英语课堂教学的有效预设与生成

1、 英语课堂教学的有效预设与生成黄晓娣预设与生成是精彩课堂教学不可缺少的两个方面。预设精彩且能按期实施的课，算是成功的；预设精彩且能不断生成的课，才算是精彩的。因此，教师必须处理好预设与生成的关系，在精心预设的基础上，针对教学实际进行灵活调适，追求动态生长，从而让课堂在预设与生成的融合中精彩。一、英语课堂教学的预设预设指的是师生课堂教学活动按照课前的设计和安排展开，体现了教学的计划性与封闭性。通俗来讲，就指教师的备课。它是课堂教学的蓝图，是落实教育理念的方案。要让英语课堂焕发出生命的活力，就必须做好教学的预设。这就要求教学预设必须充分考虑到学生主动发展的需要，为生命潜能的开发、学生个性的发展、课

2、堂的动态生成提供条件。（一）教学目标的预设在英语课堂教学的实际进程中，充分给学生创设自主探索与合作交流的机会，实际上它也是教师捕捉和接纳学生的经验与创造、把握教学过程的生成性目标、促进或实现课堂价值动态生成的良机。一堂课的教学目标不应该是凝固的、僵化的和不变的，课堂会发生什么事件是不可预设的，如果不容纳课堂即时生成的目标，不把握课堂教学的动态生成，就不可能有学生充分的发展。这种信念必须在新世纪课程教学改革的实践中确立起来。如在备七年级go for it! 教 材 going shopping 词 汇 部 分 教 学 时 ， 课 文 提 及 众 多 商 店 如clothes shop, elec

3、trical shop, bookshop,toy shop等。在不同的商店，我们可以购买到不同的商品。尽管书中未曾提及这些单词，但预设到学生的好奇心及求知欲，肯定会对图片中商品对应的英文感兴趣。因此，我在备课的时候详细地备了每种商店出现的商品英文，课上衍生。（二）教学过程的预设因此，我们所面对的问题是在课堂教学中如何认识和处理预设和生成的关系以及如何预设与生成的问题。教师在设计教学方案时既要遵循课程和学科发展要求，又要尊重学生的身心和认识发展规律，关注学生的个性特点；教师在与学生一起展开课堂教学过程时，要参照教学方案组织教学，同时要及时了解和把握学生的活动情况与生活情形，关注学生在课堂中的生

4、命状态；教师在组织教学时既要适度考虑教学方案，也要关注学生在课堂中的发展需求，注重与学生一起互动，重视在互动中与学生一起生成新的教学过程以及新的课程资源和教学资源；教师既要关注教学方案，也要根据互动变化的新情况，及时调整原有的方案组织教学，开发和利用互动中形成的新资源，并把这些新资源转化为学生的新知识和新能力。这就要求教师必须用系统观、辩证观和建立在复杂科学基础上的新的哲学观来认识和处理这些问题。二、英语课堂教学的生成教学不是完全根据教师的事先预设按部就班地进行，而是更加需要充分发挥师生双方的积极性，随着教学活动的展开，教师、学生的思想和教学文本不断碰撞，创造火花不断迸发，新的学习需求、方向不

5、断产生，学生在这个过程中兴趣盎然，认识和体验不断加深，这就是生成的课堂教学。在这样的课堂上，学生获得了多方面的满足和发展，教师的劳动也闪耀着创造的光辉，师生都能感觉到生命活力的涌动。这种生成的英语课堂教学，是英语教学的理想境界。因此，英语课堂要根据学生多角度、多层次的需要，促进课堂教学的动态生成。（一）倡导动态生成的英语课堂课堂学习是学生生命活动的组成部分。学生是一个个鲜活的生命体，课堂教学是他们生命历程的组成部分，理应充满勃发的生命活力。学生作为一种活生生的力量，带着自己的经验、知识、思考、灵感、兴致参与课堂教学，并成为课堂教学不可分割的一部分，从而使课 堂教学呈现出丰富性、复杂性和多变性。

