英语语法介词用法及固定搭配.docx

1、英语常用介词介词的分类和应用英语介词虽是小词，数量也不多，但它灵活多变，随处可见，功能强大而且难于掌握。在现代英语中，介词的地位非常重要。我们切不可小看这个小角色，不可忽视它的作用。如果你能在英语介词上下一番功夫，那么你的英语水平会有一个飞跃提高。英语介词分类:按构成形式分(5类)：1简单介词 如：in，at，on，by，with，down，for，beside，along，across等。2分词介词（在英语中有一部分动词的ing形式具备介词的性质，在很多情况下将他们视为介词） 如：including，during，following，considering，regarding关于，speak

2、ing，judging，talking等。3.双重介词 如：from behind从后面 until after直到之后from among从中间4.合成介词 如：inside，outside，onto，into，within5短语介词 如：out of，apart from（除 之外：别无、尚有），because of，by means of用、依靠等A. 介词短语的词性-形容词1) 常用于做定语的介词短语的介词 of: a child of six with: a man with a suitcase in: a girl in red to: the key to the door f

3、or: a war for money about: an agreement about trade 2)常用于做表语的介词短语的介词 at: She was at a loss. beyond；The road is beyond the hill. in: Hes still in danger. of: Its of no value. on: He is on guard.值班 out of: Im out of job. under: Hes under forty.3) 用于做宾语补足语： I saw George at work. A cold kept him in bed

4、for 7 days.B. 介词短语的词性副词1）做状语，主要用于修饰谓语： He has been here since Monday. Bake it is for two hours.2) 用于be+adj.结构： She is afraid of snakes. Im sorry about that.3) 修饰非谓语动词： I asked to speak to the headmaster.介词-短语动词中的关键角色含有介词的短语动词1. v.+ prep ：agree with/to/on/in, answer for, ask for, come across, go afte

5、r, live on, run into, head for, look for/after/at 等。2. v.+ adv. + prep : come up to达到, go in for从事、爱好, run out of,用光 do away with废除, keep up with, make up for, put up with等按表达意义分(3类)：1. 时间介词，如：at, on, in, during, over, from, for, until等。2. 地点介词,如：at, on, in, across, to, over, between, inside, outsid

6、e等。3. 其它介词，如：by, with, about, except, instead of, due to, apart from等。（一）表示时间的介词：1at, on, in(1) at表示具体“在某一时刻、某一时点”或者把某一短时间看做某一时刻at 5:30 在5:30 at sunrise 日出时at night 夜间 at noon 正午时 at midnight 在半夜at lunch 午饭时 at breakfast 在吃早饭时at first 首先 at the beginning（ of ）在开始时at last 最后 at the end（of） 最后at the m

7、oment 当时 at present 目前at that time 在那时at Christmas 在圣诞节at the age of在岁时(2) on表示“在具体某一天或某天的上、下午、早上、晚上”on Monday在星期一 on April 1st（on April the first）在四月一日on Monday morning on the weekend在周末on the following day 第二天on the following day evening 第二天晚上on New Years Day 在元旦 on school days在校期间 on schools day在

8、校庆日on a rainy day 在雨天 on a cold day 在寒冷的一天泛指上、下午、晚上、夜间时用in the morning/afternoon/evening, at night；但若指具体某一天的上述时段时，则一律用on。如：On the afternoon of May 23.在五月二十三日下午。I heard a shot on the morning of March 18.三月十八日早晨我听到一声枪响。(3) in表示【泛指的上、下午、晚上】【在某月、季节、年、世纪】【表示将来时间翻译成“在之后”】in the morning/afternoon/evening 在

9、上午/下午/晚上in September 在九月 in winter 在冬季in 1999 在1999年 in the 20th（21st） century在20（21）世纪in one s life 在某人一生中 in two weeks 两周后 in the future 在将来in the daytime 在白天 in my school days 在我上学期间2for, during, through(1) for“长达之久”（表示过了多长时间）后接一段时间（与数词连用的时间名词）多与完成时连用。Ive been a soldier for 5 years.我入伍已5年了。She ha

10、s been ill for several days. 她已经病了几天了。表示“持续一段时间”时，for后面必须跟“数字+时间名词”，而during后决不可接数字。(2) during表示“在期间”during the night 在晚上during the fire在发生大火期间 during the meeting 在开会期间during the meal 在吃饭过程中He visited many nice places during his stay here.在他逗留期间他参观了许多美丽的地方。What did you do during the summer vacation?

