单片机交通灯中英文资料对照外文翻译文献

1、. . 单片机交通灯 中英文资料对照外文翻译文献 原 文 题目：DESIGN OF TRAFFIC LIGHT BASED ON MCU Because of the rapid development of our economy resulting in the car number of large and medium-sized cities surged and the urban traffic, is facing serious test, leading to the traffic problem increasingly serious, its basically a

2、re behaved as follows: traffic accident frequency, to the human life safety enormous threat, Traffic congestion, resulting in serious travel time increases, energy consumption increase; Air pollution and noise pollution degree of deepening, etc. Daily traffic jams become people commonplace and had t

3、o endure. In this context, in combination with the actual situation of urban road traffic, develop truly suitable for our own characteristics of intelligent signal control system has become the main task. Preface In practical application at home and abroad, according to the actual traffic signal con

4、trol application inspection, planar independent intersection signal control basic using set cycle, much time set cycle, half induction, whole sensor etc in several ways. The former two control mode is completely based on planar intersection always traffic flow data of statistical investigation, due

5、to traffic flow the existence of variable sex and randomicity, the two methods have traffic efficiency is low, the scheme, the defects of aging and half inductive and all the inductive the two methods are in the former two ways based on increased vehicle detector and according to the information pro

6、vided to adjust cycle is long and green letter of vehicle, it than random arrived adaptability bigger, can make vehicles in the parking cord before as few parking, achieve traffic flowing effect In modern industrial production,current,voltage,temperature, pressure, and flow rate, velocity, and switc

7、h quantity are common mainly controlled parameter. For example: in metallurgical industry, chemical production, power engineering, the papermaking industry, machinery and food processing and so on many domains, people need to transport the orderly . . control. By single chip microcomputer to control

8、 of traffic, not only has the convenient control, configuration simple and flexible wait for an advantage, but also can greatly improve the technical index by control quantity, thus greatly improve product quality and quantity. Therefore, the monolithic integrated circuit to the traffic light contro

9、l problem is an industrial production we often encounter problems. In the course of industrial production, there are many industries have lots of traffic equipment, in the current system, most of the traffic control signal is accomplished by relays, but relays response time is long, sensitivity low,

10、 long-term after use, fault opportunity increases greatly, and adopts single-chip microcomputer control, the accuracy of far greater than relays, short response time, software reliability, not because working time reduced its performance sake, compared with, this solution has the high feasibility. A

11、bout AT89C51 1.function characteristics description: AT89C51 is a low power consumption, high performance CMOS8 bit micro-controller, has the 8K in system programmable Flash memory. Use high-density Atmel company the beltpassword nonvolatile storage technology and manufacturing, and industrial 80S51

12、 product instructions and pin fully compatible. Chip Flash allow program memory in system programmable, also suitable for conventional programmer. In a single chip, have dexterous 8 bits CPU and in system programmable Flash, make AT89C51 for many embedded control application system provides the high

13、 flexible, super efficient solution. AT89C51 has the following standard function: 8k bytes Flash, 256 bytes RAM, 32-bit I/O mouth line, the watchdog timer, two data pointer, three 16 timer/counter, a 6 vector level 2 interrupt structure, full-duplex serial port, piece inside crystals timely clock ci

14、rcuit. In addition, AT89C51 can drop to 0Hz static logic operation, support two software can choose power saving mode. Idle mode, the CPU to stop working, allowing the RAM, timer/counter, serial ports, interruption continue to work. Power lost protection mode, RAM content being saved, has been froze

15、n, microcontroller all work stop, until the next interruption or hardware reset so far. As shown in figure 1 for the AT89C51 pins allotment. . . P1.0 1 P1.1 2 P1.2 3 P1.3 4 P1.4 5 P1.5 6 P1.6 7 P1.7 8 RST /Vpd 9 (RXD)P3.0 10 (TXD)P3.1 11 (INT 0)P3.2 12 (INT 1)P3.3 13 (T0)P3.4 14 (T1)P3.5 15 (WR)P3.6

16、 16 (RD)P3.7 17 XTAL 2 18 XTAL 1 19 END 20 P20(A8) 21 P21(A9) 22 P22(A10) 23 P23(A11) 24 P24(A12) 25 P25(A13) 26 P26(A14) 27 P27(A15) 28 PSEN 29 EA/Vpd 31 ALE /PROG 30 P0.7(AD7) 32 P0.6(AD6) 33 P0.5(AD5) 34 P0.4(AD4) 35 P0.3(AD3) 36 P0.2(AD2) 37 P0.1(AD1) 38 P0.0(AD0) 39 VCC 40 Figure 1 the AT89C51