6、如果只是按照预先设定的过程教学，课堂好像一部经过编排、有着固定剧情的戏剧，教学活动失去了生命活动所应有的复杂性、偶然性和不确定性，学生所能感受的只是知识的结论，对教学过程和内容却失去了应有的好奇心，学生厌学和教师厌教的情况自然就会产生。英语课堂教学同样需要讲究效率，但这种效率应当是体现英语教学目标的，不能简单地理解为“花最少的时间教最多的内容”。那种置学生的需求、困惑和情绪于不顾的效率，不是真正的效率；那种只有少数好学生达成了目标，而多数学生只是当了一回“观众”的课，更不是真正的效率。在一些生成的课堂教学中，由于学生的积极性很高，课堂教学的过程展开得很充分，出现了“节外生枝”的现象，以至课堂教

7、学预定的任务不能完成，预定的教学目标也没有实现。怎么看待这种现象？首先，在这样的课堂里，没有达成的往往是预期的认知目标，而过程、方法、情感态度目标已经有所超越，所以这样的课应该得到肯定；其次，课堂教学目标是为教学目的服务的，如果这一节课教学任务的完成与否并不影响学生的整体发展，未达成的认知目标完全可以在后续的课中继续达成，而不必死扣在这一节课内；最后，教学目标本身也不是预设了就不能变更，应该随着学生的课堂里学习状况而及时调整。当然，一个具有厚实底蕴和丰富经验的教师，会在生成的课堂中运用实践智慧，较好地调整教学目标和过程，从而完成教学任务。所以，说到底，课堂教学的生成最终取决于教师的专业化发展程

8、度。（二）把握课堂教学动态生成的点1. 在尝试和探究的活动中“生成”。基础教育课程改革的目标之一是转变学生的学习方式，我们要把自主、合作、探究和有意义的接受性学习结合起来。在课堂教学中根据需要组织探究性学习，对于英语教学目标有着明显的作用。在探究性学习中，由于结论不是现成的，学生会有多种思路、多种方法，往往也会产生不同的结果。如在教学an english friend 时，在教学完词组 speak loudly, sit quietly, run fast, jump high, walk carefully, dance beautifully后，学生很容易混淆，这时教师可帮助学生概括动词后

9、面要跟副词而不是形容词来修饰。2. 在对话中“生成”。教师与学生、学生与学生之间关于文本的对话应当是平等、互动的过程。在课堂“对话”中，教师要真心实意地倾听每一个学生的发言，发现他们思想和语言的闪光点。如在教学 hobbies 时，教师可以通过谈话的形式引导学生用学过的词组draw pictures, listen to music, play basketball, play the guitar等表达出自己真正的业余爱好。如果自己的爱好不会用英文表达，可以用中文来说，恰巧有一个学生说到拍照，顺便引出要教的词组 take photos。3. 在适度拓展中“生成”。英语课程应当是开放的和充满活

10、力的，这就要求教师拓宽英语学习和运用的领域，使学生在不同内容和不同方法的相互交叉、渗透和整合中开阔视野。如在教学七年级（下）go for it! unit 1 where are you from?说到国家的名称时，有些学生在下面按捺不住，用中文说：im from 韩国/朝鲜. 我顺势就把这些单词教给学生，并且把这些国家的国旗的意义也介绍给学生听，学生们都听得很认真，觉得很有意思，也很有意义。并且课后要求学生收集感兴趣的国家名称和国旗意义。过去我们往往把这样的随机拓展看成是不“紧扣教材”而加以否定，而在新课程的理念下应当得到肯定。因为在自主学习中，“旁枝逸出”是完全正常的。现在，我们认识到了英

11、语学习不是简单的线性过程，而是日积月累从量变到质变的过程。九年级英语模拟试卷一、听力理解（20 小题，每小题 1 分，共 20 分） 第一节听下面 5 段对话。每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的a、b、c 三个选项中选出最佳选项，并填写在题前括号内。每段对话读两遍。() 1where are the two speakers?athey are at home bthey are in a shopcthey are in the street) 2why does the girl like elephants?abecause they can run very fast(bbecause

12、 they are strong and intelligentcbecause they are shy and lovely() 3who has watered the flowers?anobody bsam csams father) 4where did maria begin to learn english?ain her primary school bat an english clubcin her middle school() 5what did david do last weekend?ahe taught children to swim bhe read st

