不定式分词独立主格结构用法之区别

1、 不定式、动名词、分词、独立主格结构用法之区别 总述： 分词短语作定语时,相当一个定语从句;单个现在分词作定语,常前置;单个过去分词常后置,表一次具体动作;而前置表通常状况。非谓语的否定式是把not置于非谓语动词前。分词短语作状语时,相当于各种状语从句,即各种状语从句的主语与主句主语相同,去掉连词和从句主语,把谓语动词改为非谓语形式;当从句主语与主句主语不同时,则主语不能去掉,即变成独立主格结构, 但不能作定语和补语。不定式表示(过去或将来)具体某一次动作,强调全过程;或表示将要发生的动作。 不定式表示一般状况与动名词用法相同。不定式还可做目的状语和结果状语。 单个动名词做主语,谓语用单数;做

2、表语时, 表示主语的性质或具体内容。 一、不定式 1、to+动原, 叫做不定式,与动名词、分词一起叫做非谓语形式。其复合结构也一样;作使役、感观v宾补时, 不带to;而当这些动词变成被动语态时要加上to。省to :(1)help sb / sth (to)动原、dont dare (to)+动原、prefer to +动原+rather than+(to)动原、do sth but / except (to)+动原, (2)what引导主语从句, everything / all / the best 所带定语从句关系代词作do的宾语,则作表语的不定式to可省; (3)and并列多个不定式,第

3、一个以后to可省。 too + adj / adv+ to 动原； adj / adv + enough to +动原； manage / fail to do appeal to sb/sth to do approveof sb/sth to do only to do 不表将要做某事 arrange for sb/sth to do demand of sb/sth to do 感观动词+sb/sth doi saw her walk across the square and go into a lane. set a thief to catch a thief.she was se

4、en to walk across the square and go into a lane.she is too young to go to school. i often heard him sing in the next room. its a pleasure to manaage to get here.what / all i want to do is (to) help you with your study. he is old enough to join the army.would you be so kind as to help me with my engl

5、ish study? to see is to believe. or seeing is believing.its (of) no use regretting / to regret what has been done. its worthwhile writing/to write it all out again.to err is human, to forgive is divine.犯错是凡人,宽恕是圣人.simon had no choice but to work hard then.despite a heavy snow, the children are still

6、 looking forward to (not cancel) the outdoor activity at the weekend. my job is (water)all the flowers in the garden.im pleased to see you here.the best that you can do is (manage) the stress in the day to minimize its impact on your health.2、(un)important, dangerous, terrible, (un)fit, surprising,

7、(im)possible, easy, hard/ difficult, light / heavy, nice / beautiful, interesting, pleasant, expensive, weak等作表语时,不定式作条件、结果状语,用主动表示被动,表明说话人对不定式动作看法或建议。why do people come to his lecture since it is hard to understand？the country of andorra (安道尔) is hard to find on the worlds map. the book is very int

8、eresting to read. (条件状语) the place is too difficult to get to.（结果状语）this type of music is good to dance to. (条件状语) the supermarket is expensive to run.these goods are heavy to carry. (条件状语) these goods are too heavy to carry. (结果状语)the fire was (too big) hard (control) 3、不定式复合结构for / of sb (sth) to

9、do： 1)不定式复合结构作主语,表语是(im)possible, (un)necessary, (un)easy, (un)likely, (un)usual, (un)important 等表示对不定式动作的客观陈述时,用for;而表语是good, nice, kind, friendly, brave, (im)polite, (dis)honest, cruel,stupid/clever, foolish/wise, silly/bright, careless(ful), childish, lucky表说话人对不定式动作及执行者性格 特征、能力特征的主观感受或评价(赞扬、赏识或责

10、备,贬低)时, 用of.2)作其它成份都用for .one suggested answer is for farmers to limit the numbers of their cattle.(sb2al34)this is for you to decide. he gave orders for the work to be done at once.its very kind of you to send me off. its important for us to arrive there on time. 4、1) only +不定式作结果状语,表示出乎意料的结果;句子主语与

11、不定式动作是主谓关系,不定式用主动式; 若是动宾语关系,用被动式,表谓语动作后发生的又一动作,可改为and / but连接,与修饰的谓语动作并列。to +动原作结果状语时，常与否定词连用，表结果未产生。 2) only +v-ing作结果状语,强调谓语动作所造成的结果,是顺理成章的必然结果,谓语与分词是因果关系,不能改成and或but连接,但可用and so连接;句子谓语动词多是终极结果的动词,leave, arrive, die, end,return, break up 等; v-ing表结果时,强调谓语动作引起该结果这个客观事实,但不是意料中必然结果。they lifted the ro