17、pins allotment 2.interrupt introduction AT89C51 has six interrupt sources: two external interruption, (and), three timer interrupt (timer 0, 1, 2) and a serial interrupts. Each interrupt source can be passed buy bits or remove IE the relevant special register interrupt allow control bit respectively

18、 make effective or invalid interrupt source. IE also includes an interrupt allow total control bit EA, it can be a ban all interrupts. IE. Six is not available. For AT89C51, IE. 5 bits are also not be used. User software should not give these bits write 1. They AT89 series for new product reserved.

19、Timer 2 can be TF2 and the T2CON registers EXF2 or logical triggered. Program into an interrupt service, the sign bit can be improved by hardware qing 0. In fact, the interrupt service routine must determine whether TF2 or EXF2 activation disruption, the sign bit must also by software qing 0. Timer

20、0 and 1 mark a timer TF0 and TF1 has been presented in the cycle count overflow S5P2 074 bits. Their value until the next cycle was circuit capture down. However, the timer 2 marks a TF2 in count overflow of the cycle of S2P2 074 bits, in the same cycle was circuit capture down . . 3.external clock

21、driving characteristics symbolsparametersminimumThe maximumunit 1/TCLCLOscillatorFrequency024MHz TCLCLClock Period41.6ns TCHCXHigh Time15ns TCLCXLow Time15ns TCLCHRise Time20ns TCHCLFall Time20ns Table 1 4.leisure and power lost pattern external pins state modeProgram memoryALEpsenPort0Port1Port2Por

22、t3 idleinternal11datadatadataData IdleExternal11floatDatadataData Power downInternal00DataDataDataData Power downExternal00floatdataDatadata Table 2 About 8255 chip 1.8255 features: (1)A parallel input/output LSI chips, efficacy of I/O devices, but as CPU bus and peripheral interface. (2)It has 24 p

23、rogrammable Settings of I/O mouth, even three groups of 8 bits I/O mouth to mouth, PB mouth and PA PC mouth. They are divided into two groups 12 I/O mouth, A group including port A and C mouth (high four, PC4 PC7), including group B and C port B mouth (low four, PC0 PC3). A group can be set to give

24、basic I/O mouth, flash control (STROBE) I/O flash controlled, two-way I/O3 modes, Group B can only set to basic I/O or flash controlled the I/O, and these two modes of operation mode entirely by controlling registers control word decision. . . 2. 8255 pins efficacy: (1). RESET: RESET input lines, wh

25、en the input outside at high levels, all internal registers (including control registers) were removed, all I/O ports are denoting input methods. (2). CS: chip choose a standard lamp line 1, when the input pins for low levels, namely/CS = 0, said chip is selected, allow 8255 and CPU for communicatio

26、ns, / CS = 1, 8255 cannot with CPU do data transmission. (3). RD: read a standard lamp line 1, when the input pins for low levels, namely/RD = 0 and/CS = 0, allow 8255 through the data bus to the CPU to send data or state information, namely the CPU 8255 read from the information or data. (4). The W

27、R: write a standard lights, when the input pins for low levels, namely/WR = 0 and/CS = 0, allows the CPU will data or control word write 8255. (5). D7: three states D0 two-way data bus, 8255 and CPU data transmission channel, when the CPU execution input/output instruction, through its realization 8

28、 bits of data read/write operation, control characters and status information transmitted through the data bus. (6). PA0 PA7: port A input and output lines, A 8 bits of data output latches/buffers, an 8 bits of data input latches. (7). PB0 PB7: port B input and output lines, a 8 bits of I/O latches,

29、 an 8 bits of input and output buffer. (8). PC0 PC7: port C input and output lines, a 8 bits of data output latches/buffers, an 8 bits of data input buffer. Port C can through the way of working setting into two four ports, every 4 digit port contains A 4 digit latches, respectively with the port A

30、and port B cooperate to use, can be used as control standard lights output or state standard lights input ports. (9). A0, A1: address selection line, used to select the PA 8255 mouth, PB mouth, PC mouth and controlling registers. When A0=0, A1= 0, PA mouth be chosen; When A0=0, A1 = 1, PB mouth be c