13、ories to old peopleche fixed up bicycles for others第二节听下面几段对话或独白。每段对话或独白后有几个小题，从题中所给的a、b、c 三个选项中选出最佳选项，并填写在题前括号内，每段对话或独白读两遍。听下面一段对话，回答第 67 小题。() 6how many children are there in the boys family?aonly one btwo cthree) 7where does the girl come from?achina bamerica ccanada听下面一段对话，回答第 89 小题。() 8where is

14、 the man going ?azhengzhou bshanghai cnanjing() 9when will the man leave?anext monday bthis saturday cthis sunday听下面一段独白，回答第 1012 小题。()10how long does carols holiday last every summer?atwo weeks btwo months calmost one week)11how many countries did she visit last august?aonly one)12how is she going

15、to feel after the holiday this year?atired bhappy cbored听下面一段对话，回答第 1315 小题。bfourcthree()13what is jane?aa teacherba workerca student()14what is jack not good at?aenglish bjapanese cchinese ()15when will they go to see the show?aon monday evening bon saturday eveningcon sunday morning第三节听下面一段短文，根据短文

16、内容选择文中各人物的交通方式，并将字母标号填入相应图片下的空格内。短文读两遍。横线上。短文读两遍。a. ya bin16._19._b. tinac. bend. gettye. albert17._18. _20. _二、单项选择（15 小题，每小题分，共 15 分）从 a、b、c、d 四个选项中选出一个最佳答案, 将其标号填入题前括号内。()21.-have you seen _ pen? i left it here this morning.-is it _ black one? i think i saw it somewhere.a. my, an b. mine, thec. m

17、y, ad. mine, a()22- excuse me, could i use your_ card?i have to call my parents for help.-sure. here you are.a. post)23.- how nice the music sounds!- it _!. the peaceful music will make you feel _ .b. phonec. named.id(a .did; relaxedc. did; relaxingb. does; relaxingd. does; relaxed() 24. -_ ! the tr

18、affic is moving fast.-thanks, i will.a .hurryb. watchc. dont move d. look out()25. -mum, where is salt? i need it for the soup.-here it is. but just_ .a. muchb. manyc. a littled. a few()26. - what are we supposed to do for the snow -hit area(雪灾区)in southern china?- i think we should_ some money to t

19、hema. put away b. give away c. take away d. give up()27.- your picture is wonderful!- i worked for 8 hours _ i finished it.a. whenb. while c. before d. after()28.-have you finished your report?-not yet. it _ in another ten minutes.a. has finishedb. will finished c. has been finishedd. will be finish

20、ed()29. it _be mrs. smith. she _ to the market.a. cant; has beenb. cant; has goned. wont; had beenc. mustnt; has been()30.-do you mind my taking this seat?-_. its for miss yang, our english teacher.a. better not b. yes, please c. no, of course not d. not at all)31.-what do you think of the new movie

21、?- its good. but the one we saw last month is even _ than it.a. good b. better c. best d. well)32. - i dont know _ i should _ with my broken computer.a. how, do b. how, to dealc. what, do d. which, deal()33. - do you know the person_hair is long and straight？- sorry, i dont know.a. whose b. which c.

22、 whod. his()34. - jack didnt go to school yesterday, did he?- _. though he didnt feel very well.a. yes, he did. b. no. he didntc. yes, he didnt d. no, he did()35.- could you tell me _?- he hasnt decided yet. but at least a week.a. when will mr. wang comec. how long mr. wang will stayb. where mr. wan

23、g had beend. how will mr. wang get here三、完形填空（10 小题，每小题分，共 10 分）先通读短文，掌握其大意，然后从 a、b、c、d 四个选项中选出一个可以填入相应空白处的最佳答案，将其标号填入题前括号内。peggy cardona parked her blue nissan at a supermarket one day in february 1997. “ill come andopen the door for you,” she told her four-year-old grandson, ryan eshleman, in the

24、back seat.before cardona could even -36 her door, the car moved ahead. “nana, the car is 37 !”ryan cried. cardona jumped into the drivers seat and reached for the handbrake( 手闸), her leftleg stepping outside, trying to stop the car. she couldnt find the brake, and she 38 the car as itmoved down the