11、你在暑假做了什么？(3) through表示“一直，自始至终”They worked hard through the winter.整个冬天他们都在努力工作。She treated me like her brother through these years. 这些年来她始终把我当哥哥对待。 3from, since(1) from表示“等时间的起点”，作“从”解，多用于“fromto/till”中。You can come anytime from Monday to Friday.周一至周五你什幺时间来都行。The exam will start from 9:00am. 考试将从上午

12、九点开始。from“从（开始）”未必持续到现在，如：from 1995 to 1998.从1995年到1998年。”since而since是指“自从以来一直持续到现在一般只与现在完成时连用，而from不受此限。(2) since表示“自从以来（直到现在）”He has been away from home since 1973.他自从1973年就离开了家乡。We have known each other since ten years ago.我们十年前就认识了。for与since表示一段时间，但for与时间段连用，而since与时间点连用。如for two hours（持续）两小时；si

13、nce last week自从上周直到现在4before, by, till, until(1) before指“在之前”Please come before ten oclock.请10点以前来。The meeting will end after 3:00pm.会议将在下午三点后结束。表示“在以前”时，before与by基本可通用。但by还有“最晚不迟于”“截至为止”之意，此时可与完成时（现在完成、过去完成）连用，而before一般不与完成时连用。如：How many models have you made by the end of last month?截至上月底你做了多少个模型？(

14、2) by指“不迟于，到时为止，在以前”动作完成I must finish my homework by lunch.午饭前我必须做完作业。We had learned over 1000 words by the end of last term.到上学期末为止，我们已经学了1000多个单词了。(3) till (until) “直到为止”动作持续到什么时候You must wait for him till tomorrow.你必须一直等到他明天。He didnt come back until twelve oclock last night.他昨晚下到12点才回来。在肯定句中，till

15、 (until)必须与延续动词连用。若与点动词连用，till (until)只能用于否定句中。5after, in, withinafter表示“在之后”，是before的反义词。Well hold a party after dinner.晚餐后我们将举办晚会。He got a cancer and died after a year.他患了癌症，一年后去世了。Ill phone you after I arrive.到达后我给你打电话。（after作连词）within“在时间之内”I can finish it within an hour.我不出一小时就可把它做完。比 较 after与i

16、nafter后可跟时间段，也可跟时间点，如after school（放学后），而in后必须跟一段时间，如in an hour（一小时后）。after既可用于将来时，也可用于过去时，而in只能用于将来时。after既可作介词，又可作连词，而in只能作介词in“在时间之后”Ill arrive in an hour.我一小时后到达。well meet again in two weeks我们将会在两周以后再见We started out for the United States on July the first and after 20 hours，We arrive at Los Angel

17、es Airport我们7月1日出发20小时后我们到达洛杉矶机场Next week were going on a trip to Hong Kong and after about a week，were visiting Malaysia下周我们去香港旅游，大约一周后我们访问马来西亚in与within后都必须跟时间段。（二）表示“地点、方向”的介词：1、表示地理方位的介词的用法：in表示A地在B地范围之内。如：TaiwanisinthesoutheastofChina.to表示A地在B地范围之外，即二者之间有距离间隔。如：JapanliestotheeastofChina.on表示A地与B

18、地接壤、毗邻。如：NorthKoreaisontheeastofChina.off表示“离一些距离或离不远的海上”。如：Theyarrivedatahouseoffthemainroad.NewZealandliesofftheeasterncoastofAustralia2in outside between, amongin表示“在里面”，如：Whats in the box? 盒子里是什么？She put her book in the desk. 她把书放进了书桌。outside指“在外面”There are many people outside the room.房间外有很多人。W

19、hat did your see outside the hall? 你在大厅外看见了什么？between在之间（指二者）There is a hospital between the hotel and the post office.在宾馆与邮局之间有所医院。The building stands between the park and the small river. 那栋建筑位于公园和小河之间。 between是指“在两者之间”，而among指“在多个之间”。among在之间（指三者以上）“There is a thief among you.” The policeman shou

