week4增词法.ppt

1、Parts of speech in Chinese and English,汉语的词类(十类), 实词类有：名词、动词、形容词、副词、数词和量词，虚词类有：代词、连词、介词、助词、叹词等。 英语：实词类包括名词、动词、形容词、副词、数词，虚词类包括代词、介词、连词、冠词、感叹词。 汉英中名词、动词、形容词、介词、连词基本对应。,（1）英语的冠词汉语中没有直接对应。 （2）汉语的助词是个特殊的词类，它包括结构助词、时态助词、语气助词等，英语无助词，但其动词的时态与体式，句式的陈述与疑问，词语之间的修饰关系都分别与汉语的助词的功能相对应。 （3）英语的副词较复杂，只有一小部分能与汉语的副词相当。

2、汉语中没有英语的关系代（副）词，但关系词在词义上相当于名词，所以汉语的名词、代词有时译成英语的关系词。副词在汉语中数量相对较少。英语中很大一部分副词由形容词派生而来，数量众多。 （4）汉语方位名词（东方、西方）在语义上等与英语的介词,从词类使用频率分析: 汉语多用动词，英语多用名词。英语动词的使用要受限制，一句话只要一个动词谓语，而汉语的动词无此限制。 英语中代词、介词、连词的使用频率比汉语高。（形合和意合） 英语数词的使用不如汉语多，因为汉语的成语及缩略语依靠数词（词素）构成。,Translation methods for words,增词法(amplification),意义上的需要,增

3、加动词 In the evening, after the banquets, the concerts, and the table tennis exhibitions, he would work on the drafting of the final communiqu. 晚上在参加宴会、出席音乐会、观看乒乓球表演之后，他还得起草最后公报,Good performance demands students of great efforts 学生要取得好成绩，必须作出巨大的努力 They had been through it all at his side-the bruising

4、battles, the humiliations of the defeat, 他们始终站在他的一边，经历过残酷的厮杀，忍受过辛酸的失败,Testing is a complicated problem，so be careful. 进行测试是一个复杂的问题，因此，得格外仔细。,There was still the faith that ordinary men are greater than the powers of nature or the mechanisms of mans hands and will master them in the end. 仍然具有这种信念，普通的

5、人要比自然的力量或人类造出的机器更伟大，而且最终会控制它们。,增加形容词副词,With what enthusiasm the Chinese people are building socialism! 中国人民正以多么高的热情建设社会主义啊 In the films of those days, all too often it was the same one: boy tractor driver meets girl tractor driver; they fall in love and drive tractors together. 在那时的电影里，总是老一套：男女拖拉机手始

6、而相遇，继而相爱，终而并肩开拖拉机了。,增加名词,Day after day he came to his work-sweeping, scrubbing, cleaning. 他每天来干活扫地，擦地板，收拾房间 First you borrow, then you beg. 头一遭借钱，下一遭就讨饭 A new kind of aircraft small, cheap, pilotless-is attracting increasing attention. 一种新型飞机正越来越引起人们的注意这种飞机体积不大，价格便宜， 无人驾驶。,增加名词,In the summer of 1969

7、, the Administration publicly urged an easing of tensions with China. 1969年夏天，政府公开主张缓和同中国的紧张关系 After all preparations were made, the planes were flown across the U.S. to San Francisco. 一切准备工作就绪后，飞机就飞越美国去旧金山 Persuasion, backwardness, arrogance，自满情绪,antagonism 敌对态度，madness疯狂行为 Transmission 传输方式，fissio

8、n 裂变现象 Floatation applies to iron as well as to wood. 浮力作用既适用于木头，也适用于钢铁 Saturation occurs when the maximum amount of solute is dissolved in the solvent. 当最大量的溶质溶解在溶液中时，就发生饱和现象,Her failure resulted from her jealousy. 她的失败是由她的嫉妒心理造成的。 We were all deeply moved by his braverity 我们都被他的英雄气概所打动 His modesty

9、 wins him support from others 他的谦虚态度赢得了别人的支持 The house is filled with tense. 房间里充满了紧张气氛,The computations are so complicated that it would take one electronic computer several hours to work them out. 这个计算过程如此复杂，就是用计算机也得花上几个小时才能算完。 Even countries with large populations like Britain and the United Stat