25、steep slope(陡坡) toward a pond 20 feet away. 39 ryan cried “nana!” asthe car fell into the pond and the water began pouring in.“help!” cardona cried as the car moved 40 the bank. “my grandson is inside!”a supermarket clerk, clint fountain, 24, jumped down the slope and dived into the cold water.reach

26、ing the car, fountain saw ryans terrified face just inches(英寸) 41 the water.“unlockthe door!” fountain shouted. the boys fingers fumbled(未触到) with the lock.fountain hit on the back 42 , but the glass wouldnt break. another man dick mcclung divedin and handed him a hammer( 锤子). grabbing it, fountain

27、told the boy to move aside, and brokethe glass. his hands went 43 the broken window in the black water and pulled the boy44 . at that moment the last flash of the blue car 45 under the water.()36. a. closeb. openc. touchc. movingc. pulledd. washd. stoppingd. drove)37. a. driving)38. a. got out ofb.

28、missingb. got into ()39. a. excited)40. a. tob. tiredb. fromc. surprisedc. withd. frightenedd. of)41. a. below)42. a. window)43. a. across)44. a. out of)45. a. seemedb. underb. doorc. aroundc. card. aboved. seatb. throughb. awayc. intod. fromc. outd. safeb. happenedc. disappearedd. appeared四、阅读理解（20

29、 小题，每小题 2 分，共 40 分）阅读下面四篇语言材料，然后按文后要求做题。athere was once a mother and a daughter who lived in a small village. the mother alwayslocked the door with three big locks each night before going to sleep to prevent thieves fromstealing their things.one night, the daughter decided to run away to a nearby ci

30、ty. that was a big city and thedaughter heard that it was easy to make money there. and so she opened the locks, left hersleeping mother and didnt look back.but things did not go w ell for her in the city. she didnt get money. and she was afraid tokeep in touch with her mother. ten years later, hurt

31、 and disappointed with what she had in the city,she went back home to her mother.when she got home in the midnight, she noticed that the door was unlocked. she went in tofind her mother and was surprised to find there was a glass of milk and a piece of bread on hertable near her mothers bed.she woke

32、 up her mother. her mother, overjoyed(狂喜的)to see her, hugged her daughter withhappy tears in her eyes. daughter asked her mother why she didn t lock the door and why shedidnt finish the milk and the bread.mother answered.“my daughter, after you left home ten years ago, i didnt dare to lock the door,

33、fearing (害怕) that you couldnt get in if you return home. every night, i would prepare a glass ofmilk and a piece of bread for you just in case (万一) you came home hungry.”根据材料内容选择正确答案，并将其标号填入题前括号里。（）46. why did the daughter leave for the city?a. because she wanted to make more money.b. because her mo

34、ther was too strict with her.c. because she liked to live in a big city.d. because her mother was not kind to her at all.( ) 47. how long was she away from her mother?a. five months.b. half a year.d. ten yearsc. about eight years( ) 48. what made the daughter surprised when she got home?a. her mothe

35、r was dead and her father was ill.b. her mother ate less milk and bread than before.c. her mother put milk and bread to the table near the bed.d. her mother had changed another three locks. ( ) 49. why didnt her mother lock the door?a. because she wasnt afraid to be stolen more.b. because shed like

36、her daughter to enter the house at any time.c. because she hoped the fresh air could get in while she was sleeping.d. because she couldnt fall asleep. she neednt lock the door.( ) 50. the best title of this passage is.a. the meanest(最严厉的) mothers love.b. the most priceless(最无价的) mothers love.c. the

37、most persistent(最执著的) mothers love.d. the most complete mothers lovebsome people think only school children do not agree with their parents,however, it is not true.communication is a problem for parents and children of all ages. if its hard for you tocommunicate with your parents, dont worry about i

38、t. here are some advice for you to bridge thegeneration gap (消除代沟).dont argue with your parents. dont get to your parents when you are angry. your parentsprobably wont consider your ideas if you are shouting at them. and you cant express yourselfwell if you are angry. go someplace to cool off. make

39、sure you understand why you are unhappy.then think about what you want to sa y to your parents. if you dont think you can speak to themat the moment, try writing a letter.try to reach a compromise (和解). perhaps you and your parents disagree on something. you cankeep your disagreement and try your be