20、ted to the crowd.警察向人群喊道：“你们中间有个小偷！”He found his place among the crowd. 他在人群中找到了他的位置。3on, above, over, below, under(1) on在上面，表面相互接触。There is an apple on the table. 桌上有一个苹果。On the top of the hill, there is a flag. 山顶有一面旗子。(2) above只表示“在上方或位置高出”，与below相对。A plane flew above our heads.一架飞机从我们头上飞过。The Tu

21、rners live above us. 特纳一家人住在我们的上面。(3) over“在正上方”，与under相对。There is a bridge over the river.河上有一座桥。The picture is hanging over the blackboard. 那张图挂在黑板的正上方。(4) below在下方，低于There are many flowers below the window.窗下有很多花。Her skirt reaches just below her knees.她的裙子刚到膝盖下。(5) under在正下方They sat under a big t

22、ree, drinking.他们坐在一棵大树下喝酒。What are you wearing under your coat? 你外套里面穿了什么？4near, by, beside(1) near在附近，与far相对A hospital was built near the railway station.在火车站附近建了一所医院。My home is near he school. 我的家离学校很近。(2) by = beside,靠近，在旁边，比near距离更近 He just sat by/ beside me in the cinema.在电影院他就坐在我旁边。He lay down

23、 beside the statuary. 他在雕像旁躺下了。5in front of, behind, around（round、about通用表示围绕某物体，或者表示时间“大约”）(1) in front of在前面A river flows in front of the house.房子前有一条河They put a bunch of flowers in front of the door. 他们在门前放了一束花。 in the front of表示“在前部”，指里面。There is a red chair in the front of the room.在房间前半部有把红椅子。

24、(2) behind在后面A high building stands behind the village.村子后面有一高层建筑。The cat lies behind the door. 猫躺在门后面。(3) around在周围，围绕There are many trees around the villege.村子周围有很多树围绕。There are flowers around the stage. 舞台周围摆着鲜花。6from, to, for, into, out of(1) from从The train started from Paris.火车发自巴黎。She will fly

25、 from Beijing to Hongkong. 她将从北京飞往香港。(2) to到（目的地）去，向He went to Germany last year.他去年去了德国。They got to the town very late. 他们很晚才到那个镇。(3) for向，表目的方向He left for Tianjin on business yesterday.他昨天出差去天津了。The train for Shanghai has been away. 去往上海的火车已经开走了。towards, to和for都可表示“向”，其区别如下：towards仅指朝向某个方向，不一定是目的地

26、，而 to和for都是“向目的地”。for作“向（目的地）”时，常用于固定搭配中，如：leave for; start for(4) into进入Please put the water into the bottle.请把水倒入瓶子里。The teacher came into the classroom with a smile. 老师微笑着走进了教室。(5) out of从出来A beautiful girl in red went out of the shop.一个穿红衣服的漂亮女孩从商店里走了出来。They pulled him out of the water. 他们把他从水里拉

27、了出来。7along, across, through，past，over(1) along沿着He likes to drive along the river.他喜欢沿着河开车。There are all kinds of beautiful flowers along the road street. 沿街有着各种美丽的花。(2) across横穿（平面物体）The little girl is afraid to go across the street.这个小女孩不敢横穿马路。Its dangerous to run across the busy road. 跑着穿越繁忙的马路是很

28、危险的。(3) through穿过 空间内通过（穿过森林、沙漠、穿过窗户）It took us ten minutes to drive through the tunnel.开车穿过这条隧道花了我们10分钟时间。He pushed his way through the crowd to the platform. 他从人群里挤到了站台。 (4)past 经过 从事物的一旁经过8at, in二者都表示“在某个地方”，但at多指较小的地方，如车站、家等，而in多指在“大地方”，如城市、国家、大洲等。（但大小有时也是相对的）。He lives at No.27 Zhongshan street

29、in Nanjing.他住在南京市中山路27号。The plane will arrive in Beijing at 13:00. 飞机将于13点到达北京。（三）其它用途的介词：1 表示“标准或单位”的介词：at, for, by(1) at表示“以速度”“以价格”He drove at a speed of 80 miles an hour.他以每小时8英里的速度行驶。I sold my car at a high price.我以高价出售了我的汽车。(2) for用交换I bought it for 20 dollars.买它花了我20美元。How much for these appl