10、es are seriously considering imitating the Swedish. 甚至连人口众多的美国和英国之类的国家也在认真考虑仿效瑞典的这种做法。,When you turn a switch, you can easily operate lighting，heating or power-driven electrical devices. 旋动开关，就能轻而易举地启动照明装置、供热装置和电动装置。,增加名词,He allowed the father to be overruled by the judge, and declared his own son g

11、uilty. 他让法官的职责战胜了父子的私情，而判决他儿子有罪。 The high-altitude was and still is a remarkable bird. 该高空飞机过去是现在仍然是一种了不起的飞机。,增加数词量词,The lion is the king of animals 狮是百兽之王 The very earth trembled as with the tramps of horses and murmur of angry men 连大地都震动了，仿佛万马奔腾，千夫怒吼。 A red sun rose slowly from the calm sea.,增加数词量

12、词,A bike, a dream, a tractor, a bad dream Have a quarrel/a rest, make a stop A simple beam is a beam freely supported at the ends 简支梁是两端自由支架的梁 Pictures taken from the spaces show the changes that both natural and human forces have brought about on the earths surface. 在太空拍摄的照片展示出大自然和人类的力量使地球表面发生的种种变化

13、。,Air is a mixture of gases. 空气是多种气体的混合物 Of visible lights, red light has the longest and violet the shortest wavelength. 在各种可见光中，红光的波长最长，紫光的波长最短 There is enough coal to meet the worlds needs for centuries to come 未来几个世纪,增加概括词,The Americans and the Japanese conducted a completely secret exchange of

14、messages. 美日双方在完全保密的情况下互相交换了信件。 They talked about inflation, unemployment, and environment.,增加概括词助词,The thesis summed up the new achievements made in electronic computers, artificial satellites, and rockets. 论文总结了计算机、人造卫星、火箭三方面的成就。 “方面”、“方式”、“问题”、“情况”之类的范畴词，在汉语可以使句子流畅。汉译英时，可以不译 Dont take it seriousl

15、y. Im just making fun of you 不要认真嘛！我只不过开开玩笑罢了,句法上的需要,Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; writing an exact man. We dont retreat, we never have and never will. The footmen were as ready to serve her as they were their own mistress. 仆人们愿意服侍她，就象他们愿意服侍他们的女主人一样。,The doctor will get more prac

16、tice out of him than out of seventeen hundred ordinary patients. 医生从他身上得到的实践比从1700个普通病人身上得到的实践还多,Better be wise by the defeat of others than by your own. 从别人的失败中吸取教训比从自己的失败中吸取教训更好。 He could understand a passive opposition from Kennedy loyalists, but an open one would have dire consequences. 他了解到忠于肯尼

17、迪的那些人在消极反对他，但是如果他们公开反对，那就会产生可怕的后果。,At the time of Kennedys assassination, Kissinger felt that a second term would have led either to greatness or to disaster. Any leak, even at this late date, could have tremendous international repercussions 只要消息稍有泄漏，即使时至今日，也会在国际上引起巨大反响,替换与重复Substitutive vs reitera

18、tive,Never use the same word twice unless you are repeating intentionally for emphasis or for clarity. Substitution Omission Variation reference An electro tube is generally used for amplification, and vacuum tube is another name for this device. 电子管通常用来放大，而 真空管则是电子管的另一名称。,substitution,She bought a

19、cotton dress and a silk one. The guard inside the prison had no guns. But those in the towers did It may snow. If so/not, we will cancel the plan.,重复（名词）,They began to study and analyze the situation of the enemy. 他们开始研究敌情，分析敌情。 John is your friend as much as he is mine. 约翰既是你的朋友，又是我的朋友。,He was to w

20、ash and paint tables 他的工作是洗桌子和漆桌子 Ideas of stagnation, pessimism, inertia and complacency are all wrong. 停止的论点，悲观的论点，无所作为和骄傲自满的论点，都是错误的 Water can be decomposed by energy, a current of electricity. 水可由能量来分解，所谓能量也就是电流。,重复（动词）,The little apprentice in particular lived in terror of the boss, who had borne down on him so often and so hard that there was little left. 小学徒对老板尤其怕得要死， 老板经常整他而且整得很重，简直把他整瘪了。,重复,They covered the 19th centur