very 修饰时。5.句中已经有 who或which时, 为了避免重复时。1. He told me everything that he knows.2. All the books that you offered has been give n out.3. This is the best film that I have ever read.4. We talked about the persons and things that we remembered.5. He is the only man that I want to see.6. Who is the man that is making a sp eech?只用 which, who,whom的情况1. 在非限制性定语从句中，只 能用which指代物，用who/whom 指人2. 在由介词+关系代词”引导的 定语从句中，只能用 which指 物，whom指人。3 .先行词本身是that时，关系 词用which,先行词为those, one, he 时多用 who。