30、es? 这些苹果多少钱？at与for都表示价格，但at表示“单价”,for表示总价,at后一般跟“price”这个词，而for后只能跟总钱数。如：I bought it at a low price.我买它的价格很低。I bought it at the price of $80 a pound.我以每磅80美元的价格买的它。I sold it for $10.我10美元把它卖掉了。(3) by以计，后跟度量单位 冠词Gold is sold by the gram.金以克出售。They paid him by the month.他们按月给他计酬。2表示“材料”的介词：of, from, i

31、n(1) of表示从成品仍可看出原料。物理变化This box is made of paper.这个盒子是纸做的。This salad is made of apples and strwberres. 这种沙拉是由苹果和草莓做的。(2) from表示从成品已看不出原料。化学变化Bread is made from wheat.面包是小麦做的。The lifeboat is made from some special material. 这个救生艇是由某种特殊材料制成的。(3) in用材料（in指材料时，材料前不用冠词）或语言、声音、衣着。常用write, speak, talk, ans

32、wer等连用。用方式in French, in cash， in this wayPlease fill in the form in pencil first.请先用铅笔填写这个表格。They talk in English.他们用英语交谈。with用工具（后面必须加冠词或者物主代词）比较：用铅笔画 3表示“工具或手段”的介词：by, with, on(1) by凭借“工具或方法、手段（多用于交通工具后面不能加冠词）如： by bus乘公共汽车，by plane乘飞机He usually goes to work by bike.他通常骑车去上班。He sent the news to me

33、 by e-mail.他通过电子邮件发给了我这一消息。表示搭乘交通工具时，既可用by，又可用in，区别在于用by时，表示交通工具的名词前不能加冠词，而用in时名词前必须加冠词。(2) with用工具或者身体的某一器官（后面必须加冠词或者物主代词）表示以方式with skillHe broke the window with a stone.他用石头把玻璃打破了He stopped the ball with his right foot.他用脚把球停住。You can see it with your own eyes 你可以亲自去看看with表示“用工具”时，工具前必须加冠词或物主代词。(3

34、) on以方式。多用于固定词组。On foot On a trainThey talked on the telephone.他们通过电话进行交谈。She learns English on the radio/on TV.她通过收音机/电视学英语。4表示“关于”的介词：of, about, on(1) of仅指“关于”人或事物的存在，如：He spoke of the film the other day.他前几天提到了这部影片。He thought of this matter yesterday.他昨天想到了这件事。He thought about this matter yesterd

35、ay.他昨天考虑了这件事。(2) about指“关于”某人或某事物的较详细的情况。Its a book for children about Africa and its people.它是一本供儿童阅读的关于非洲和非洲人的书。Can you tell me something about yourself? 你能告诉我一些关于你自己的事情吗？(3) on是指“关于”学术性的或严肃的，供专门研究用的。Its a textbook on the history of China.它是一本有关中国历史的教科书。5表示“原因、理由”的介词：for, at, from, of, with(1) for

36、表示“一般的理由”常与famous, punish等词连用。Xian is famous for its long history.西安因历史悠久而著名。The city is well known for her large population. 这座城市以人口众多而知名。(2) at一般指“情感”的原因，通常放在表示“惊讶或喜悦等感情”的动词或形容词之后，表示“因听到或看到而”。She got angry at his words.她因为他的话生气了。He was surprised at the news.听到这消息他大吃一惊。(3) from表示“外在的原因”。如受伤、车祸等。He

37、died from the wound.他因受伤而致死。Her son was badly hurt in a traffic accident. 她儿子在一次车祸中严重受伤。(4) of表示“内在的原因”，如病、饿等到。He died of cancer.他死于癌症。The old man died of hunger.老人死于饥饿。(5) with表示“由外在影响到肉体或心理”的原因。He shook with cold.他因寒冷而发抖。He shouted loudly with anger. 他气得大喊大叫。6like, as(1) like像一样（其实不是）The little ti

38、ger looks like a cat.这只小老虎看起来像只猫。The mooncakes are like the moon. 月饼像月亮。(2) as作为，以身份（其实是）He was hanged as a spy.他被作为间谍绞死了。He talk to me as a father.他以父亲的身份跟我谈话。7against, foragainst反对，与for是反义词，如：Are you for my idea or against it? 你赞同还是反对我的想法？They fought against the enemy. 他们抗击敌人。8besides, except，except for，but，but for都表示“除了”。Besides（意为包括在内、除之外还）的用法就等于as well as。Except，but后接句子，except for，but for后接短语。He is interested in tennis besides（as well as）football. 除了