31、hosen; When A0=0, A1 = 1, PC mouth be chosen; When A0=1, A1= 1, control register is selected. Concerning seven section LED display introduction Through light emitting diode chip appropriate link (including series and parallel) and . . appropriate optical structure. May constitute a luminous display

32、light-emitting segments or shine points. By these luminous segments or shine point can be composed digital tube, symbols tube, m word pipe, tube, multilevel matrix display tube etc. Usually the digital tube, symbols tube, m word tube were called stroke display, but the stroke displays and matrix tub

33、e collectively referred to as character displays. 1. The LED display classification (1) by word high marks: stroke monitors word high least 1mm (monolithic integrated type more digital tube word high in commonly 2 3mm). Other types of stroke display tiptop 1.27 mm (0.5 inch) even up to hundreds of m

34、m. (2) color-coded score red, orange, yellow, green and several kinds. (3) according to the structure points, reflecting cover type, a single point-elastic and monolithic integrated type. (4) from the luminous section electrode connection mode of points of anode and cathode two kinds. 2. LED display

35、 parameters Due to the LED display is LED based, so its light, and the electrical characteristics and ultimate meaning of the parameters with most of the same light emitting diode. But because the LED monitor containing multiple light emitting diode, it must has the following specific parameters: (1

36、) the luminous intensity ratio Due to the digital tube paragraphs in the same driving voltage, each are not identical, so positive current each different. The luminous intensity All segments of the luminous intensity values the ratio of the maximum and minimum values for the luminous intensity ratio

37、. The ratio between 2.3 in 1.5 , the maximum cannot exceed 2.5. (2) pulse positive current IF each segment of typical strokes displays for positive dc working current IF, then the pulse, positive current can be far outweigh.someotherwordpeopledontthinkoffirst. Pulse 390v smaller, pulse positive curr

38、ent can be bigger. Traffic signal control type The purpose of the traffic signal control are three: first,in time and space space intersection traffic in different directions,control traffic operation order; Second, make on . . planar cross the road network on the people and objects of transport at

39、the highest efficiency, Third, as the road users to provide necessary information, and help them to effectively use the traffic facilities. Road traffic signal control of basic types have many points method. According to the control geometry characteristic is divided into: single intersection contro

40、l - point control, the traffic trunk lines of coordinated control - wire, traffic network coordination control surface controlling; - According to the control principle differentiates: timing control, induced control and adaptive control. About watch-dog circuit By single-chip computers.the micro co

41、mputer system, because of single chip work often can be affected by external electromagnetic interference, causing program run fly while into dead circulation, the programs normal operation be interrupted by single chip microcomputer control system was unable to work, can cause the whole system of c

42、ome to a standstill, happen unpredictable consequences, so out of microcontroller running status real- time.according consideration, they generate a specially used for monitoring microcontroller program running state of the chip, commonly known as watchdog (watchdog). MAX692 was slightly system moni

43、toring circuit chip, have back-up battery switching, power lost discriminant functions monitoring, the watchdog. The encapsulation and pin instructions as figure2shows. Figure 2 MAX692 encapsulation and pins Watch-dog circuit application, make SCM can in no condition to achieve continuous work, its

44、working principle is: the watchdog chip and MCU an I/O pins are linked together, the I/O pins through program control it regularly to the watchdog of the pins on into high level (or the low level), this program statement is scattered on SCM other control statements, once among single-chip due to the

45、 interference makes application run into a fly after the . . procedures section into dead circulation state, write the watchdog pins program cannot be executed, this time, the watch-dog circuit will be without microcontroller sent signals, then at it and MCU reset pin connected pin reset signal give

46、 out a a, make SCM reposition occurs, namely the program from program memory splittext started, so we realized the MCU automatic reset. Infrared detection circuit The infrared radiation photon in semiconductor materials stimutes the non-equilibrium carriers (electronic or holes), cause electrical pr

47、operties change. Because carrier does not escape in vitro, so called within the photoelectric effect. Quantum photoelectric effect high sensitivity, response speed heat detectors much faster, is optional detectors. In order to achieve the best performance, generally need worked in low temperature. P

48、hotoelectric detector can be divided into: (1) optical type: also called photoconductive resistance. The incident photon stimulate the valence band uniform semiconductor electronic across forbidden band into the conduction band and left in valence band, cause cavitation increases, for electric condu