12、cks only (have) them drop on their own feet.i hurried to the station only (tell)the train had left already.he dropped the china plate on the cement ground, only (break) it into pieces.he went to the seaside only to be drowned. tom was late for class, (criticize)by the head teacher.lilys mobile phone

13、 was left in a taxi accidentally, never (find) again.it rained hard all day yesterday, only (cause)a big flood in this area, for there isnt no river at all.more highways have been built in china, (make)it much easier for people to travel from one place to another. (nmet11陕西.20)5、不定式动词是及物v,与被修饰的n、pro

14、n是动宾关系,且谓语动词是have, need, win等或with + n、pron, 不定式用主动或被动, 含义不同。若句子主语是不定式动作执行者, 不定式多用主动式; 当不定式逻辑主语不是句子主语用被动式.there be+n/pron +不定式(主动或被动),其余情况该用主动式就用主动式,该用被动式就用被动式。序数词(the first, the second, the next, the last等)或形容词最高级及其修饰之名词被非谓语形式修饰时, 用不定式。i have a lot of work (do) tonight. have you got something (eat

15、)?im going to tibet. do you have anything (take) to your son there ?he gave orders for the work (do).there are too many cakes (choose)from.one day the man took a pair of shoes (mend). he is always the first (come) and the last (leave).tu youyou became the first chinese scientist (win)the nobel prize

16、 in medicine.6、be to blame (for)与be to rent / let用主动表被动意义。you are (blame) (should be blamed) for your fault in the job though it was small. who is (blame)(should be responsible) for the serious traffic accident?this house is (rent)(will be rented).7、1）do any / every / no +thing but / except / beside

17、s +(to)动原,凡谓语不是do, but等后必带 to +动原。2）cannot help / choose but +动原,“只好”。 3）cannot but +动原,实质上是2）的省略式。he can do nothing but tell lies. he can do everything but steal.what do you like besides to collect stamps ?in twelve years she almost never spoke to me except to say “good morning”.i want nothing from

18、 you but (get)your true feelings. i have no choice but / except (listen) to you .8、非谓语形式在特定句型中的运用：1) what (ever) sb can + to动原 (目的状语) 谓语+ everything / all sb can + to动原 (目的状语) as much as sb can + to动原 (目的状语) 2) spend as much (time / money) as sb can/could + v-ing(宾语)the doctors did whatever they cou

19、ld (save) the injured boy.the government should do as much as they could (protect) the natural environment.the theory the man stuck to (prove) right.二、动名词 v-ing既具有动词的特点,可带自己的宾语和状语;又具有名词的特点,做句子的主语、宾语、定语、表语, 表一般性或习惯性动作。动名词做定语时,说明中心词的类别或用途;做表语时,说明主语的内容或性质。动名词复合结构：ones doing做主语、宾语、定语、表语, 陈述事件内容; 做宾语、表语时

20、, 名词用普通格,代词用宾格。his fathers (come) backsafely made the family very happy. teaching english is my job.my job is teaching english there is a (swim) pool at the back of the garden.the next thing he saw was smoke (rise)from behind the house. (nmet11新课标.27)1.只接v-ing做宾语的动词有: suggest, consider(考虑), practise

21、, finish, mind, enjoy, avoid, escape, delay, imagine, risk,admit,advise, tolerate(忍受), deny(否定,拒绝), miss(未做成), keep, resist(抵制), report, oppose, quit.she avoided answering such questions. he couldnt resist laughing.would you mind waiting a few more minutes? i finished reading this novel last night.i

22、t has stopped raining. she suggested bringing the meeting to an end. the squirrel was lucky that it narrowly escaped (catch).2. remember/forget; go on/stop; mean, regret, try, want等接动名词和接不定式，其含义不同。i posted the card, but i forgot (do) that.the light in the office is still on. oh, i forgot (turn) it o

23、ff .you should say sorry to your brother. yes, i regret (quarrel)with him.to buy the imb pc686 means (waste)a lot of money.really? i dont mean (waste) much money.i regret (tell)you that(遗憾地). 3. deserve, need, want, require加不定式被动式或动名词主动式。 the door wants (repair). he felt that he didnt deserve (give)

24、 such a great honor.i need (go) there by bike, but something is wrong with it. it needs ( repair). 4.只接to do做宾语的动词有: hope, wish, expect, attempt, desire, claim, (dis) agree, promise, refuse, afford,undertake(同意),prepare, plan, decide, determine, offer, beg, pretend; manage, fail.三、分词分词分为现在分词和过去分词.现在