40、st to accept each other. michael s mother didnt agreewith him about buying a motorcycle. they argued over it. but they finally came to a compromise.michael bought the motorcycle, but only drove it on certain days.of course, your parents might refuse to compromise on something. in these situations, i

41、t isespecially important to show love and respect (尊敬) to them. showing respect will keep yourrelationship strong.talk about your values. the values of your parents are probably different from those of your own.tell your parents what you care about, and why. understanding your values might help them

42、 seeyour purposes in life.a good relationship with your parents can make you a better and happier person. it is worthhaving a try!()51. the passage tells us _ have a communication problem.a. parents and other peoplec. teachers and their studentsb. school kids and their parentsd. parents and children

43、 of all ages()52. your parents probably wont consider your ideas if you _.a. dont get to them oftenb. write a letter to themd. express yourself wellc. dont speak to them politely)53. the underlined phrase “cool off” in the passage means “_”.a. to make yourself happyc. to have a good restb. to get yo

44、u quiet and relaxedd. to hide yourselfquickly()54. if theres really a generation gap between you and your parents, youd better_. a. have a talk with them oftenb. keep away from themd. know about their valuesc. agree with them all the time()55. from the passage we learn that _.a. parents and children

45、 should not have a generation gapb. parents should show love and respect to their childrenc. there are some good ways to bridge the generation gapd. there are so many serious problems in families todaycterm marks ( maximum marks 100 ):english : 96 math:geography: 74 german : 79history: 95 science: 6

46、5position（位置）in class: 5remarks: annie has the ability to do a lot better. more effort （努力） isprincipal:（校长） v.f greenschool reopens: 8 septemberinconsistent（反复无常的）worker _ _ there has been good progress _ _average progresspoor progress根据材料内容选择最佳答案，将其标号填入题前括号内。( )66. annie does best in _.a. math( )6

47、7. annies new term begins on _.a. september 1 b. june 25 c. september 8thb. historyc. scienced. englishd. april 14thstth( )68. how many of annies classmates do better than her in her class? a. thirty-sixb. twenty-sixc. nined. four( )69. what do you think of macys english language skills?a. she has a

48、chieved all skills.c. more work is needed.b. there has been good progress.d. she works very hard.( )70. if macy wants to make excellent progress in english, she _.a. must be an inconsistent workerc. has made good progressb. has to work harder than befored. has the ability to do a lot betterdin the p

49、astmany people used horses for traveling，farming and other kinds of workalot of people still like to ride horsesand horse racing is also popularso it is not surprisingthat americans use this animal when they talklong ago，rich or important people rode horses which were very talltoday, if a girlacts l

50、ike she is better than everyone else，you might say she should get off her high horseyesterday my children wanted me to take them to the playgroundbut i had to finishmy work, so i said“hold your horseswait until i finish what i am doing.” my two boyslike to compete against each other and play in a no

51、isy and not very careful wayi always tellthem to stop horsing around or someone could get hurtlast night，i got a telephone call while i was watching my favourite tv showi decidednot to answer it because wild horses could not drag(拖，拽)me away from the televisiontherewas nothing that could stop me fro

52、m doing what i wanted to dosometimes you get information straight from the horses mouthlet us say your teacher tellsyou there is going to be a test tomorrowyou could say you got the informationstraight from thehorses mouthyo u can lead a horse to water, but you cannot make him drinkthat means you ca

53、ngive someone advice but you cannot force him to do something he does not want to d o根据材料内容，从下面方框中选出恰当的短语或句子完成第6l-65 五个小题，使句子通顺、意思完整，将其标号填入题前括号内。每个短语或句子限用一次。a horse aroundb straight from the horses mouthe you can lead a horse to water, but you cannot make him drink( )61 mike，dontwith your brotheryou

54、ll break my mirror!( )62-i cant stand mary any more! she always says she has a better voice than meplease take it easy. ill goand tell her to( )63he no longer tried to stop her watching that movie becauseloved it so muchfrom it she( )64i hear from grandpa that uncle george is coming at the weekend is it true?youve got the news.( )65 jerry, your soil really hates going to the piano class reme