49、ctance eigen light conductivity. From the band gaps of impurity level also can stimulate light into the conduction band or born carriers valence band, and for impurities light conductivity. The cutoff wavelength by impurity ionization energy (ie) decision. Quantum efficiencies below eigen optical an

50、d require lower working temperature. (2) photovoltaic type: mainly p - n knot of light born volts effect. Energy more than the width of infrared photonic band gaps in area and its nearby of electrons cavitation. Existing electric field make hole into p area, electronic into n area, two parts appear

51、potentials. Deoxidization device have voltage or current signal. Compared with optical detectors, pv detector detect rate more than forty percent of figure limit, Dont require additional bias electric field and load resistance, no power consumption, having a high impedance. These characteristics of

52、preparation and use of the focal plane array bring great benefits. (3) light emitting - Schottky potential barrier detector: metal and semiconductor contact, typically include PtSi/Si structure and form was Schott potential barrier, infrared photon through Si layer for PtSi absorption, electronic Fe

53、rmi level, obtain energy leap over left cavitation potential barrier into the Si substrate, PtSi layer of electronic was collected, complete infrared detection. Make full use of Si integration technology, facilitate production, . . with lower cost and good uniformity wait for an advantage, but make

54、it mass (1024 x 1024 even greater) focal plane array to make up for the defect of quantum low efficiency. Have strict low temperature requirements. With this kind of detector, both at home and abroad has already produced as qualitative good thermography. Pt Si/Si structure made of FPA is the earlies

55、t IRFPA. Timing counting and traffic calculation Using MCS - 51 internal timer/counter for timing, cooperate software delay realizes the timer. This method hardware cost saving, cut allows the reader in timer/counter use, disruptions and programming get exercise and improve. Computation formula is a

56、s follows: TC = M - C Type in, M for counter touch value, the value and the counter working way concerned. For a traffic intersection, it can in the shortest possible time to achieve maximum traffic, even reached the best performance, we call in unit of time to achieve the maximum flow multi-energy

57、for cars. Use the equation: (traffic = traffic/time) to represent. . . 译 文 题目：基于单片机的交通灯设计 我国经济快速发展，汽车数量猛增，大中型城市的城市交通正面临着严峻的考验， 交通问题日益严重，其主要表现如下：交通事故频发，对人类生命安全造成极大威胁； 交通拥堵严重，导致出行时间增加，能源消耗加大；空气污染和噪声污染程度日益加 深等。日常的交通堵塞成为人们司空见惯而又不得不忍受的问题。在这种背景下，结 合我国城市道路交通的实际情况，开发出真正适合我们自身特点的智能信号灯控制系 统已经成为当前的主要任务。 前言前言 在

58、实际应用上，根据对国内外实际交通信号控制应用的考察，平面独立交叉口信 号控制基本采用定周期、多时段定周期、半感应、全感应等几种方式。前两种控制方 式完全是基于对平面交叉口既往交通流数据的统计调查，由于交通流存在的变化性和 随机性，这两种方式都具有通行效率低、方案易老化的缺陷，而半感应式和全感应式 这两种方式是在前两种方式的基础上增加了车辆检测器并根据其提供的信息来调整周 期长和绿信比，它对车辆随机到达的适应性较大，可使车辆在停车线前尽可能少停车， 达到交通流畅的效果。 在现代化的工业生产中，电流、电压、温度、压力、流量、流速和开关量都是常 用的主要被控参数。例如：在冶金工业、化工生产、电力工程

59、、造纸行业、机械制造 和食品加工等诸多领域中，人们都需要对交通进行有序的控制。采用单片机来对交通 进行控制，不仅具有控制方便、组态简单和灵活性大等优点，而且可以大幅度提高被 控制量的技术指标，从而能够大大提高产品的质量和数量。因此，单片机对交通灯的 控制问题是一个工业生产中经常会遇到的问题。 在工业生产中，有很多行业有大量的交通灯设备，在现行系统中,大多数的交通控 制信号都是用继电器来完成的,但继电器响应时间长,灵敏度低,长期使用之后,故障机 会大大增加,而采用单片机控制,其精度远远大于继电器,响应时间短,软件可靠性高,不 会因为工作时间缘故而降低其性能,相比而言,本方案具有很高的可行性。 关于关于 AT89C51AT89C51 1.功能特征描述: . . AT89C51 是一种低功耗、高性能 CMOS8 位微控制器，具有 8K 在系统可编程 Flash 存储器。使用 A