25、分词表主动和正在进行.过去分词表被动和已经完成。分词可作定语、宾补; 作时间、条件、让步状语时可保留原从句连词; 作方式状语要保留连词;作原因、结果、目的状语不保留连词;还可作伴随状语。having (been) done通常不作后置定语、宾补和伴随状语(三不)。judging from; generally/strictly/frankly speaking; taking everything into consideration如全部考虑 everything taken into consideration /account; remaining作前置定语(不及物), 而left及物作

26、后置定语。一)定语：作定语相当于定语从句。this is a distressingly grievous (惨痛的) lesson (pay) for with blood.the lecture, (start)at 7:00 pm last night, was followed by an observation of the moon with pleasure. (nmet12湖南.31)二)状语: 作状语相当于状语从句。1、时间状语：相当于before, after, since, until, when, while, as引导的时间状语从句。(when)hearing the

27、 good news, we were all excited.(when)released from the jail, he had been separated from his folks for nearly 20 years.children, when (accompany)by their parents, are allowed to enter the stadium. (nmet14湖南.21)2、条件状语：相当于if, unless, once引导的条件状语从句；祈使句+and(肯定)/or (否定) sb will +动原;有时可用n(短语)+and(肯定) /or

28、(否定) sb will +动原。 given another chance, well do it much better. if were given another chance, well do it much better. working still harder, youll make greater progress. once (it is) lost, it will never be found again.one fulcrum (支点) to me, and i will lift up the whole earth. work hard, or you wont

29、succeed.more courage of love to me, and i will pay it back all my life. 给我爱的的勇气, 我将一辈子偿还于你。 time, (use)correctly, is money in the bank. (nmet12湖南.23) (base)an important decision more on emotion than on reason, you will regret it sooner or later. (nmet12江苏.31)3、让步状语：相当于(al)though, even though(if),引导让

30、步状语从句。 (although) admitting what he has said is right, we still think hes dishonest. (though) seriously wounded, the soldier went on fighting.4、方式状语：相当as if, as though, than,引导方式状语从句，连词不省；当从句中有it is (was) 或there is / was (were),也可省略。 the actor threw himself from the horse as if (shoot). he opened hi

31、s mouth as if (speak). in fact, the situation is much better than (it was) (expect).5、原因状语：相当于because, since, as 等引导的原因状语从句。 not knowing her address, we couldnt get in touch with her. because we didnt know her address, we couldnt get in touch with her. (because he was) born and brought up in the rem

32、ote village, he knows nothing about the outside world.6、结果状语：相当and thus (hence) 并列谓语, 或so that引导结果状语从句或表顺承关系, 即分词动作发生在谓语动作之后。 主谓+ so + adj(表)/adv(状语)+ that 结果状语从句such + adj + n(不/可数) + that + 结果状语从句 主谓+ so + adj /adv + as to + 动原 such + adj + n + as to + 动原my car was caught in a traffic jam, thus ca

33、using the delay. my car was caught in a traffic jam, and thus caused the delay.he opened the door, greeting the guests. he opened the door and greeted the guests.(顺承关系)he turned off the lamp, hence seeing nothing.he turned off the lamp, and hence saw nothing.he was late for class, thus criticized by

34、 his boss. he got up early so that he caught the first bus. he got up so early as to catch the first bus.he got up so early as to catch the first bus.he got up late and hurried to his office, (leave)the breakfast untouched. (nmet12天津.11)7、目的状语:主谓+ so that +sb can / may / will +动原 主谓+ (so as) to + 动原

35、 in order that (in order) to + 动原 he got up early so that he could catch the first bus. he got up early so as to catch the first bus. tom did such a bad thing that he could be paid more attention to. tom did such a bad thing as to be paid more attention to.the children talked so loudly at the dinner

36、 table that i had to struggle (hear).8、伴随状语：表示与句子谓语动作伴随的情况或状态, 非并列关系, 不可改为相应状语从句。the blind men stood by the roadside all day, begging. they returned home, thirsty and exhausted.the stranger asked me to hand the letter to the police, (say) it was very important.tom enjoyed himself, (listen) to wonder

37、ful light music, and felt relaxed in the open air. 注1、无须考虑分词与句子主语逻辑关系：1)provided/providing(that)如果,假使; given, assuming, supposing(that)如果; considering (that)鉴于。 (suppose) (that) she doesnt come, what shall we do? (provide)(that) you finish the home-work first, you can go out for a play. (consider) e

38、verything into account, the thing is getting well along.2)judging by/fromjudging by his accent, he may be from the south.注2、现在分词作宾补, 分词所表示的动作与谓语动作同时发生, 且处于持续状态, 而过去分词作宾补, 宾语与分词是动宾关系。以下动词, 变成被动语态, 宾补变成主补。现在分词和不定式主动式作 宾补, 说明宾语是非谓语动作的执行者。带宾补的动词：1）感观v：see, watch, notice, observe, look at, catch; hear, l

39、isten to; feel. 其它感观v：find, note.2）使役v：let, make, have; set, get, leave, force, order, allow, permit, forbid; 其它v：tell, inform, ask, beg.3）思维v：want, wish, expect, warn, like, advise, prefer, remind.a cook will be immediately fired if found (smoke)in the kitchen.(主补) “ so what ?”said jack with his ar

40、ms (cross), looking angrily at his boss.i caught a thief (steal) from a supermarket yesterday evening. the teacher doesnt wish such questions (discuss) in class.where did you watch the national flag (raise)at 8:08 august 8?believe it or not, i hear david herbert (clean) the street in a small town no

41、t far away from here.注3、surprised, worried, disappointed, embarrassed (尴尬), prepared , excited, pleased, astonished, delighted, satisfied, devoted (热心的), discouraged, intended等心理v分词以及drunk, lost, known, married, gone,separated作表语,已失去被动意义,只表状态。i found that i was lost. the damage is done. 木已成舟/生米做成熟饭。

42、he looked (embarrass)(尴尬) when questioned. those hard days are (go)forever.注4、现在分词作宾补,强调与谓语动作同时发生;过去分词作宾补, 强调与宾语的逻辑关系上为被动(已发生或将要发生)或完成;不定式作宾补强调动作全过程或将要发生。see sth done (已发生)/(将要发生 done)my uncle saw me grow up in the countryside. (全过程)i found myself completely (change).some children are still in the h

43、abit of leaving the tap water (run) after they use it.ill have it typed(被动) and get someone (send) it to you tomorrow. the citizens expect to see the environment protection (strengthen) through the measures. 注5、分词作状语,可置句首,句中或句末;有时表解释说明,均以逗号与句子主干分开;但伴随状语多置句末。followed by his assistants, the professor

44、walked out of the hall.the professor, followed by his assistants, walked out of the hall. “well done!” the teacher patted the shoulder of the student, satisfied (伴随状语) with a smile on his face.the rescue workers are working around the clock, sending the supplies to the area of earthquake.(解释) 注6、现在分

45、词和过去分词相当于状语从句，主句中不再出现连词；n套主谓，要用(n-1)个连词;若是并列谓语v, 则强调各谓语动作的先后顺序; 若非并列谓语, 则强调同时进行, 且表伴随。though invited, but they didnt attend the dinner party. (though) invited, they didnt attend the dinner party. well known for his expert advice, so he was able to help many people with personal problems. well known

46、for his expert advice, he was able to help many people with personal problems . he opened the door, entered the room, and turned on the electric light.crusoe hurried home, (look) back constantly. (observe) carefully if any change occurs when doing experiments in lab. (nmet14北京.24)注7、be used to+ doin

47、g 习惯于做 be used to +do被用来做 used to +do过去常常做 注意前二者的非谓语形式和用法：used to+doing / used to +dothe old man used to (get) up early used to (like) to take a walk alone by the river early in the morning.注8、agree, refuse, love, like, hate, try, mean, hope, wish; would like, be able/glad /happy不定式动词与前面动词相同,为避免重复,省

48、略不定式后动词,保留to;注意to (do),to be(done);to have(done),to have been(done)之别。you should have thanked her before you left. i meant (thank), but when i was leaving, i couldnt find her anywhere.some people suggested she reconsider the matter, but she (refuse) to.四、独立主格结构：一个独立主格名词或代词(逻辑主语)加上一个分词或不定式(含动作意义), ad

49、j/adv或介词短语（表状态）。语法功能：相当一个状语从句,表示行为方式或伴随情况,也可以表示时间、条件、让步、原因、对比和顺承关系等, 但不做定语。1、表时间spring coming, all trees will turn green.the meeting over, they left the meeting room.our work (do), we went home hurriedly.water changing into ice, we call it ice.the signal (give), the players ran as fast as possible.2

50、、表示条件time permitting, well visit the imperial palace. weather (be) fine, well start at 6 oclock.the party will be held in the garden, weather (permit). (nmet12全国卷i 28)winter (come), is spring far behind?3、表示让步losses heavy(although losses were heavy), we recovered production soon with their help.it (

51、be) emergent for time, we must try our best to solve this problem.bad weather (cause) great damage to their crops, the output didnt fall.tom (work) hard all the time, the results of all his subjects arent satisfactory.4表示原因it being sunday, the library was closed. there being no buses, we had to walk home.the key (lose), she could not enter the room.such good cadres to carry out the partys policies, well be at ease(放心). sh